Accepted Manuscript

Title: Structural, Absorption and Photoluminescence studies

of Sm3+ ions doped Barium Lead Alumino Fluoro Borate
Glasses for Optoelectronic device Applications

Authors: P. Rekha Rani, M. Venkateswarlu, S.k. Mahamuda,

K. Swapna, Nisha Deopa, A.S. Rao, G. Vijaya Prakash

PII: S0025-5408(18)31534-4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2018.10.033
Reference: MRB 10245

To appear in: MRB

Received date: 19-5-2018

Revised date: 13-10-2018
Accepted date: 21-10-2018

Please cite this article as: Rani PR, Venkateswarlu M, Mahamuda Sk, Swapna
K, Deopa N, Rao AS, Prakash GV, Structural, Absorption and Photoluminescence
studies of Sm3+ ions doped Barium Lead Alumino Fluoro Borate Glasses
for Optoelectronic device Applications, Materials Research Bulletin (2018),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2018.10.033

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Structural, Absorption and Photoluminescence studies of Sm3+ ions doped
Barium Lead Alumino Fluoro Borate Glasses for Optoelectronic device
Applications

P. Rekha Rani1, M. Venkateswarlu1,*, Sk. Mahamuda1, K. Swapna1, Nisha Deopa2,

A. S. Rao2, G. Vijaya Prakash3

1
Department of Physics, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education foundation, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram-522 502,

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Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522502, India.
2
Department of Applied Physics, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, New Delhi 110042, India.

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3
Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, Hauz Khas, New
Delhi 110016, India.

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*Corresponding Author: Mail ID: mvrmphil@gmail.com (Dr. M. Venkateswarlu)
Contact No. +91-9490946373

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Graphical abstract
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4
G5/2 Exc= 402 nm
6
H7/2

6
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H5/2
6

H9/2
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0.1 mol%
0.5 mol%
1.0 mol%
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1.5 mol%
2.0 mol%
2.5 mol%
500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700

Wavelength (nm)
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Highlights

 Sm3+ doped BaPbAlFB glasses were prepared by conventional melt quenching

technique.
  A sharp luminescence is observed in the red region under 402 nm excitation.
 The J-O parameters are used to evaluate the radiative properties
 BaPbAlFBSm1.0 glass can be suggested for visible optoelectronic devices.

Abstract

Samarium ions doped Barium Lead Alumino Fluoro Borate glasses were prepared by
conventional melt quenching technique and characterized by using various spectroscopic

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techniques. The amorphous nature and functional groups present host glass were confirmed

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by XRD and FT-IR spectra respectively. From the measured oscillator strengths the Judd-
Ofelt (J-O) parameters were evaluated and subsequently used to estimate various radiative

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properties for the prominent fluorescent levels. The PL spectra show three

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transitions 4G5/2→6H5/2, 6H7/2, and 6H9/2 at 565nm, 602nm and 650nm in greenish yellow,
reddish orange and red regions respectively. The experimental lifetimes correlated with

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radiative lifetimes to calculate quantum efficiency of the as prepared glasses. The CIE
chromaticity coordinates measured establishes reddish orange emission from the as prepared
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glasses. Based on the emission cross-sections, branching ratios, quantum efficiency and CIE
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coordinates, it is concluded that the Sm3+ ions doped as prepared glasses are aptly suitable for
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reddish orange optoelectronics device applications.

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Keywords: Glasses, Samarium, XRD, FT-IR, Luminescence, CIE coordinates.

1. Introduction:
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Quite recently, rare earth (RE) doped glasses have attracted the researchers due to their
applications in diversified fields such as lasers, solid state lighting (SSL) devices, fiber
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amplifiers, photovoltaic devices, memory devices, dosimeters and solar energy concentrators
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[1]. The outstanding features of RE doped glasses such as hypersensitive transitions, high
doping potential and inhomogeneous broad emission makes them most suitable for high gain
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laser applications. Also, the distinct features such as low cost, less duration to produce
different structures, outstanding thermal and chemical stabilities etc. makes glasses more
attracting than crystalline materials [2]. Furthermore, trivalent RE doped glasses are having
much demand in the fabrication of w-LEDs due to their better heat resistance capacity than
phosphor materials [3]. In addition to this, RE doped glasses are deliberated as the best
luminescent materials due to high luminescence efficiencies from both 4f-4f and 4f-5d
electronic transitions. This is because of the sharp emission lines from the transitions
covering a wide range of spectral region from ultraviolet (UV) to the infrared (IR) region [4].
Also, the emission properties of the RE doped glasses can be adjusted by modifying the
concentration of RE ions and composition of the host material. In glass science and
technology, selecting a host material quite pertinent for the aforementioned applications is so
crucial.
It is well known that, B2O3 is one of the best glass formers known because of its
unprecedented features such as high transparency, low melting point, high chemical

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durability, low production cost and high thermal resistance [5]. When compared with silicate

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and phosphate glasses, borate glasses are structurally more interested because of the presence

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of two types of co-ordinations for boron atoms. Further, the BO3 triangles are connected by
B–O–B linkages and with the addition of suitable modifier, they will form di-borates, tri-

