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Ansi B11.9-2010
Ansi B11.9-2010
9 – 2010
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The primary objective of this standard is to eliminate, control or reduce hazards to individuals associated
with grinding machines by establishing requirements for the design, construction, installation,
commissioning, operation, maintenance and decommissioning of these machines. To accomplish this
objective, responsibilities have been assigned to the supplier (e.g., supplier, modifier, distributor, rebuilder
and integrator), the user, and individuals in the working environment.
The words "safe" and "safety" are not absolutes. An element of safety is attitude. While the objective of
this standard is to eliminate, control, or reduce hazards, this standard recognizes that hazards cannot be
practically reduced to zero in any human activity. This standard is not intended to replace good
judgment, proper training, and personal responsibility. Operator skill, job monotony, fatigue, and
experience are safety factors that should be considered by the user.
The original B11.9 Standard was approved in 1975, and has simply been reaffirmed periodically since
then. This current standard began revision in 2005, closely collaborating with the ANSI B7.1 Committee.
A memorandum of understanding was reached between the two separate standards development
committees that going forward, this B11.9 standard would address the safety requirements of the grinding
machine only, and B7.1 would address the safety requirements of the abrasive product only (with the
largest single area of overlap being the flange, mostly addressed in B7.1).
Technology for grinding machines is continuously evolving. This standard reflects the most commonly
used and time-tested state of the art at the time of its approval. The inclusion or omission of language
relative to any evolving technology, either in the requirements or explanatory area of this standard, in no
way infers acceptance or rejection of such technologies.
This standard was processed and submitted for ANSI approval by the B11 Accredited Standards
Committee on safety standards for machine tools. Committee approval of this standard does not
necessarily imply that all committee members voted for its approval. At the time this document was
approved as an American National Standard, the ANSI B11 Accredited Standards Committee was
composed of the following member organizations:
Inquiries with respect to the application of the substantive requirements of this standard and suggestions
for its improvement are welcomed and are to be sent to B11 Standards, Inc., 42293 Young Lane,
Leesburg, Virginia 20176. Attention: B11 Secretariat.
Effective Date
The following is informative guidance only, and not a normative part of this standard. This Subcommittee
recognizes that some period of time after the approval date on the title page of this document is
necessary for suppliers and users to develop new designs, or modify existing designs or manufacturing
processes in order to incorporate the new or revised requirements of this standard into their product
development or production system.
This Subcommittee recommends that suppliers complete and implement design changes for new
machines within 30 months of the approval of this standard.
For existing or modified machines, this Subcommittee recommends that users should confirm that the
equipment / process has tolerable risk using generally recognized risk assessment methods within 30
months of the approval date of this standard. If the risk assessment shows that modification(s) is
necessary, refer to the requirements of this standard to implement protective measures for appropriate
risk reduction.
This standard was prepared by the B11.9 Subcommittee, processed and submitted for ANSI approval by
the B11 Accredited Standards Committee on Safety Standards for Machine Tools. Committee approval
of this standard does not necessarily imply that all committee members voted for its approval. At the time
this standard was approved as an American National Standard, the ANSI B11 Accredited Standards
Committee was composed of the following member organizations:
At the time this standard was approved, the ANSI B11 ASC B11.9 Subcommittee had the following
members who participated in the development of this revision:
B11 conventions: Operating rules (safe practices) are not included in either
column of this standard unless they are of such nature as to be vital safety
requirements, equal in weight to other requirements, or guides to assist in
conformance to the standard. The B11 series of standards do not use the
term “and/or” but instead, the term “OR” is used as an inclusive disjunction,
meaning one or the other or both. A distinction between the terms
“individual” and “personnel” is drawn. Individual includes personnel
(employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other contract workers under the
indirect control of the supplier or user) but also encompasses persons who
are not under the direct or indirect control of the supplier or user (e.g.,
visitors, vendors, etc.). Gauge refers to a measuring or testing instrument;
gage refers to a limiting device (e.g., backgage).
The primary purpose of the ANSI B11 series of machine tool safety standards is to devise and propose
ways to minimize risks of the potential hazards. This can be accomplished either by an appropriate
machine design or by restricting personnel or other individuals’ access to hazard zones, and by devising
work procedures to minimize personnel exposure to hazardous situations. This is the essence of the
ANSI B11 series of safety standards.
The responsibility for the alleviation of these risks is divided between the equipment supplier, the user
and the user’s operating personnel, as follows (numbers in parentheses refer to the clause numbers in
these “base” B11 standards which address that responsibility).
