(perme 7 ION LECTURE YEN LESSON! SI Unit Where, V; = volume at a temperature t, m®, li t= temperature, °F Ve = volume at a temperature to, (usually 15.6 °F), m°, li, Coefficient = 0.0007/°C Ex # 1]426 "API oil has a temperature 40 °F. What is its density? Suton Considering the English system ForSGat60°F, * ap) - las us Oo API+I315 2841315 ~ 0-887F " | | | considerin 3 2) ») Lecture Notes in Power Plant © 5.38 5.8 Ibi? For the density at 40°F: Py vp 992 1 the $1 Unite: t= 40°F = 444°C 11s SG see)” SAPI+I31.5 Mas 284131 (1.0) = 0.887 kg /ti "fi +-0.0007(¢~t0)) v, = Vo [i+0.0007(t-t,)) > Po = ey = 0894 Ig P. = Typo My) 4000071444156] Viscosity - property of Diesel fuel used to measure its resistance to flow. It is a fair indication of how the oil will atomize and how it will affect the injection pump. Absolute Viscosity, 1 SI Units + 1 poise = 1 Dyne-secicm? English Units > 1 Ib-secift’ = 1 slugift-sec Kinematic Viscosity ~ the ratio of absolute viscosity to that of the density, viedt ° SI Units > 1 stoke = 1 cm*/sec English Units > Ft’/sec (SSU) oF + Saybolt Viscosimeter - an instrument used to measure viscosity of oil in Sysbolt Universal ( ‘Saybolt Seconds Furol (SSF) Centistoke = 0.308(SSU - 26) 62 SSF = 600 SSU 1 SSF = 9.68 SSU — refers to the heat content of the fuel in a unit mass. The heating value of a liquid fuel is (000 to 19 500 Btu/lb. An instrument or apparatus used to determine the heating value of a alorimeter. Heating value is also called as Calorific Value. Heating Value ranging from 18 fuel is known as Bomb or Sergent C: Higher Heating Value (HH) isthe heating value obtained when the moisture or water in the product ‘of combustion is in the liquid condition. Lower Heating Value (LHV) is the heating value obtained when the moisture of water in the product of combustion is in the vapor condition ASME Formula: HHV = 41130 +139.6(° API) > kJ/kg HHV =17680 + 60(API) > Btu/Ib ‘Sherman and Knoff Formula: HHV =18250+40(°Baume-10) > Btu/Ib HIV = 42450 +.93(° Baume -10) > ki /kg; F ss Bureay of Standard Formula Huy <51716-8793.086) > 4/8 enny-98, 4") an =26-15(86) in decimal Where, H = 26-15) coal toed ne, 5 rash por an Fe Pte woes to ignition and storage hazards of 0 em us 6 eget | 1 Laaratas “I Fo ant to te fuel for moble engines wnos® — ‘stationary units clean fresh stock of cere ears Gomsien Stem as coal aaa satistace, volatity. 8 Puy cna may ty it nae ashen tml ag te and we They are reported ying garg batom sediment and Water together corrosion of plant equipment. ‘sometimes by the number B. : ‘8. Sultur Content — in weight percentage: 10. Moisture and Sediment ~ in weight or volume percentage: useful with reference to useful in firing of oll. 11 pects Hunt ves wih onperatre bt fr unua vabes is about 4 1.0.5 Baub-F; used heey 12. Carbon Residue ~ test indicating carbon forming characteristics of oi, used in oil burning SOLID FUELS For power plant application, the commonly used solid fuel is coal 2 Coal is a solid fuel which is a mixture of carbon, ; esometber Salpaon achlehyrivary 2 Vepeetn naar 7 oa nitrogen, sulfur, ash, and moisture. It is 2 Coal is @ general term that Conpoations of propartiog sibeagh Saar ber of ec organic ri carbon meg are essenialy rich in amorphous (witout repusr etruchre eonsA aha 10 me wey eek seontn 16 the dogine ‘oooamre art Waker), ra neeptry oC "09 rom the weal tate (igre) ws ta pase casiteoatione are Dey URCrIbed below in descending order e i anewaoite coe! ene Nahe! grade of ool Contains @ Nigh ContENL, BOW to OE 94 Sue tow coment of volte rater feun hat bm lo aot oct Very nav coal having @ Ahiny black histor tibie: A tutte Coa! that borers