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borates, tetra-borates and penta-borates which results in interconnected networks similar to
three-dimensional networks [6]. Apart from the aforementioned notable features, B2O3 has

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one main drawback, i.e., it possesses high phonon energies (1300 cm-1) and generates multi-
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phonon relaxations for RE ions, which results in non-radiative emissions [7]. To suppress
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such redundant phonon energies and thereby to enhance radiative emission capacity of the
host material, a suitable heavy metal such as lead fluoride (PbF2) can be added to borates. It
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is evident from the literature that addition of PbF2 to a borate glass can enrich the ability to
form a stable glass because of its dual nature such as glass modifier and glass former at low
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and high concentrations respectively [8]. Moreover, the existence of lead ions (Pb2+) will give
enormous advantages in spectroscopic characterizations of RE ions. Also there exists a strong
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absorption in the UV region owing to the presence of S-P electronic transition of Pb2+ ions
[9]. Generally, fluoride properties are correlative to glasses because they can produce narrow
fluorescence line widths and enhance emission cross-sections [10]. Along with PbF2, addition
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of BaF2 to borates not only decreases their phonon energies but also increases the RE ions
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solubility in host glass. This is because the maximum phonon energy of BaF2 is far less
(346cm-1) than the phonon energy of borates (1300 cm-1) [11]. Addition of BaF2 and PbF2 to
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borates also enhances the moisture resistance and transparency in the visible region apart
from increasing the radiative transitions [12]. In addition to the inclusion of above mentioned
fluoride additives, a note worthy glass network modifier such as Al2O3 can be added to the
host glass because of its versatile features such as high solubility, enhancing chemical
stability and thermo-mechanical strength. Such features will help the host glass to
enhance its luminescence properties when they are doped with RE ions [13]. All the
aforementioned scientific patronages offered by various chemical components such as B2O3,
PbF2, BaF2 and Al2O3 prompted us to prepare a stable glass system namely barium lead
alumino fluoro borate (BaPbAlFB) glass to study its suitability as a luminescent material for
optoelectronic device applications.
Among all the RE ions, samarium (Sm3+) is a significant optical stimulator which evinces
strong orange-red luminescence in the visible region. Owing to the strong luminescence
features, Sm3+ ions are a special choice of doping agent to the glass materials owing to plenty
of applications in high-density optical storage, undersea communication, color displays and

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visible solid-state lasers [14]. Quite recently, researchers looking forward towards the

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photoluminescence (PL) properties of Sm3+ doped glasses having a wide range of

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applications in the medicinal field such as radiophoto luminescence (RPL) and radiophoto
luminescence glass dosimeter (RPLGD). The PL spectra of the Sm3+ ions doped glasses will

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reveal an intense characteristic green, orange and red emission bands corresponding to 4G5/2
→ 6H5/2, 4G5/2 → 6H7/2 and 4G5/2 → 6H9/2 emission transitions at around 565nm, 602nm and

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650nm respectively and can be applied in new light sources, fluorescent display devices, UV-
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sensor, and visible lasers [15]. The study of fluorescence properties and energy transfer
process can be done exclusively for Sm3+ ions because it is one of the most compelling RE
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ion having lowest emitting 4G5/2 level exhibits relatively highest quantum efficiency and
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shows different quenching emission channels [16]. The prime aim of the present work is to
synthesize different concentrations of Sm3+ ions doped BaPbAlFB glasses and to study their
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physical, optical absorption, photoluminescence and decay spectral measurements to

understand their utility for visible optoelectronic device applications.
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2. Experimental Procedure
2.1 Preparation method
Sm3+ ion doped BaPbAlFB glasses with the molar composition 20BaF2-10PbF2-5Al2O3-(65-
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x) B2O3-xSm2O3, where x=0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 (in mole %) were synthesized by
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conventional melt quenching technique. Reagent grade powders of Sm2O3, B2O3, PbF2, BaF2,
Al2O3, and B2O3 were taken in molar percentages and ground in an agate mortar until the
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smooth power is obtained. Such smooth powders are then transferred into a silica crucible
and melted at 1100◦C for 30 min in an electric furnace and stirred 3 times to get a uniform
mixture. The melting was poured onto a preheated brass plate and pressed quickly by another
preheated brass plate to fabricate a glass with uniform thickness of ~2 mm. The prepared
glass samples were annealed at 300◦C for 3 h to remove air bubbles and thermal strains.
Finally, transparent glasses of good quality were formed. The samples were polished gently
using emiri paper before characterization so as to obtain better results.
2.2 Instrumentation
Densities of the prepared glass samples were measured by employing the Archimedes
principle taking water as an immersion liquid. The refractive indices of the prepared glass
samples were measured by using the Brewster angle method employing He–Ne laser (650nm
line) as the source. In order to confirm the amorphous nature of the as prepared glass
samples, XRD was recorded by high-resolution X-ray diffractometer (Bruker; Model D8

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advance) in the 2θ range from 10º to 70º using nickel-filtered CuKa radiation (λ=1.5406 Å).