The requirements of this ANSI standard are grouped according to those that apply to the supplier (i.e.,
manufacturer, rebuilder, modifier) and user. Some are shared between the supplier and user and are so
indicated. Figure 1 provides an overview of this standard and in particular the responsibilities of and
requirements for the supplier and user, including the user personnel. Numbers in parentheses denote the
particular clause or subclause of the standard.
B11.19
B11.TR1
B11.TR2
B11.TR3
B11.TR4
B11.TR5
B11.19
(8) Safeguarding
B11.0
B11.TR3
Figure 1 – Typical layout of B11 base standards showing the various responsibilities
The gray shading represents ANSI B11. A solid line between a block showing reference
standard(s) and a block showing a normative clause denotes part of the requirements. A
dashed line denotes an informative reference.
1 Scope E1
This standard applies to all stationary grinding Stationary grinding machines are fixed in position during
machines, used in either industrial or commercial operation and capable of a combination of one or more
applications, that utilize an abrasive product to types of operations.
change the shape, size or surface finish of any
material. Abrasive products include coated abrasives and
superabrasives, as well as abrasive products consisting
of abrasive grains held together by organic or inorganic
bonds.
Also, this standard does not apply to honing Machines that use free abrasives or reciprocating
machines, lapping machines, polishing machines or motion and or very low speed are excluded from
belt grinding machines. this standard because they typically use lighter
force than with grinding machines, and the
mechanism at the point of operation significantly
differs from that of abrasive products used on
grinding machines.
2 References
This standard is to be used in conjunction with the
following American National Standards:
ANSI B7.1 – 2000 Safety Requirements for Use, Since the grinding machine and abrasive product
Care and Protection of Abrasive Wheels (and are the fundamental components of the grinding
corrigendum) system, it is particularly important that users of
ANSI B11.9 concurrently reference ANSI B7.1.
ANSI B11.0 – 2010, Safety of Machinery; General
Requirements and Risk Assessment/Risk
Reduction
Safety Signs
3 Definitions
In addition to the definitions in ANSI B11.0 (clause
3), the following definitions shall apply.
3.1 abrasive product / grinding abrasive E3.1 Inorganic abrasive products are abrasive
product: An abrasive product is a grinding tool products that are bonded by means of inorganic
consisting of abrasive grains held together by material such as clay, glass, porcelain, sodium
organic or inorganic bonds. Diamond and silicate, magnesium oxychloride, or metal.
reinforced abrasive products are included under Abrasive products bonded with clay, glass,
this definition. porcelain, or related ceramic materials are
characterized as “vitrified bonded abrasive
products.
3.7 surface feet per minute (peripheral E3.7 See E6.5 for example calculations in both
speed): The distance in feet that any one abrasive metric and U.S. customary units.
grain on the peripheral surface of a grinding
abrasive product travels in 1 minute.
3.8 mounted abrasive products: Mounted E3.8 See ANSI B7.1 for examples of mounted
abrasive products, usually ≤ 50 mm (2 in) in abrasive products.
diameter and of various shapes, and may be either
organic or inorganic bonded abrasive products,
secured to plain or threaded steel mandrels.
3.9 abrasive product speed: Abrasive E3.9 In Table 3, abrasive product speeds are
product speed shall be computed from the free classified in surface feet per minute (sfpm).
running speed of the machine spindle. Machine spindle speeds, however, are usually
indicated in revolutions per minute (rpm).
Therefore, one must have a clear understanding of
how these two are related.
3.10 offhand grinding: hand-held or manual
grinding whereby the workpiece is placed in contact
with the point of operation.
3.12 zone exhaust system: A zone or area E3.12 The exhausting may be in the nature of a
exhaust system provides for exhausting the work downdraft or back-draft system for removal and
area in which a machine (or machines) is located. control of particulate material. Ordinarily, no
special connection to the machine tool is
necessary.
4 Responsibility
Machine suppliers and users have responsibilities
for defining and achieving acceptable risk. See
ANSI B11.0 (clause 4).
4. Reduce Risk
Hazard Control
Hierarchy
The Risk
Assessment
Process
No 6. Residual
Risk
Acceptable?
Yes
New or Next Hazard?
7. Validate Solutions
Assessment
8. Results / Documentation
Complete
The selected speed shall be clearly visible (e.g., control Means of accomplishing this requirement
knob with speed scale). include but are not limited to:
devices which only enable the starting of
the grinding abrasive product at the
lowest adjustable speed;
for pole-changing drives, an interlock to
prevent the direct starting at the
inappropriately high speed steps;
on grinding machines where the
rotational speed is calculated from the
programmed peripheral speed and the
actual abrasive product diameter, either
the control shall recognize an abrasive
product change or there shall be a clearly
visible warning of the necessary data
input in case of an abrasive product
dimension change. The data input
should be confirmed by the operator.