ON graphite al upper end of fixed oarbon 1, iar atin chiety mathene, Cog ae Non cokung With hgh perwentage fixed carbon Leas than 8 % volatile matter Requires strong draft ‘Bums without flame oF very short bluish flame Desirable when smokeless combustion is essential gate F Graphite (sa moderately soft allotropic form of carbon, Carbon crystallizes pertectly into diamond, perfectly into graphite and is amorphous (having No regular structure, non crystaline) in anthracite and charcoal She anthracite rank of coal is subdivided into three groupings, in descending of fhxed-carbon percent, as follows . Meta-anthracite, greater than 90 % + Anthracite, 92 % to 98 % + Sembanthracite, 86 5 to 92% Sem-anthracite coal + Not used commercially as steam coal © With less fixed carbon © With 8 to 14 % volatile matter Less luster © Burs with larger and more luminous flames coal Highest grade of bituminous coal Burns with very small amount of smoke Softer than anthracites coals Contains 14 to 22 % volatile matter Has a tendency to break into small sizes during storage or transportation 4 Bituminous coal 2 ad with high percentage of volatile matter z with long yellow and Smokey flames wy reat) nporcertage ofvolatle matter, moisture, ash and sulfur, * Classified as free-burning and caking or coking lignites appearance of ignites . Sameues kom 5 a are onl won) Sg raerank of 8 oars 1 ormposed plant mater nd OBEN Ming , rogen, and sane anc cps fC hyd ne a, ' J ‘extent with in the original woog ibstance - part of com ich to some a Foo trom te ongna epee. compounds MET reans water as Such retained bythe cog 2. Mineral Matter - composed OF POTTE gnical moisture 3. Moisture Content - referred Heating ot ror Caloric value ~ te eats nt heat content in a unit mess fuel; d wivalent heat sone Measurement or by Dulong'S formula. letermined eithe lue Fuels) for higher heating V © Dulong’s Formula (Sali 9 g py = 33200 +144212( Hh, ~ 293048 a> ki /kg 0. j nny 146000 +4200{ 1, ~Se)+40508 = Btu/Ib Where C, H, O, & S are element in percentage by weight * Lower Heating Value: LHV = HHV - Q, Where, Q, = latent heat of water content, Q =m, hy, =Imy hy 'm,, = mass of water vapor in products of combustion per unit mass of sme = made (veto the combustion of H, in the fuel, but not including intial HzO i =) = mass of original hydrogen per unit mass of fuel, known imate anal ‘hy = latent heat of evaporation of water vapor eee oe combustion products, Btu/lb, ki/kg eka oe . =(W + 9H{2493 + 1.9261, ~4.1871,) + fort, <302°C O =(W + 924024209351, —4187,,) fort, > 302°C y= flue gas temperature, °C6 conng ‘Leoture Hotes In Power Plant Destan Coke is the sold substance ee an remaining after the partial burning of coal in an even or after distillation COAL ANALYSIS There are two types of coal analysis: proximate and ulimat 4 basis Both methods may be used on fe, both done on a mass-percent As-received Basis", useful for combustion calculations “Moisture-Free-Basis’, avoids variation of the moisture content even in the same shipment and certainty in the different stages of pulverization Dry Minerai-Matter- Free basis’, circumvents the problem of the ash contents not being the same #8 the mineral matter in coal 4. Proximate Analysis «This is the easier of the two types of coal analysis and the one which, supplies readily meaningful information for coal’s use in the steam generators. + tis an analysis that gives the gravimetric fraction of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash. # Itdetermines the mass percentages of fixed carbon, volatile matter, moisture, and ash. * Sulfur may be combined with ash or may be specified