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To know the functional groups present in the as prepared glasses, the FT-IR spectrum was

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recorded by using a Perkin Elmer’s Frontier spectrometer and the pellet was prepared by
mixing glass powder with KBr pellet and then compressed mechanically at 1.5 tons. The

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optical absorption spectra for the as prepared glasses were recorded using Jasco V670
spectrophotometer at room temperature in the spectral wavelength range from 340-1600nm.

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The PL spectra for all the as prepared glasses were recorded using Shimadzu RF-5301-PC
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spectrofluorophotometer fitted with Xenon flash lamp. The PL decay was recorded using
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Edinburgh FLSP900 having xenon lamp as an excitation source with a spectral resolution of
0.1 nm and with a pulse duration of 0.02µs.
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3. Results and analysis

3.1 XRD characterization
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Fig. 1 shows the XRD spectra of Sm3+ ions doped BaPbAlFB glasses and the inset figure
shows the XRD spectrum of an un-doped glass. All these spectra are having a broad hump in
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region 20.3 - 37.2 degrees. This broad hump is an indication of presence of short range order
in the as-prepared glasses. This short range order is the key feature of amorphous nature of
the material.
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3.2 FT- IR characterization

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Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) is one of the most adaptable techniques to
give the essential data on the molecular structure of organic and inorganic components, and is
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favourable for the chemical characterization [17, 18]. It can be well defined as, the transition
of an atom between the ground state and excited state that results in the occurrence of
discrete molecular vibrational bands in the excited state. Due to the formation of molecular
vibrational bands, the molecule undergoes stretching, bending, twisting, rocking, wagging,
and out-of-plane deformation. This results in varying in the frequency of the IR region of the
light spectrum [19, 20]. In general infrared [IR] radiation falls in the region from 0.7µm-
1000µm. But for a favourable condition of sample analysis the IR radiation will be allowed
to incident in the mid-IR region 2.5-25µm [21]. Fig. 2 shows the FT-IR spectra of an un-
doped as well as Sm3+ ions doped BaPbAlFB glasses. From Fig.2 it is conspicuous that, the
FT-IR spectra recorded for all the glasses are quite similar and showing six bands in which
two are narrow and the remaining are broad. From Fig. 2 it is also observed that varying
concentrations of Sm3+ ions do not bring any significant shift in the band positions. In all the
as prepared glasses, the peaks were located at 692 cm-1 (578-769) cm-1, 967 cm-1 (769-1200)
cm-1, 1377 cm-1 (1200-1569) cm-1, 1638 cm-1 (1569-1646) cm-1, 2706 cm-1 (2515-2918) cm-1

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and 3434 cm-1 (2982‒3653) cm-1 shown in Table 1. All the above mentioned bands are

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arising mainly due to the change in the dipole moment of the molecules. The entire FT-IR

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spectral wavelength range shown in Fig.2 can be separated into two main partitions i.e.,
between (500-2500 cm-1) and (2500 - 4000 cm-1). The first partition explains that the present

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glass is an aggregate of three BO3 triangles forming from boroxol (B3O6) group, which
further forms the irregular network. This network further gets modified due to the addition of

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BaF2, PbF2 and Al2O3 ions which acts as a network modifiers resulting in a shift from 3-
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coordinated BO3 to 4 coordinated BO4 borons, with Ba2+, Pb2+ and Al2+ ions adjoining the
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BO4 tetrahedron. Proportionately, there is an increase in the ability to form stable structural
units such as di-, tri-, tetra- or penta-borate groups including non-bridging oxygens (NBOs)
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which occurs due to the number of points of polyhedron linkage and increases from three to
four [22, 23]. Therefore, the first narrow band spotted at 692cm-1 is ascribed to the bending
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of B-O-B linkages in the borate networks, mainly the vibrations of penta-borate groups,
which are formed by BO4 and BO3 units and AlO4 tetrahedral groups [24-26]. The second
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broadband at 967cm-1 is due to the presence of B-O bond stretching in BO4- structural units
from a di-borate group [27, 28]. The third peak at 1377cm-1 can be attributed to the existence
of asymmetric stretching of NBOs of trigonal units of BO3 [29, 30]. The final weak
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broadband spotted at 1638cm-1, ascribed to the B-O bond stretching vibrations of borate units
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in which boron atoms are co-ordinated with three oxygen atoms [31, 32]. The second
partition represents the presence of water groups [29]. A weak broad band at 2706cm-1 is
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attributed due to the presence of hydrogen bonding in the as prepared glass. The last strong
broad band at 3434cm-1 can be attributed to the presence of symmetric vibrations of hydrogen
bond (OH) groups in the titled glasses [33-35]. The main cause for the formation of these
groups is due to the addition of a modifier to the glass network, which breaks the long
network chain and leads to the formation of NBO atoms. The formation of NBO leads to give
vacant oxygen atoms and these oxygen atoms will take part in the formation of OH groups
[36]. Existence of OH groups in a glass can influence glass properties such as viscosity,
phase separation and thermal expansion [37, 38]. In general high concentration of OH groups
in a glass can increase the crack growth, impurities and trapping and leads to decrease the
overall strength and luminous intensity of the glass [39]. However, such OH group density
can be reduced by adding fluorine content to the host glass. The OH content present in a glass
can be evaluated taking the absorption coefficient at 3000 cm-1 using the following formula:
𝑇
𝑙𝑛⁡( 𝑂 )
𝑇𝐷
𝛼𝑂𝐻 = (1)
𝐿