6.1.8 Direction of machine spindle thread E6.1.8
If abrasive products or flanges are secured by means of The following rule will assist in determining
a central threaded fastening device, the direction of the the proper relationship:
thread shall be in such relation to the direction of To remove the nut it must be turned in
rotation that the nut will tend to tighten as the spindle the direction in which the spindle
revolves. revolves when the abrasive product is in
operation.
NOTE: This is also the direction in which the
central threaded fastening device must be
turned for removal.
On grinding machines where threads do not conform to On machines with spindle reversal capability
these requirements (e.g., for bi-directional machines), and machines where flanges are
means shall be provided to prevent abrasive product or interchanged from one end of the spindle to
flanges from working loose as the spindle revolves. the other, means must be provided to prevent
the abrasive product and flanges from
loosening as the spindle revolves. Some tool
and cutter grinders commonly interchange the
abrasive product collet from one end to the
other of the abrasive product spindle. These
abrasive product collets utilize a keyed flange
between the abrasive product and abrasive
product flange to prevent the grinding
abrasive product from loosening.
Control
Direction the Control Should Move
Function
The installation of a grinding machine shall conform to: Applicable Occupational Safety and Health
applicable local, state and federal regulations, or Standards are included in Part 1910 of Title 29
the authority with jurisdiction; of the Code of Federal Regulations.
NFPA 70;
NFPA 70E;
NFPA 79, where applicable;
ANSI / ASSE Z244.1;
requirements or specifications from the supplier;
the requirements of this clause.
7.2 Layout E7.2
The layout shall provide space for safe access to and The intent here is to have the user consider this
egress from the grinding production system. function as part of facility planning. This also
includes consideration of existing production
systems as well as the location of staging areas,
material handling equipment and other elements
associated with the installation of new
equipment.
7.2.1 Production operations
The layout shall provide clearance between grinding
machines and associated equipment so that the normal
movement of personnel assigned to production or
material handling tasks will not interfere with or distract
other assigned personnel.
7.3 Installation
7.3.1 Foundation E7.3.1
The floor or foundation on which the grinding Where applicable, dynamic loads during
production system is to be installed shall be capable of operation should be considered.
bearing the anticipated load.
7.4.4 Supervision
The use of the lockout/tagout procedure during
installation shall be enforced by installation supervision.
7.5 Lighting
The level of illumination in work areas of the grinding
production system shall conform to the applicable
requirements of ANSI / IESNA RP-7.
7.6.3 Safeguarding
If operational safeguarding is not in place during testing
and start-up, other safeguarding means shall be
provided and used, in accordance with clause 8.
for the size and type of abrasive products used. Equipment used for performing such abrasive
product checks should be maintained by the
user.
On new or modified grinding machines with fixed
abrasive product speed, the abrasive product spindle
speed shall be checked at the time of installation.
On new or modified grinding machines provided with An acceptable check would be a chart
means to change pulleys to compensate for abrasive comparing pulley diameter, abrasive product
product diameter, the abrasive product spindle speed diameter, and spindle speed. Other methods
shall be checked whenever pulleys are changed. might include stamped pulleys, tachometer, etc.
On new or modified grinding machines provided with Certain machines are designed with adjustable
step pulleys or adjustable abrasive product spindle speeds to permit maintenance of efficient
speed, the high and low range shall be checked surface speeds by increasing the abrasive
periodically. If the speed of the machine abrasive product spindle speed to compensate for
product spindle is adjustable manually to compensate abrasive product wear. Special care must be
for abrasive product wear, the speed adjustment shall exercised under proper supervision to be certain
be under the supervision and control of competent and that the present operating speed of the machine
authorized persons only. conforms to and does not exceed the peripheral
speed in sfpm as established for a new abrasive
product.
In the event of replacement of a grinding-abrasive
product spindle drive motor or pulley, or both, the
abrasive product spindle speed shall be rechecked.
8 Safeguarding
The user shall ensure that hazards associated with
grinding machines are safeguarded.
8.1.2.1 Risk associated with moving machine E8.1.2.1 Moving machine components include
components, fixtures, and work-pieces shall be such things as slides and tables, turning hand-
reduced as far as practicable in order to prevent injury wheels, trip dogs and trip levers, and moving
to operators or other personnel. guards. The moving fixtures include work
drivers and holders, work rests, locators, sizing
devices, work loaders and unloaders, table
chucks, work cradles, coolant filters, and similar
moving fixtures and attachments used with the
grinding machine. The configuration of some
moving workpieces can create a hazard. Before
grinding such workpieces, steps should be
taken to prevent injury from this type of hazard.