separately Car 2 Itis the elemental carbon that exists in coal - its determination is approximated by assuming it to be the difference between the original sample an the sum of volatile matter, moisture, and ash. Its that portion of coal, other than water vapor, which is driven off when the sample is heated in the absence of oxygen in a standard test (up to 1750 °F for 7 minutes). © Itconsists of hydrocarbon and other gases that result from distillation and decomposition. ‘Moisture > Its determined by a standard procedure of drying in an oven © This does not account for all the water present, which includes combined water and water of hydration. © There are several other terms for moisture in coal. One, inherent moisture, is thi natural state of coal and considered to be part of the deposit, excluding surface water. ‘itis the inorganic salts contained in coal © itis determined in practice as the non combustible residue standard test (at 1380 °F). after the combustion of dried coal in a Wis determined separately na standard test ‘combustible, it contributes to the heating val © tone oxides which combine vith water to form acne soa ‘end of steam generators if the gases are cooled tre auS® corrosion Point, as problems. Problem in the wl 88 environs oeLecture | Plame ped en cf griratls wuivcs bath bo eT compound rather than by ‘added 10 hydrogen © In this analysis, combined hydrogen from moisture in the Wel re ~ Combustive Compounds. as carbon. MySFOUeN, OXYGEN ‘+ tis an analysis showing the chemical elements of co! SUCI SS py weight “ sul ash and mossture. Elements are presented in perceria? N- Nirogen Carbon H- Hydrogen °- Saaire S~ Sulfur WASH Bases of Reporting the Ultimate Analysis a. ‘As-received" or “As Fired” basis: C+H* 0 * n+stAaz 100% weseacwe 100% b. Dry or moisture-free basis: C +H + O* ye basis: Ct H*O* = 100% N+S= 100% ©. Mositure and Ash Free or Combustib +HHOTN 4. Moisture Ash, and Sultursree Basis: C* ise to the power-plan ipo The te bas oe ans waked 274 Sra the = sessar the weight of hy 2 Theromanng mt em ge raceed 1 818 OO are ay ane wm Nag ° on water ‘and to divide é& went ‘ogen sera ee are ms ood Co © methods certain ype of coal has at he following * Beta ee S= 1.20% 0 = 3.00% w=440% Calculate the analysis on the dry basis and combustible basis. Solution: © Consider the “Dry-basis Analysis WwW 4.40 ‘Solving for the Factor for the dry-basis analysis, Factor = 1 ~ n. 1 “7° 0.956 Dry-basis Analysis: 4.10 Ha R= 430% O= = =3.10% 1.20 S=«— 0956 130% ‘Then, the sum of the components: C+h+o te e Consider he Combustne Bons 100 % Solving for the Facto : {or the combustible basis,Factor =| (Wsay o -[,_6 100 0 + 4 40)) te “e8 Pe Solving for the Combustible Basis, Too {0.909 8 ¢ = 8 99.20 9, eee 1,50 N=———=1.10% 0,903 p Then, the sum of the components: C+H+O+N+S= 100% Ex # 3] Convert the ultimate analysis of coal shown in th in the table below to re ('as-received), b) moisture-fre ©) sn sire sture-, ash-, and amount of moistu sure basis. Determine the heating value in each case PROXIMATE ULTIMATE Boe A | | —_—_}|— y 7% | 34.15 % | 47.45 % | 8.63% | 0.75% | 5.34% | 66.23% | 1.51% | 17.54% a Consider the "As-received” analysis to obtain the ‘as received” percent Hz, and deduct 8/9 of W from O2 to obtain Deduct 1/9 of W from He the “as-received” percent of O2 — * Solving for the heating value of the “as-received fuel HHY =14600C + «2000{H, HEV =14600(0.6623)+ «200d 0.0425 ) HHV = 11 648.305 Btu/ib the analysis 4 vee T>VMida he Sry-basis oF Moisture-free basis of a ". ‘saving for the Heating Valve HY =14600C + 62000] HV -asoo.7340)+ 60 0.047 ore) 4+4950(0.0083) 0. (1 -92) 4008 HV = 