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Here, To is the maximum transmission, TD is the transmission at 3000 cm-1 and L is the
thickness of the glass sample [40]. Furthermore, the OH− concentration (NOH-) is obtained

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from the absorption coefficient Equation i.e.,

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𝑁𝐴
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑁𝑂𝐻 − = 𝛼𝑂𝐻 − (2)
𝜀

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Here NA is the Avogadro’s number, ε is the molar absorptivity (31.7x103 cm2/mole) for the
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present glass [41]. The NOH- value obtained for the present un-doped glass is 0.16907x1019
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cm-3 which is appreciably lower than the TG10 (0.232 × 1019 cm−3) [42] and TG1(0.729 ×
1019 cm−3) [42]. Such less NOH- is quite suitable for mid infra-red lasing applications as it
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reduces the non-radiative emission activity. From the calculations of absorption coefficient,
the present glass has 89ppm of OH content which is relatively low when compared with the
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other glasses such as LBTAF (120 ppm) [43], LHS-8H (773 ppm) [43] and KBS (133ppm)
[44]. Hence present systems of glasses are quite suitable as efficient lasing materials.
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3.3 Physical properties

The density values of the as prepared glasses are evaluated using Archimedes principle and
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are listed in Table 2. From Table 2, it can be observed that the densities of the glasses are
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found to be increasing with Sm3+ ions concentration. Various crucial physical parameters of
the present series of glasses such as molar volume (Vm), refractive index (n) and molar
refraction (RM) are correlated with each other and found their dependency upon the density of
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the prepared glass. Notably “n” depends upon the composition, density and also on the
polarisability of the material. The high polarisability of the outer electrons is responsible for
the higher values of the refractive index and also molar refraction. Hence due to the
enhancement of density from low concentration to high concentration, all the aforementioned
parameters also increased. Similarly, increase in the concentration of the Sm3+ ions lead to
increase of void space in the glass network which tends to increase in the molar volume and
density as shown in Fig. 3. Therefore, addition of Sm3+ ions to the host glass network leads to
the occupation into the void space of the glass network. Optical dielectric constant (𝜀 − 1),
dielectric constant (𝜀), reflection loss (R) and optical basicity (∧th) values are increasing with
the increasing Sm3+ ion concentration. Some parameters like polar radius (rp), interionic
distance (ri), molecular electronic polarisability (a) and oxygen packing density values are
decreasing by increasing the Sm3+ ion concentration. All the above mentioned physical
parameters were evaluated by using appropriate formulae available in literature [45] and

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those results are listed in the Table 2.

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According to Dimitrov and Komatsu, the nature of the material can be predicted based on the

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conditions Rm /Vm < 1 (non-metal) and Rm/Vm > 1 (metal), the solid material can be analysed
as metallic or non-metallic. Subtracting by 1 gives the metallization criterion (M) [46]. This

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can be calculated by using the following formulae and the values shown in the Table 2.

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M = (1 − Vm )
m
(3)
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Here, Rm is the molar refraction and Vm is the molar volume of the glass samples. From
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Table 2, it can be observed that the smaller values of M indicate the narrow band gap
between valence and conduction bands. It is a sign of presence of metallic nature in the
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material.
3.3 Analysis of optical absorption spectra and J-O parameters
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The optical absorption spectra for Sm3+ ions doped BaPbAlFB glasses were recorded in UV-
vis (340-500nm) and NIR (900-1600nm) regions. Fig. 4a & 4b shows the UV-vis and NIR
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region absorption spectrum of 1mol% of Sm3+ ions doped BaPbAlFB glasses. In each
absorption spectrum, thirteen bands were observed for all the glasses at 344, 361, 373 (UV
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region), 402, 438, 473 (visible region), 945, 1076, 1225, 1368, 1473, 1530 and 1585 nm (in
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NIR region) corresponding to the transitions from 6H5/2 to (4K, 4L17/2), 4D3/2, 6P7/2 (UV
region), 4L13/2, 4G9/2, 4I11/2 (visible region), 6F11/2, 6F9/2, 6F7/2, 6F5/2, 6F3/2, 6H15/2, and 6
F1/2 (NIR
region) respectively. Assignment of absorption peaks were done in accordance with the data
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given in Carnall et al paper [47] and were given in Table 3. The absorption spectra of the
remaining glasses are quite similar to the BaPbAlFBSm1.0 glass with slight difference in
their intensities and hence they have not shown in the present manuscript. It is observed that
the peak intensities are very weak in the UV and visible regions due to spin forbidden
2S+1
selection rule, overlapping of LJ energy levels and also because of incorporation of PbF2
and BaF2 in the as prepared glasses [48]. In case of NIR region, the peak intensities are much
sharp due to the shielding effect of 4f electrons by the filled 5s and 5p shells. The 6H5/2 →
6
F9/2 transition is hypersensitive in nature and possess highest intensity and follows the
selection rules (∆S)=0 and (∆J≥0) [49]. To analyse the nature of the ligand field around the
Sm3+ ions in the host glass and to know the nature of bonding the Nephelauxetic ratio (β) and
bonding parameter (𝛿 ) can be assessed by using the expression in the literature [50].
Depending upon the sign of the δ value, the nature of the bonding will be decided. The
positive sign indicates the covalent nature, while the negative sign indicates the ionic nature.