8.1.2.2 Where contact with moving parts of the E8.1.2.2 Examples of moving parts of the
machine is possible, then those parts of the machine machine are abrasive wheels, trip dogs, work
shall be designed and constructed where practicable so drivers, tables and covers.
as not to constitute a hazard.
The guards may also be interlocked with the
Where the hazard cannot be eliminated by design and machine controls to prevent operation. Some
safeguards cannot practicably be installed, the supplier guards, doors, and covers are not normally
shall inform the user of the existing hazard(s) and the removed for set-up and operation. These
risk associated with those hazard(s). Appropriate guards, covers, and doors should require the
warning signs shall be installed by the supplier. use of specialized or security hand tools to
remove or release them.
Warning signs and color codes shall conform to the
ANSI Z535 series. At a minimum, suppliers should inform users of
uncontrolled hazards by keynoting them within
the supplier-provided Owner / Operator /
Maintenance manuals.
Where protective measures provided by the supplier
create a hazard, additional protective measures shall
be provided in order to reduce the risk associated with
those hazards. As far as reasonably practicable, the
protective measures provided by the supplier shall not
restrict the ability of the machine operator to observe
and/or control the machine cycle.
8.1.4.3 A machine or machine cycle that has been E8.1.4.3 In the event the machine cycle is
unintentionally stopped or interrupted shall be capable unintentionally interrupted, the machine should
of being restarted without creating a hazardous be so arranged that the operator must take
situation. prescribed actions to restart the machine and
resume the cycle safely. Examples of
Restarting of the machine, after a malfunction is interrupted cycle are opening of interlocked
detected, shall require start-up of the machine system guards, component failure, loss of electrical
at the operator's station. power, etc.
8.1.4.4 Interlocked guards shall stop the related E8.1.4.4 Consideration should be given to
component, interrupt the machine cycle, or shut down stopping machine motions. When the machine
the machine in a safe manner when opened. Closing stops or the cycle is interrupted due to
the guard shall not cause the machine to restart. unintentional operation, workplaces should be
retained, abrasive product heads should move
away from the workpiece or stop, and other
functions of the machine should stop or move to
minimize risk during interruption of operation or
shutdown. See also, ANSI B11.19.
8.1.4.5 Auxiliary equipment of any type operated in E8.1.4.5 Examples of such equipment are
conjunction with grinding machines shall conform to the piece-part loaders and un-loaders, gaging
requirements of 8.1.4.3 if unintended operation would equipment, coolant supply and discharge
create a hazard. systems, and filtering or disposal systems for
dust, mist, or smoke.
8.1.5.2 Each flexible pressurized line shall be suitable E8.1.5.2 Flexible fluid pressure lines should be
for the conditions under which it is used and restrained so located by design as to minimize or eliminate
or confined if its failure might constitute a hazard. a potential hazard in the event of their failure.
Where appropriate, the provisions of American
Flexible pressurized lines shall be provided with National Standards on fluid power systems and
abrasion protection where they run under, over, components, B93 Series, should apply.
around, or through structural components that would
create abrasion damage.
Figure 8.1
Example of allowable abrasive product guard
openings for bench and floor stand grinders
Figure 8.2
8.3.2.3 Cylindrical grinders E8.3.2.3
The maximum angular exposure of the grinding
abrasive product periphery and sides for abrasive
product guards used on cylindrical grinding machines
shall not exceed 180 degrees. This exposure shall
begin at a point not more than 60 degrees above the
horizontal plane (see Figure 8.3) of the abrasive
product spindle.
Figure 8.3
Example of allowable abrasive product guard
openings for cylindrical grinders
Figure 8.5
Example of allowable abrasive product guard
openings for swing frame grinders and
semiautomatic snagging machines
8.3.2.6 Exposure adjustment
Abrasive product guards of the types described in
8.3.2.1 and 8.3.2.3, where the operator stands in front
of the opening, shall be constructed so that the
peripheral protecting member can be adjusted to the
constantly decreasing diameter of the abrasive product.
The maximum angular exposure above the horizontal
plane of the abrasive product spindle as specified in
8.3.2.1 and 8.3.2.3 shall never be exceeded, and the
distance between the abrasive product periphery and
the adjustable tongue or the end of the peripheral
member at the top shall never exceed 6mm (0.25 in).
See Figures 8.7a through 8.7f.
Figure 8.8 – Two examples of floor stand grinders with self-closing guards
8.3.2.8 Inspection and maintenance of self- E8.3.2.9
closing guards
The self-closing guard on floor-stand grinders shall The self-closing guard is the last protective device
be inspected every time an abrasive product is the operator has in case of an accidental abrasive
changed. The inspection shall include the following product breakage. It is imperative that it work
checks: properly at the time of an abrasive product
breakage.