12,909,165 Btullb 2023/06/14 09:01as HV =14600€ +62000{ 1, ~* Ventas nest |+aos0s HY =14600(0.8116) + 620004 0 052) — 2:1086)) | 4050(0.0092) HV = 14 275.17 Btu/lb -, and sultur-free basis of analysis ro obtain this analysis, divide each com analysis by the following factor yponent except moisture, ash and sulfur of anrecenves (0.75 + 0.0863 + 0.977 Facto ~ \=c ( e ).0,8085 T | | e1e2%_| | 526% | 10.96% | 1.87% | eee | 10.00% | oases ee solving for the heating value HV ~14s00c +62000( H, -2) + 4050S HV= 14600(0.8192) + «200 0.0526 - one \+4050(0) HV = 14 372.12 Btullb 202 to 203 from Power Plant Theory and Design by Potter Aasign: Solve problems # 5-2, # 5-3, and # 5-6, Pages COMBUSTION SEINITIONS AND USEFUL INFORMATION heat of reaction is jement in which the exothermic st e liberated at igen of an el ripat useful quantiies of Neat 2 ao Combustion is the rapid chemical union with o*Y great and the rate of reaction 'S sufficiently (a temperature ay synonymous with oxidation and is the union of ‘oxygen with a combs “eet compositions and Standard 1 Components By Weight L ‘ sible material— Leeture ORES AFT —— Ny = 76.9 % and O2= 231% 2. Components By Volume Np= 79 % and O; = 21% 3. Air Gas Constant R = 0.28708 kuikg"K 4. Molecular Weight or Mass MW = 28.95 kg/kgmol = 28 95 Ib/prol 5. pups 147 poor 101305%Pa and = 32°F f° Soe aie clog a eae med eo: COMBUSTION CHEMISTRY nemety of combust components fe el 12. The following equations are the combustion an Combustion of Carbon,C +02 = COz i + Analysis by weight: 42 kg C+ 32kg O2= 44 kg CO2 ges} ae0. « ('}hxco, © Oxygen required for 1 kg C: Wee = Sk802 por ke © * Molal Analysis: 1 mole C + 1 mole O2= 1 mole COz 2 Comsen cites 2H; + O2 = 2H;0 "analysis by Weight: 4 kg H. + 32 kg O2 = 36 kg H:O 1 kg He +8 kg Os = 9kg HO ‘© Oxygen required for 1 kg Hs: Won, =8 ke O2 per Ha + Molal. e oa ‘Analysis: 2 moles H, + 1 mole O; = 2 moles HO 11 mole H: + Ys mole O; = 1 moe 3. Combustion of Sulfur, S + 2 = SO, + Analysis by Weight: 32 kg S + 32 kg O2 = 64 kg SO, © Oxygen required for 1kg sulfur: = W,, =1 kg. per kg S 11kg S + 1 kg Op = 2g $0: Mola Analyss: 1 mole S + 1 mole 0; = 1 mole SO, 4 Incomplete Combustion of Carbon, 2C + 0, = 2CO * Analysis by Weight 24 Bere woe ug c+{$ ps0 = a \aco © Oxygen required for 1 . "9 Cf recta combuon: Wa, ='549; pr bs C + Moll Analysis. 2 moles c+ ~ mole O, ‘2 moles CO1 mole C + % mole O, = 1 mole CO ‘Theoraical Oxygen Required to Combust Fuel sort, Ses > kwO, /kg fuel[oot ten tae vias Coun, O1* onygen coment eget 11.5 0°. t s4C +3464 H, ~Sp)+4aas (u,-%)+43 s\H.-—t}* 2S equation by Vopat W, =115C+3 Pt a ( oO equation by Pater. W, = 11.53C+34.36] Hy +4328 nn ae snuton used by Saran: W, =11.44C-+34.32| Hy ~ 2 +4298 \ } Where, W,= theoretical air required, kg/kg fuel, Ib/b fuel engine Combystion of Carbon with Ait + ai'= CO; + Nitrogen +0; + 3.76Nz = COz + 3.76Nz - by weant 12g C + 32 kg O2 + 3.76(28) kg Ne= 44 kg CO: + 3.76(28) Kg Ne 1 ‘ alae Weight Ikg+ =kgO, +8.77 ke Nz 1 gCO, +8.77kgN; 21 moe o.. 3 ‘Theoretical Air/Fuel Ratio: ArFe$+877=11 45 kgair per kg fuel 54 0etuce the combustion f 1m? ethylene, C: and $0: ‘ eaoon fegiatons or) comiete come AE mm? ethylene, CzH, in air, “iter, * Conese the complete combustion CH4i+ Ait= CO, +H,0+N, CpH, +20; +3.76aN; = bCO, +¢H,0+3.760N2 fer 20 ‘Ne coticents (atom balance) Carton, 2 = Deeea oe... Cm zanzecanbsoza2+1<3 Forte : ‘combustion ) equation, CH, +30, +3.76(3)N = 2CO; +2H,0+3.76(3)N2 fe 20, +11. 