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In the present work, the evaluated values of bonding parameter are negative indicating the

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nature of the bonding as ionic in character and presented in Table 3 [51].

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The intensity of the absorption bands of the f-f electronic transitions of the RE ions
can be characterized through the oscillator strength values. The experimental oscillator

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strength (fexp) values, which is a measure of the strength of absorption transitions in a given
matrix have been determined from the area under the absorption curves using the formula in

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literature [52] and are given in Table 3. The calculated oscillator strength (????????) can be
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calculated from J-O intensity parameter, which can be evaluated from experimental oscillator
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strength (fexp) and squared reduced matrix elements by using least square analysis with the
help of the formula given in literature [53] and are tabulated in Table 3.
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From experimental oscillator strengths (fexp), square reduces matrix elements and least
square analysis, J-O intensity parameters (Ω2, Ω4, and Ω6) were evaluated and are given in
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Table 4, which further explains the rigidity, long range effect and degree of covalency
between the RE ion and ligand ions. The major functions of these parameters will play the
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basic role in order to assess the structures, bonding and transition probabilities of the RE ion
in the host glass. Ω2 is sensitive to the structural changes of the glass matrix, which reflects
changes in the symmetry around RE ion. Ω4 and Ω6 are related to the bulk properties of the
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glass such as rigidity, viscosity, basicity, dielectric constant and vibronic transitions around
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the RE ions [54]. From Table 4, it was observed that the J-O intensity parameters of all the
titled glasses are following the same trend i.e., Ω6 >Ω4 > Ω2. The higher value of Ω6 indicates
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the ionic character, higher rigidity, dielectric properties and so on. While the lower values of
Ω2 indicate the lowering of covalency between the Sm3+ ions and ligand ions. This is due to
the addition of fluoride content to the present glass in the form of PbF2 and BaF2. In general,
the fluorides will reduce the degree of covalency between the Sm3+ ions than oxide ions [55].
Also the lower values of Ω2 are due to the replacement of oxide ions with fluorides which
leads to decrease in the covalency nature and increase in the ionic nature. By increasing the
concentration of Sm3+ ions, the degree of ionic nature also increases up to BaPbAlFBSm-1.0
glass after that the ionic behaviour gradually decreases. Among all the glasses under
investigation, BaPbAlFBSm-1.0 glass possesses more ionic nature than the remaining
glasses. The J-O parameters obtained for the as prepared glasses are given in Table 4 along
with the reported values [56-60].
3.4 Photoluminescence Excitation and Emission Spectrum
Fig. 5 shows the excitation spectrum of 1 mol% of Sm3+ ions in BaPbAlFB glass recorded in
the wavelength range from 340-500nm by monitoring the emission wavelength at 602nm. It

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shows nine excitation bands at 345, 361, 375, 402, 417, 439, 460, 475 and 485nm

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corresponding to the transitions 6H5/2→6H7/2, 4D3/2, 6P7/2, 6P3/2, 6P5/2, 4G9/2, 4I13/2, 4M15/2 and

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4
I9/2 respectively. Among all these excitation bands, 6H5/2 →6P3/2 transition observed at
402nm is more intense and is used to record the emission spectra of all the glasses under

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investigation. Fig.6 shows the emission spectra of the Sm3+ doped BaPbAlFB glasses
recorded under 402nm excitation. From Fig. 6 it is observed that, the PL spectra show three

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significant color bands in greenish yellow, reddish orange and intense reddish regions at 565,
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602 and 650 nm corresponding to the transitions 4G5/2 → 6H5/2, 6H7/2 and 4G5/2 → 6H9/2
respectively. Due to these emissions in different coloured regions, Sm3+ ions doped glasses
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can be used in high-density optical storage, color displays and medical diagnostics
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applications [61]. Among the three emission bands, a band observed at 602nm corresponding
to the transition 4G5/2→ 6H7/2 is found to be is more intense than the remaining two bands.
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The weak transitions 4G5/2→ 6H5/2 and 4G5/2→ 6H7/2 are magnetic dipole in nature (ΔJ=0, ±1)
whereas the transition 4G5/2→6H9/2 is purely electric dipole in nature (ΔJ≤6). The intensity
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ratio of electric and magnetic dipole transitions gives the information pertaining to the
symmetry around the Sm3+ ions. In present series of glasses, the ratio of electric and magnetic
dipole transitions is found to be less than unity (BaPbAlFBSm-1.0 is 0.230), which is a
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representation of symmetric environment around the Sm3+ ions. These values also in
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consistent with the least values obtained for Ω2 J-O parameter [62].
From Fig. 6, it is clearly observed that, with increase in Sm3+ ion concentration, the intensity
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of all the emission bands increases up to 1.0 mol% and beyond decreases showing
concentration quenching effect. This can be attributed to the fact that, with increase in Sm3+
ion concentration, the inter ionic distances between Sm3+ and Sm3+ ions and also in between
Sm3+ ions and host defects will decrease and this leads to the cross-relaxations energy
transfer process. During this cross-relaxation process, the energy transfer that took place
partially between donor and acceptor ions makes them to reach to the metastable state. From
the metastable state they de-excited to the ground state through non-radiative decay process
as shown in Fig. 8.