Check the paddle-like underlying surfaces which Since abrasive product breakages are very rare,
cause the guard member to rotate when struck by maintenance of this device can be easily
broken abrasive product pieces. Correct for any neglected. Only by checking the guard mechanism
wear or damage according to the machine builders’ before each abrasive product is mounted can you
recommendation. be assured that the self-closing guard will function
properly.
Check the spark arrester, (the longer tab, also called Shear pins must be replaced with the same
tongue, located at the leading edge of the rotating mechanical strength pin that the guard was
guard member), for wear. Repair or replace if worn. originally designed for. Higher strength pins may
On some grinders, this tab is part of the speed not shear, resulting in subsequent failure of the
control system and it is important that it be guard.
maintained properly.
Table 3 – Minimum basic thickness for peripheral and side members for safety guards used with
cutting-off wheels
Figure 8.13
A Band-Type Guard
Table 5 Minimum Thickness of Machine Face Plates (Steel Disc Abrasive Products)
9.1.9 Maintenance
The user shall follow safe maintenance procedures It is an important responsibility of the user to
and maintain the grinding machine in safe maintain grinding machines in safe operating
operating condition as prescribed in this standard. condition.
When re-facing or truing mounting plates or When the bearing surfaces become worn, warped,
flanges, care shall be exercised to make sure that sprung, or damaged they should be trued, refaced
proper relief and rigidity are maintained as or replaced.
specified in ANSI B7.1.
Failure to observe these rules might cause
All mounting plates and flanges shall be frequently excessive flange pressure leading to abrasive
inspected for compliance with this requirement. product failure. This is especially true of abrasive
product-sleeve or adaptor flanges.
Dust collection / ventilation systems shall be
maintained in accordance with ANSI / AIHA Z9.6.
Annex A: Abrasive product guards, work zone enclosures and their combinations
on stationary grinding machines
(Informative)
NOTE: This Annex is obtained from EN 13218:2002 – Stationary Grinding Machines and is
reproduced here with permission from CEN (Comité Européen de Normalisation). Because this
source document is European, commas are used in place of decimals (in Tables).
A.1 Scope
The following types and configurations apply to abrasive product guards, work zone enclosures and their
combinations on stationary grinding machines intended for the use of bonded abrasive products and
abrasive products with diamond or cubic boron nitrite.
A.3 Safety requirements for abrasive product guards and work zone
enclosures
A.3.1 Shapes of abrasive product guards and angles of aperture
A.3.1.1 General
Abrasive product guards are intended to contain safely fragments in the case of an abrasive product
breakage. Generally the abrasive product is totally enclosed by the abrasive product guard. The angle of
aperture is different for the various types of grinding machines and should give access only to that part of
the abrasive product necessary for the machining process.
A.3.1.3 Abrasive product guards for peripheral grinding with maximum operating speeds of v s
1 = X-axis
Figure A.3
Abrasive product guards for abrasive products with an outside diameter D ≥ 125 mm should be designed
so that for peripheral wear the width of the gap between the abrasive product and the abrasive product
guard can be adjusted to ≤ 5 mm, examples see Figures A.4 to A.9.
Figure A.4
Figure A.5
Figure A.6
Figure A.7
The lateral distance between abrasive product and abrasive product guard should not exceed 10 mm,
see Figure A.10.
Figure A.10
A.3.1.4 Abrasive product guards for peripheral grinding with maximum operating speeds of v > 50 m/ss
abrasive product guard and an internal guard. The internal guard closes the abrasive product guard aperture in
the event of a grinding abrasive product breakage, see Figure A.11 and A.12.
D ≥ 600 mm T ≥ 50 mm
D ≥ 762 mm T ≥ 40 mm
On the inside of the rotating part of the U-shaped profile, carrier pegs are to be provided. The
engineering concept of the self-closing guard is very simple to understand. In the event of an abrasive
product breakage, the abrasive product pieces fly tangentially outward. They strike, at an angle, one or
more paddle-like surfaces which are fixed to a moveable gate located within the primary guard. The
kinetic energy of the abrasive product is transferred to this gate, causing it to instantly swing shut so as to
prevent broken pieces from escaping from inside the primary machine guard. High speed photography
shows the effectiveness of this guard design. When an abrasive product breakage occurs, the piece of
abrasive product that actually leaves the opening of the guard was not the piece facing the operator at the
instantaneous moment of breakage. The piece was one well within the guard, but headed for the guard
opening due to tangential rotational forces imparted to it just prior to breakage.
The internal guard should be attached to the side parts of the guard by means of fixing elements. The
fixing elements should have a low breaking elongation, e.g., M5 10.9.