20n, 200, +24,0+1126N, in N, =2m? CO, +2m’H,O+11.28m’ Ny Wiehe PO (0) fe x62) 11a) 44) 46112828)awe Peaieigh, obec, *108010° 4D CI ” ive Weght ng cvH #349880: +1.205KGH,0 +11.28igH, 4 11.28kgN» = 3.14kgCO, roreial ArfFuel Rao, AF = 343 * 41.28 = 14.71 kg air per kg fuel > conser he Actua Combustion wih = 25 % GH. + (40, +8 76aN,)(1+2) “BOO 4cH,0 +00, +(3.76aN, ive) GH, +30, +11 2an,)(128) =2C0, + 2H,0+0:28(80,) +(11.28N,)(1 25) oa GH, +3.750, +14.1N, = 200, +2H,0+0.780, +14.1N, Weight Analysis. 28 kg Fuel +120 kg 0; +304.8 kg = 88 kg COs + 36 Kg HzO + 24 Kg) Oz +304.6 Kg Mi 1hgC,H, +4286KgO, +14.1kgN, = 3.14kgCO, +1.285KgH,O + 0.857g0, + 14.1hgl, ‘Therefore, the air-Fuel Ratio, Wo, = 4.286 + 14.1 = 18.386 kg/kg fuel ans AIR-FUEL RATIO FOR HYDRO-CARBON FUELS, C,H,, Considering the CxHn’ CoHm + 302 + 3.76aN = bCO2 + CH,O + 3.76aNz ‘Atom balance, Carbon: n= b; b= n Hydrogen: m = 2c; ¢ = 0.5m Oxygen: 2a = 2b +c; a=n+0.25m ‘Substtutng the coefficients, Gita + 025m)0, + 3.7840 + 0.26 ‘Combustion with excess air, ¢, onda Na = NCO, + 0.5mH,0 + 3.76(n + 0.25m)N2 225m)N,= C0, +0.5mH,0w, = 137.28(n +0.25m) esters totes Pome Pat anton pe Actual AIr-Fue! Ratio, Way tet) 4-9 pends on the kind of fuel used, the A, tually contain carbon dioxide (CO;), carbon ma ‘ide, and un ‘ Fatio, and the conditions of ide (CO), oxygen, nitrogen sulfu gaTio IN TERMS OF THE PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION (Volimetic Ansiyss) yaruel considering whe Dry Gas, CO png bot the denominator and niumerstor Dy 100 CO, = +3:76(1 +e) 1+0.25™ n From the stoichiometric (gravimetric) analysis of fuel mere, H, = percent hydrogen by weightC = percent carbon by weight Substtuting the value of min to CO2, CO, = po MM 1+e)1+0.25 12H, \| , 5.76 (1+e))1+0.2 ps L c }j a: cy co. aoe a 1 * (12H; )| reeks I+ell +3.76(1+e)]}1+0.25 ~~ | 1+ (3.76 + 4.76¢)| 1+ co. oe 100 ae ( rf H, 143.76(1+ 38h +4. 16e( 1422 1+(3,76411.28—= |+4.76e| 1+ gy ae \ u m Hs stout “ite vane ote, 1+|3.76+11 2 Cc 22023,'06/14 09:02OF THE VALUES OF m AND m IN CH a cla enaiysis of exhaust gases shows the products to consist of the 4 ee Seay. = 13, Cha = 030. N= 827 Assuring tw fue be 8 pure hyscatbon of he % ce values ofr and mb) Balance the combustion equation. and c) Determine the sr fh tate BSS “outer 8) Consider 100 moles of the products ice 00, + 27H, = 121000080, 905 0098 NT EO Where, a = moles of oxygen in air supplied 2 = moles of water vapor in the products uote. Complete soluion is to be discussed by the professor orto be solved by the student CHg, 59.8 %; CoH, 37.6 %, No, 22 analysis of excess %, e) The volumetric and an excess ai of 50%: 6) Te of 50 kgmin, and f)The amount of air require perm’ of fuel at 196 kPaa and 27 °C. Solution a) Solving for the molecular mass or weight MW = 16CH, + 30C:He + 28N, + 44CO2 MW = 16(0.598) + 30(0.376) + 28(0.022) + 44(0.004) = 21.64 kg/kgmol fuel b) Gravimetric analysis by component natag TAH.) | —_—| 160.598) T } Ch | Lod [ sree (100%) ema 30CH,) | 30(0.376) Cae MW [ 21.64 0) 52.13% 2a(N2) 28(0.022) Ne MW 21.68 (00) 2.85 % 44(CO,) 440.004 CO; ae MW [ 21.64 (100 %) 081% TOTAL be ©} Computation of the gravimetric analysis by elementTN, <4 (100 | me) 32004 00 ow a °o. (+e), _ O+e)/8¢ qu -2) 5] v= Say “tens ke .0059 _(us0)W, . (50) 5 oro fo2ier-2°) +] e231 0.231[3 Woe = 21.12 kg air per kg fuel e) Determination of the volumetric rate of air required ‘Solving for the mass flow rate of air required, ™., =(W,, m, = (24.1250) =1206 kg /min ) ‘Solving for the volumetric rate of air required, 1206(0.28708\15.56 + 273) v= 2 = 85. */ mil “ares 5.71 m? / min For Given Flue Gas Analysis (Orsat Analysis) 0, -0.5CO Excess Ar, ¢= (100 %) 0.264N, -(0, -05CO) ‘Mass of Flue Gas 4CO, +0, +700 No Tis 6 SG tay (c= +3s}+8s Where, Cy = Cocca med carbon, kptg hel ‘Cw = unbumed carbon 'ANT POINTS TO REMEMBER