The radiative properties such as radiative transition probability (AR), total radiative
transition rates (Aτ), branching ratio (βR) and radiative lifetime (τR) values for the observed
emission transitions of Sm3+ ions in the as prepared glasses were calculated using the
equations given in the literature [24] and are given in Table 5. From the data given in Table
5, it is observed that AR values for 4G5/2 → 6H7/2 transition are found to be higher than the

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other emission transitions. Further the prominent spectroscopic properties such as effective

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emission bandwidths (∆λeff), experimental branching ratio (βexp) and stimulated emission
cross-sections (σse) values are calculated for the excited states (6H5/2 ,6H7/2,6H9/2) by

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correlating the absorption and emission spectral data and the data was shown in Table. 6. The

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σse values gives the information pertaining to the rate of production of energy from the lasing
material that indicates the potential laser performance of a material. The well-known formula

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used to calculate the stimulated emission cross section is given by [63]
N
𝜆4𝑝
𝜎𝑠𝑒 (𝜑𝐽 , 𝜑𝐽′ ) = [⁡8𝜋𝑐𝑛2 𝜆 ⁡] 𝐴𝑅 (𝜑𝐽 𝜑𝐽′ ) (4)
𝑒𝑓𝑓
A

Here, λp represents wavelength of the emission peak, λeff is the full width half maxima of an
M

energy band. By acquiring σse value, the remaining parameters, gain band width (σse x λeff)
and optical gain (σsex τR) values are also evaluated for the above transitions. Apart from this,
ED

one more acute parameter namely branching ratio (βr), which plays a prominent role in the
construction of lasers and to achieve more stimulated emission cross-section can be
PT

calculated using the following equation

𝐴𝑅
𝛽𝑟 = (5)
𝐴𝜏
E
CC

Thus there is a better agreement of the condition i.e.,4G5/2→5H7/2 > 5H9/2 > 5H5/2 by evaluating
the above mentioned parameters and the corresponding values are given in the Table 6.
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3.5 Decay curve analysis and quantum efficiency

In luminescent materials it is well know that, the radiative and non-radiative decay rates of
excited states depends on their experimental lifetime values. At RE ion sites, the
dissimilarities in the local crystal symmetry affects the radiative decay rates [64]. If there is
any energy transfer and multi phonon relaxation take place during the de-excitation process,
then it leads to the non-radiative decay. Such non-radiative decay process emits the energy
difference between energy levels not in the form of light but in the form of heat. The PL
decay measurements carried out for 4G5/2 fluorescent level of Sm3+ ions in BaPbAlFB glasses
under 402nm excitation wavelength are shown in Fig. 7. From Fig. 7 it can be observed that,
the decay spectral features are showing single exponential up to 1mol% and beyond bi-
exponential. Such bi-exponential decays can be analysed using the following equation [65].
𝑡 𝑡
𝐼 = 𝐼0⁡ + 𝐴1 𝜏𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− 𝜏 ) + ⁡ 𝐴2 𝜏𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− 𝜏 ) (6)
1 2

Here, I0 and I are the luminescence intensities at time t and t0 respectively. A1 and A2 are the

T
decay constants while τ1 and τ2 are the lifetimes of the two components contributing to the

IP
decay processes. The experimental decay times (τexp) can be evaluated by using the following
expression [66] and the results are listed in Table 7.

R
SC
⁡𝐴21 𝜏12 +𝐴22 𝜏22
𝜏𝑒𝑥𝑝 = (7)
𝐴1 𝜏1 +𝐴2 𝜏2

Increasing in Sm3+ ion concentration decreases the inter-atomic distance between the Sm3+

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ions resulting non-uniform distribution of Sm3+ ions throughout the glass network. This type
N
of inhomogeneous scattering of Sm3+ ions generates aggregation or clusters around the local
A
environment of the host glass. Hence the energy transfer takes place between Sm3+ ions
centres through cross-relaxations and resonant energy transfer. The systematic description
M

regarding excitation, emission and cross relaxation mechanisms is shown in Fig.8. From
Table 7 it is observed that, the experimental lifetimes are decreasing with the increase in
ED

Sm3+ ion concentration because of the energy transfer/cross-relaxation process shown in

Fig.8. Such energy transfer process predominated beyond 1 mol% of Sm3+ ions resulting the
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decay process faster and leads to the lowering of lifetimes further.

The non-radiative decay rates (WNR) can be calculated by using the following formula and
E

the calculated values are listed in Table 7.

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1 1
𝑊𝑁𝑅 = − (8)
𝜏𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝜏𝑅

Quantum efficiency (𝜂 ) is defined as the ratio of the measured lifetime (τexp) to the radiative
A

lifetime (τR) and is an important parameter which explores the efficiency of the laser host
material. This is represented by the following formula and the calculated values listed in the
Table 7.