The wall thickness of the safety device should at least be 3 mm, but 5 mm at maximum.
The internal guard should be arranged so that the distance between the inner side of the guard and the
outer side of the internal guard is 8 mm, see Figure A.11.
A.3.1.5 Abrasive product guards for side grinding on bench and pedestal grinding machines see
Table 1, No 1.14
Abrasive product guards for straight grinding abrasive products with or without recess should be designed
so that the aperture
– above the X-axis does not exceed 0.4 D and
– below the X-axis does not exceed 0.2 D see Figures A.13 and A.14.
For abrasive product guards for abrasive products with an outside diameter D ≤ 200 mm, the front
enclosure above the X-axis is not necessary if the peripheral part extends outside the periphery of the
abrasive product by at least 5 mm, see Figures A.15 and A.16.
During the machining process, ejection of abrasive product fragments should be prevented by work zone
enclosures in accordance with A3.4.
A.3.1.7 Abrasive product guards for external cylindrical grinding machines (see Tables A.1
through A.6)
The total angle of aperture of the abrasive product guard should not exceed 180°, the opening above the
X-axis should not exceed 60°, see Figure A.21.
1 X-axis
Figure A.21
Abrasive product guards for abrasive products with outside diameter D ≥ 250 mm should be designed so
that for peripheral wear of the abrasive products the gap between the abrasive product periphery and the
abrasive product guard can be adjusted to ≤ 5 mm, see Figures A.5 to A.7.
A.3.1.8 Abrasive product guards for side grinding on surface grinding machines see Table 1, No
1.6 and 1.7
For moving adjustable abrasive product guards (also with adjustable protective band) where the axial
movement of the abrasive product carrier is transmitted, the clearance between the peripheral face of the
abrasive product and the inside of the abrasive product guard should be 12.5 mm max and the open
(unprotected) thickness of the abrasive product To, projecting from the moving adjustable abrasive
product guard (adjustable protective band) should be: (see Figure A.22)
To = 0,3 T for T ≤ 50 mm
To = 0,2 T for T > 50 mm
Abrasive product guards for double spindle grinding machines should totally enclose the work zone
except for openings for loading and unloading of workpieces, see Figures A.23 and A.24.
The type of abrasive product guard used should depend on the shape and position of the abrasive
product and the operation to be carried out.
The angle of aperture of the abrasive product guard should not exceed 180°. The abrasive product guard
should cover the whole thickness of the abrasive product, see Figures A.25 and A.26.
Figure A.27
A.3.2 Wall thicknesses and material
A.3.2.1 General
Abrasive product guards should be of the dimensions given in Tables A.1 to A.6 depending on the
material used (see Table A.7). The wall thicknesses specified for the abrasive product dimensions and
maximum operating speeds given in the Tables should be considered as minimum values.
If the grinding machine is intended for the use of different types of abrasive products or for different
maximum operating speeds, the abrasive product guard dimensions should always be based on the case
where the highest energy of fragments is expected.
For gang mounted abrasive products the guard wall thickness should be based on the sum of the
individual abrasive product thicknesses. The principles for the determination of the wall thicknesses are
described in clause A.4. For abrasive product dimensions and maximum operating speeds not listed in
the Tables, the wall thickness can be determined by means of the procedure described. The wall
thickness should be at least 1.5 mm.
For abrasive product dimensions and/or maximum operating speeds where higher fragment energies can
be expected than those taken as basis for the values in the Tables, the designer should specify the
dimensions individually. In this case the design should provide for the use of additional energy absorbing
elements within the abrasive product guard.
A.3.2.2 Refer to the materials in Table A.7 for the following wall thickness tables in A.1 through A.6.
Table A.3: Wall thicknesses for spheroidal graphite cast iron abrasive product guards for
bonded abrasive products, except for cutting-off wheels (Dimensions in millimeters)
Table A.4: Wall thicknesses for aluminum alloy abrasive product guards for bonded abrasive
products, except for cutting-off wheels (Dimensions in millimeters)
tp ts tp ts tp ts tp ts tp ts
10 2.5 2 3 2.5 4.5 3.5 5.5 4 6.5 5
40 20 3 2.5 4 3 6 4.5 7 5.5 8.5 6.5
32 3.5 2.5 5 3.5 7 5.5 8.5 6.5 10 7.5
10 3 2 4 3 5.5 4 6.5 5 7.5 6
6 50 20 3.5 2.5 5 3.5 7 5.5 8.5 6.5 10 7.5
32 4 3 6 4.5 8.5 6.5 10 7.5 12 9
10 3 2.5 4.5 3.5 6.5 5 7.5 6 9 7
63 20 4 3 6 4.5 8.5 6.5 10 7.5 12 9
32 5 3.5 7 5.5 10 7.5 12 9 14 10.5
10 5 4 7 5.5 10 7.5 12 9 14 11
32 20 6.5 5 9 7 13 10 15.5 11.5 18.5 14
32 8 6 11 8 15.5 11.5 18.5 14 22 16.5
7
10 6 4.5 8.5 6.5 12 9 14 11 17 12.5
40 20 7.5 6 11 8 15 11 18.5 14 21.5 16
32 9 7 13 9.5 18 13.5 22 16 26 19
^ Designation of material, see Table A.7
* Determination of wall thicknesses, see A.4.3
tp Wall thickness peripheral part
ts Wall thickness side part
1 = Spreading area
2 = Work zone enclosure
3 = Traveling distance
In the case of traverse and rotating movements of the grinding spindle head account must be taken of the
traveling distances and pivoting angles.
