Evaporation is an operation that is carried out in industry as a means of concentrating the weekly liquor/solution by vaporizing a portion of the solvent. In this operation, the solvent to be evaporated is generally water and the concentrated solution is the desired product the vapour generated usually has no value and it is condensed and discarded. Operation is generally followed by crystallization and drying Evaporation Operation is carried by supplying heat to a solution to vaporize the solvent I ‘Common heating medium is low pressure stream ‘Some other heating sources are solar energy, electricity, hot oil and flue gas. Scanned with CamScannerthe heat is utilised in evaporation operation to: 1 Increase the temperature of the solution to its boiling point and 2 ‘supply the latent heat of vaporization of the solvent In evaporation operation Simultaneously heat and mass transfer from liquid to vapour phase. Usually the desired product of evaporation operation is the concentrated solution, but occasionally the operated solvent is the primary product as in the evaporation of sea water to obtain potable water - | Properties of evaporating liquid that influence the process of evaporation 1 Concentration: Supplying heat to the solution more and more solvent vaporize the g Scanned with CamScannerProperties of evaporating liquid that influence the process of evaporation 1 Concentration: Supplying heat to the solution more and more solvent vaporize the concentration of the solution increases with increasing solid contains, the viscosity and density also increases. The boiling point of the solution also increases with the solid content so that it may be a higher than boiling point of water at the same pressure. 2 Foaming: Some materials have tendency to home that causes heavy entrainment 3. Scale: Scale on the heat transfer surface that results in a reduction of the heat transfer Coefficient and hence that transfer rate. Itis therefore necessary to clean the surface at different intervals. 4 Temperature sensitivity: Some materials especially pharmaceuticals and food products are damage when heated to a moderate temperature even for a short time. For concentrating such material, special techniques are to be used that reduce the temperature and also the time of heating. I Scanned with CamScanner5. Materials of construction :eveporators are made up of mild steel contamination and corrosion is the problem. special materials such as copper, Nickel, stainless steel maybe used. Factors to be considered while selection of evaporator: 1 Properties of liquid to be concentrated 2 operating cost Scanned with CamScanner3. capacity 4 hold up and ay residence time Factors to be considered during operation and designing of evaporator 1 High product viscosity 2 heat sensitivity 3. scale formation 1 Scanned with CamScanner4 hold up and 5. residence time Factors to be considered during operation and designing of evaporator 1 High product viscosity 2 heat sensitivity 3. scale formation Scanned with CamScannerApplication of evaporation operation 1. Concentration of aqua solution of sugar concentration of aqueous solution of sodium chloride sodium hydroxide glycerol concentration of milk fruit juices Scanned with CamScannerPerformance of tubular evaporators The performance of a steam heated tubular evaporator is evaluated in terms of LA Capacity and 2. economy Capacity of an evaporator is defined as the number of kilogram of Water vaporised/evaporated per hour. The rate of heat transfer for evaporator is calculated by using following equation Q2UAAT .W..EQ1 Q = Rate of heat transfer A= area of heat transfer U= Overall heat transfer coefficient AT = Overall temperature drop or the temperature difference between the heating medium and the boiling liquid( saturation temperature of steam minus boiling point of solution) Scanned with CamScannerCase! if the feed solution Is at bolling point temperature corresponding to the pressure in the vapour space of an evaporator ‘Then all the heat transfer through the heating surface is available for evaporation and the capacity Is proportional to the heat transfer rate. Case ll if the cold feed solution Is fed to the evaporator Scanned with CamScannerHeat is required to increase its temperature to the boiling point and it may be quite large and_ does the capacity of a given rate of heat transfer will be reduced accordingly as the heat used to increase the temperature of boiling point is not available for evaporation. Case Ill When the feed|solution to the evaporator Is at a temperature higher than the boiling point corresponding to the pressure In the vapour space. The n of the feed evaporated adiabatically and the capacity is greater than the ling to the heat transfer rate the process is called as the flash evaporation. Evaporator economy: economy of an evaporator is defined as the number of kilogram of water ‘operated per kilogram of @ steam fed to the evaporator it is also called as the steam economy E Scanned with CamScannerIn a single effect evaporator the amount of water evaporated per kg of steam fed is always less than 1 and hence economy is less than 1 Evaporators are operated under vacuum hence it is almost economical to fed them with steam at modest pressures, a vacuum is necessary to get an economical AT, it is necessary to avoid boiling at high temperature in case of heat sensitive matenai,if solution content such ‘solute materials are boiled at high temperature that get decomposed or altered and it is necessary to have less expensive constructions of the evaporator (possible at low pressures) The economy of an evaporator is less than 1 because 1 the low pressure steam used for evaporation will have a lower latent heat of ‘condensation then the latent heat of vaporization needed for vaporization of water at low pressure (generally vacuum) prevailing in the vapour space, Scanned with CamScanner2. Ata given pressure the amount of heat required to vaporize 1 ka of water from an aqueous solution is usually higher than that required to vaporize 1 kg of pure water. So even ifa solution is fed to an evaporator at its boiling point, more than 1 kg of steam is required to vaporise 1kg of water from the solution, 3. Unavoidable heat Losses Increase in the economy of an evaporator is achieved by reusing the vapour produced The methods of increasing the economy are 1. use of a multiple effect evaporation system Scanned with CamScanner