𝜏𝑒𝑥𝑝
𝜂= (9)
𝜏𝑅
In the present work, BaPbAlFBSm1.0 glass shows highest quantum efficiency and low cross-
relaxation rates compared to other glasses given in the Table 7 [49,51,67,68] .
3.7 CIE chromaticity co-ordinates
To examine the color emitted by Sm3+ ions doped BaPbAlFB glasses, the CIE co-ordinates
were evaluated from PL spectra by using Commission International de I'Eclaiage France CIE
system.The PL spectra of Sm3+ ions doped BaPbAlFB glasses under 402nm excitation
contains three parts; the first part spreads in greenish yellowish region, while the second and
third parts spreads in reddish orange and red regions respectively. Among all the three

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regions, reddish orange region exhibit highest intensity. Fig. 9 shows the CIE co-ordinates for

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Sm3+ ions doped BaPbAlFB glasses. The values of CIE co-ordinates (x, y) and correlated

R
colour temperature (CCT) for Sm3+ ions doped BaPbAlFB glasses are presented in Table 8.
From Fig. 9 and the data shown in Table 8, it is observed that under 402nm excitation the

SC
BaPbAlFB glasses are quite suitable for lasers in reddish orange region.
4. Conclusion

U
Optically good quality BaPbAlFB glasses doped with varying concentrations of Sm3+ ions
N
were prepared by using the melt quenching technique and studied their structural, optical and
A
photoluminescence properties using XRD, FT-IR, optical absorption, PL emission and PL
decay spectral measurements. A broad hump observed in the XRD spectrum confirms the
M

amorphous nature of the as prepared glasses. The vibrational spectroscopic features observed
in the FT-IR spectra recorded for the as prepared glasses reveals the presence of BO3 and
ED

BO4 structural units. Relatively less OH content measured from the FT-IR spectrum (89 ppm)
speaks the superiority of the host glass. The bonding parameter (δ) evaluated reveals the
PT

nature of bonding between Sm3+ ions and oxygen ligands in the as prepared glasses is ionic in
nature. The three phenomenological J-O intensity parameters calculated for all the glasses
under investigation are following the same trend (Ω6>Ω4>Ω2). Relatively higher and lower
E

values observed for Ω6 and Ω2 parameters respectively indicates higher symmetry of the
CC

ligand field environment existing around Sm3+ ion in the as prepared glasses. The PL spectra
recorded for all glasses show three transitions 4G5/2 → 6H5/2, 6H7/2 and 4G5/2 → 6H9/2 of which
A

4
G5/2→6H7/2 is more intense. The intensity of the emission transitions increases up to 1 mol %
of Sm3+ ions concentration and beyond concentration quenching is observed. Decay profiles
recorded for the titled glasses shows predominant exponential nature for lower Sm3+ ions
concentration and non-exponential nature for higher concentrations. The large stimulated
emission cross-section, high branching ratio and quantum efficiency observed for
4
G5/2→6H7/2 transition of 1 mol % of Sm3+ ion doped BaPbAlFB glass is favourable for low
threshold and high gain to obtain CW laser action in reddish-orange visible region. The CIE
coordinates of the 1 mol% of Sm3+ ion doped BaPbAlFB glass are falling in the reddish-
orange region. Based on the aforementioned parameters it is concluded that 1 mol% of Sm3+
ion concentration in BaPbAlFB glasses is optimum for visible reddish orange optoelectronic
device applications.
Acknowledgements
The authors, Dr. K. Swapna (File Number: ECR/2015/000335), Dr. Sk. Mahamuda (File
Number: ECR/2016/000376), Prof. A. S. Rao and Prof. G. Vijaya Prakash (File Number:

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EMR /2016/007766) are thankful to Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of

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India, New Delhi for the award of major research projects to them under DST-SERB.

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Figure Captions

Fig.1: XRD spectra of Sm3+ ions doped BaPbAlFB glasses. The inset shows the XRD
spectrum of an un-doped BaPbAlFB glass.

Fig.2: FT-IR spectra of un-doped and doped BaPbAlFB glasses.

Fig.3: Variation of density (ρ) and molar volume (vm) with the concentration of Sm3+ ions in

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BaPbAlFB glasses.

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Fig.4(a): Absorption Spectrum of 1.0 mol% of Sm3+ ions doped BaPbAlFB glass in UV-vis
region.

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Fig.4(b): Absorption Spectrum of 1.0 mol% of Sm3+ ions doped BaPbAlFB glass in NIR

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region.

Fig.5: Excitation spectrum of 1.0 mol% of Sm3+ ions doped BaPbAlFB glasses under 602nm
emission.
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Fig.6: PL spectra of Sm3+ ions doped BaPbAlFB glasses under 402nm excitation
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Fig.7: Decay curves for 4G5/2 level of Sm3+ ions doped BaPbAlFB glasses.
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Fig.8: Energy level diagram of 1.0 mol% Sm3+ ions doped BaPbAlFB glass with excitation,
emission and cross-relaxation channels.
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Fig.9: CIE chromaticity coordinates of Sm3+ ions doped BaPbAlFB glasses.