Steel sheet
In the spreading area wall thickness of 0.2 times tp in accordance with Table A.1, A.5 or A.6, but at least
1.5 mm. Material 1, 2 or 3 of Table A.7.
Polycarbonate
In the spreading area wall thickness of 0.5 times tp in accordance with Table A.1, but at least 3 mm.
Material 8 of Table A.7.
A.3.4.2.2 Wall thicknesses and materials of work zone enclosures for grinding machines without
abrasive product guards.
Steel sheet
In the spreading area wall thicknesses in accordance with Table A.1, A.5 or A.6. The wall thickness
outside the spreading area may, however, be 0.2 times tp in accordance with Table A.1, A.5 or A.6, but
should be not less than 1.5 mm. Materials 1, 2 or 3 of Table A.7.
Polycarbonate
In the spreading area wall thickness of 2.5 times tp in accordance with Table A.1, A.5 or A.6, but not less
than 3 mm outside the spreading area at least 3 mm. Material 8 of Table A.7.
b) An abrasive product corresponding in design and dimensions to its intended use on the grinding
machine should be used.
c) Breakage of the abrasive product should be initiated at the intended maximum operating speed
or the permissible speed of rotation by a projectile shot into the abrasive product or by another
suitable procedure. The projectile should hit the abrasive product near the clamping device (flange).
d) The test should be carried out with three abrasive products in succession using the same guard
and fixing devices.
e) The test should be deemed satisfactory if the guard and its clamping elements remain in function
not showing any visible cracks when examined by a recognized method of crack detection, e.g., dye
penetration or magnetic crack detection. Minor deformations and surface damage can be accepted.
Fixing devices should remain functional with no detectable damage.
In order to guarantee the protective effect of the transparent shield a sufficient coverage of the
transparent shield with the surrounding steel sheet structure is required. The following minimum values
should be observed:
a) For a grinding machine with abrasive product guard and work zone enclosure, where the
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American National Standard B11.9–2010
transparent shield is located outside the spreading area, there should be a minimum coverage of 10
mm (see Figures A.28, A.29 and Figure A.30).
b) For a grinding machine with abrasive product guard and work zone enclosure, where the
transparent shield is located within the spreading area, there should be a minimum coverage of 15
mm. If the size of the transparent shield is larger than 500 mm × 500 mm, the minimum coverage
should be 35 mm, (see Figures A.28, A.29 and Figure A.30)
c) For a grinding machine without abrasive product guard but with work zone enclosure, where the
transparent shield is located outside the spreading area, there should be a minimum coverage of 15
mm (see Figures A.28, A.29 and Figure A.30).
d) For a grinding machine without abrasive product guard but with work zone enclosure, where the
transparent shield is located within the spreading area, the supplier should furnish proof of the
suitability of the attachment of the transparent shield to contain abrasive product fragments (see
Figures A.28 and A.29).
1 = Coverage (overlap)
2 = Transparent shield
3 = Frame
4 = Steel sheet
5 = Frame profile
Figure A.30
Polycarbonate shields should be protected against aging effects, e.g., by addition of a safety glass shield
towards the machining side and a plastic shield towards the access side. The edges of the shields
should be sealed. The limited service life of polycarbonate shields should be indicated in the instruction
handbook. Suppliers should provide recommendations for inspection, care, maintenance and
replacement schedule recommendations.
These dimensions are given as a function of the abrasive product nominal diameter D and for a grinding
abrasive product thickness T limited to 0.15 D. When T is greater than 0.15 D, b1 min should be raised in
proportion to the real value of T. The smaller base b2 of trapezoidal shields should be equal to at least
1.5 times the grinding abrasive product thickness T, with a minimum value of 75 mm.
