Archaic

relating to, being, or characteristic of a much earlier period

Tableau
dramatic scene or picture

Vindicate
to demonstrate or prove the validity of; justify

Noblesse oblige
the responsibility of people in a high social position to behave in a noble fashion

Cabal
a group united in a secret plot

Circumvent
to avoid or get around by artful maneuvering - ( move skilfully or carefully )

Virulent
extremely hostile or malicious - ( intending or intended to do harm )

Acrid
unpleasantly sharp, pungent, or bitter to the taste or smell

Truculent
eager for a fight; fierce -(having or displaying an intense or ferocious aggressiveness)

Strive
to struggle or fight forcefully; contend - (struggle to surmount - (overcome a difficulty or obstacle)
a difficulty)

Impertinent
rude; ill-mannered

Unassailable
undeniable

Extenuating
lessening the severity of a fault, partially excusing

Exclusive
aot allowing something else
Specter
a ghostly apparition -(a ghost or ghostlike image of a person); a phantom - (a ghost)

Narcotic
inducing -(succeed in persuading or leading someone to do something) sleep or stupor - (a
state of near-unconsciousness or insensibility)

Miscellany
A collection of various items, parts, or ingredients, especially one composed of diverse literary
works

Short story
● Adds context to the setting with historical, economic, and social details
● Typically includes details that hint at how the main conflict will be resolved
● May leave some matters uncertain or unresolved

Inference
Is an educated guess about ideas not directly stated in a text. To make an inference, you
combine the information in a text with your prior knowledge to arrive at a logical conclusion.

Setting
The setting of a story is the time and place in which the action occurs. The time may be the
past, present, future, or a combination, and the place may be realistic or imaginary. In addition,
a writer may use historical, economic, and social details to add context and deeper meaning to
the events that take place.

Open Letter
• addressed to a specific person but published for a wider readership
• generally written to present an idea, protest, or appeal
• may develop more than one idea

Paradox
a statement that appears contradictory or absurd, but when thought through, can suggest a
possible truth

Repetition
the use of the same word, phrase, or sentence more than once for effect

Allusion
an indirect reference to a person, place, event, or literary work that the author believes readers
will know and understand
Tone
is the attitude a writer expresses toward a subject, and can be described as intimate, humorous,
ironic, or earnest.

Main Idea
• The main idea can be explicit or stated outright.
• More often, the main idea is indirectly stated, or implicit. That means the reader must infer the
author's main idea from key details in the text.

Author’s Perspective
The ideas, values, feelings, and beliefs that influence the way a writer approaches a topic make
up the author's perspective. Most authors will not reveal their perspectives directly. You can
often infer it from the author's tone.

Autobiographical Essay
• often told from a first-person point of view
• usually focuses on a single subject
• reveals the main idea through explanations, personal examples, and anecdotes
• uses diction, imagery, and figurative language to reveal tone

Diction
the choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing, like for example the use of words are
different in formal and informal

Imagery
For example, the grass was green, and the flowers were red. Figurative imagery uses
descriptive language that means something different than or goes beyond the literal definition of
the words, often through exaggeration, comparison, or symbolism.

Figurative Language
Figurative language is a way of expressing oneself that does not use a word's strict or realistic
meaning. Common in comparisons and exaggerations, figurative language is usually used to
add creative flourish to written or spoken language or explain a complicated idea. If you say
“That news hit me like a ton of bricks,” you are using figurative language; listeners understand
the news you got was deeply moving.