The minimum dimensions of the transparent part of the shields of bench and pedestal grinding machines
equipped with face or cup grinding abrasive products are identical to those for the shields of these
grinding machines equipped with plain grinding abrasive products; however, the thickness T of plain
grinding abrasive products should be replaced by the width W of the working part of face grinding
abrasive products.
A.4 Criteria for the design of abrasive product guards and their means of attachment
A.4.1 General
The energy of the fragments resulting from an abrasive product breakage is the basic criterion for the
design of abrasive product guards and means of attachment, since the energy of the fragments is
transmitted
directly or indirectly (by means of ejection of colliding fragments) to the abrasive product guard;
via the abrasive product guard to its means of attachment and the machine frame;
via abrasive product dresses which may project into the abrasive product guard, indirectly to the
spindle head and the machine frame.
Methods for the calculation of the energy of abrasive product fragments and for the determination of wall
thicknesses of abrasive product guards and the design of the means of attachment for abrasive product
guards are described in the following clauses.
(A.1)
and is contained in the fragments as translational and rotational energy. On the assumption that the
resulting fragments are equal in size, the following equation applies
(A.2)
(A.3)
For a half angle of fragments α = 67°, the translational energy reaches its maximum value:
(A.4)
(A.5)
(NOTE: For symbols, see A.2)
Required wall thickness and fragment energy were related on the basis of the wall thickness Tables in
national regulations of Germany, England and France valid when this European standard was developed.
The fragment energy anticipated for the abrasive products listed in these wall thickness Tables was
calculated using the above mentioned formula. The corresponding value from the Tables for the wall
thickness of the abrasive product guard was assigned to this calculated energy value. The wall thickness
was represented in a diagram as a function of the fragment energy with the abrasive product guard
material as parameter.
The diagram basically showed a considerable correspondence between the national requirements. It
made, however, also obvious, that in all Tables considered, the energy values assigned to the wall
thickness values showed a wide scatter.
In order to assign the wall thickness unambiguously to the fragment energy, the revealed variations were
approximated by means of compensating functions, additionally using experimental studies and
experiences with wall thicknesses which have until present been used in praxis.
This empirical procedure resulted in the following relationships between the wall thickness tp of the
peripheral part of the abrasive product guard and the fragment energy Etrans of the abrasive product for
the different guard materials in accordance with Table A.7:
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American National Standard B11.9–2010
In these formulae the energy value Etrans should be given in Nm, the wall thickness value tp will then be in
mm. The energy values given in brackets are limit values, there is no experience on the applicability of
the above formulae for higher values. The wall thicknesses given in Tables A.1 to A.6 were determined
by means of these approximation functions. The following assumptions were taken as basis for the
calculation of the fragment energy in accordance with formula
Based on data given in national Tables and previous experience, a ratio ts/tp = 0.75 was assumed as the
basis for calculation of the wall thicknesses ts of the side parts of the abrasive product guards. The wall
thickness values determined by calculation were rounded to whole or half millimeter values in the Tables.
This procedure is also applicable for the dimensioning of abrasive product guards for abrasive product
dimensions and peripheral speeds not listed in Tables A.1 to A.6 and for abrasive products with densities
differing from those given above. The limits of the formulae-dependent relationships should be
observed.
(A.6)
It can, however, be taken into account that in the case of impulsive stress of a static mass, losses of
energy can result due to plastic deformation:
(A.7)
The coefficient of impact k varies between k = 0 (plastic impact) und k = 1 (elastic impact). The
coefficient of impact k can be reduced within certain limits by plastically deformable materials and
elements as for example, rigid expanded polyurethanes or thin-walled round tubes which are integrated
into the abrasive product guard as lining. Practical tests have shown a coefficient of impact k = 0.75. The
thickness of the deformation elements should be at least equal to that of the abrasive product. The ratio
of the lining thickness and the wall thickness of the abrasive product guard (Tables A.1 to A.5) should be
2
about 4:1 for a strength of the expanded polyurethane of 180 N/cm . Rigid obstructions in the abrasive
product guard, e.g., welded stabilizing webs should, however, be avoided.
Containing safety devices are so connected to the grinding machine, that these parts remain connected in
the case of an abrasive product breakage. It should be ensured that the energy absorbing capacity of the
total number of n fixing elements exceeds the energy value determined by the calculation method, i.e.,
the condition should be fulfilled.
(A.8)
Tensile impact stress
In the case of tensile impact stress reduced shaft bolts are used. The energy absorption capacity of a
cylindrical reduced shaft bolt (material quality 8.8, 10.9 or equivalent) is approximately calculated as:
(A.9)
with
(A.10)
(A.11)
for shearing elements with circular section, the average shearing force is:
(A.12)
with the maximum shearing force:
(A.13)
the shearing distance is:
(A.14)