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 Figures

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18000
BaPbAlFBSm0.5

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BaPbAlFBSm1.0 550
BaPbAlFB
BaPbAlFBSm1.5 500

BaPbAlFBSm2.0 450

BaPbAlFBSm2.5
15000 400

intensity(arb.units)

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350

300

250

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200
Intensity (arb.units)

12000 150

100

50
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
2(deg)

9000
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N
A
6000
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3000
ED

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
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2(deg)
E
CC

Fig.1
A
 120
BaPbAlFB
BaPbAlFB-Sm0.5
100 BaPbAlFB-Sm1.0
BaPbAlFB-Sm1.5
BaPbAlFB-Sm2.0
BaPbAlFB-Sm2.5
80
Transmitance (%)

60

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IP
2706
40
3434

R
20 1638

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692 1377
967
0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

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Wavelength (nm)
N
A
Fig. 2
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A
 3.14 35.85
Density
3.12 Molar Volume
35.80
3.10
35.75

Molar volume (VM)

3.08
Density (gm/cm3)

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3.06 35.70

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3.04

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35.65

SC
3.02
35.60
3.00

2.98 U 35.55
N
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
A

Concentration of Sm3+ ions (mol %)

M
ED

Fig. 3
E PT
CC
A
 3.0
6
H5/2 UV-vis Region
2.8 BaPbAlFBSm-1.0 Glass
4
L13/2
2.6
Absorption intensity (arb.units)

2.4

T
2.2 4 4
( K, L)17/2

IP
4
2.0 D3/2
6
P7/2

R
1.8

SC
4
1.6 I11/2

4
G9/2
1.4

1.2
U
N
340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500
Wavelength (nm)
A
M

Fig.4(a)
ED
E PT
CC
A
 3.0

6
NIR Region
H5/2 6 BaPbAlFBSm-1.0 Glass
F7/2

2.5
6
F5/2
Absorbance (arb.units)

6
F3/2

T
6
F9/2

IP
2.0 6
H15/2

R
6
F1/2

SC
1.5
6
F11/2

U
N
1.0
900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
A
Wavelength (nm)
M
ED

Fig.4(b)
E PT
CC
A
 6 6
1200 H5/2 P3/2  =602nm
Em

1000
Intensity (arb.units)

800

T
600 6
P7/2

IP
4
D3/2 4
400 M15/2
6 4
H7/2 6

R
P5/2 4 I9/2
I13/2
4

SC
200 G9/2

0
340 360 380 400

Wavelength (nm)
420

U 440 460 480 500

N
A

Fig.5
M
ED
E PT
CC
A
 4
G5/2 Exc= 402 nm

T
6
H7/2

IP
6
H5/2

R
6


SC
H9/2

U 0.1 mol%
0.5 mol%
N
1.0 mol%
1.5 mol%
A
2.0 mol%
2.5 mol%
M

500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700

Wavelength (nm)
ED
PT

Fig.6
E
CC
A
 1000
BaPbAlFBSm-0.5
BaPbAlFBSm-1.0
BaPbAlFBSm-1.5
BaPbAlFBSm-2.0
BaPbAlFBSm-2.5
Logarithmic Intensity

T
100

R IP
SC
0 1 2 3 4 5
U
6 7 8 9
N
Time (ms)
A
M

Fig.7
ED
E PT
CC
A
 30000
(4K,4L)17/2
4
D
4 3/2
P7/2
Excitation Non-radiative emission 6
P3/2
25000
(6P,4P)5/2
4
G
4 9/2
I
4 13/2
I11/2
20000
Cross-relaxation channels 4
G5/2

T
Energy (cm-1)

650 nm
565 nm
402 nm

602 nm
15000 CR-1 CR-2 CR-3

IP
6
F11/2

R
10000 6
F9/2
6
F7/2

SC
6
F
6 5/2 6
F , H15/2
6 3/2
5000 F1/2
6
H11/2

0 U 6
6
6
H9/2
H7/2
H5/2
N
Emission Mechanism
A
M

Fig.8
ED
E PT
CC
A
A
CC
EPT
ED
M

Fig.9
A
N
U
SC
RIP
T
 Table.1: Allocation of FT-IR spectrum of an un-doped and Sm3+ ions doped BaPbAlFB
glass.

S.No Wave number range(cm-1) Wave number(cm-1) Allocation

1. 578cm-1‒769cm-1 692cm-1 Due to the bending of B‒O‒B linkages

in the borate networks, mainly the
vibrations of penta-borate groups, which
are formed by BO4 and BO3 units and
AlO4 tetrahedral groups

T
IP
2. 769‒1200 cm-1 967cm-1 Due to the B-O bond stretching in BO4-
structural units from di-borate group

R
1200-1569cm-1 1377cm-1

SC
3. Due to the existence of asymmetric
stretching of NBOs (non-bridging
oxygen) of trigonal units of BO3

4. 1569-1646cm-1 1638cm-1
U Due the B–O bond stretching vibrations
N
of borate units in which boron atoms are
co-ordinated with three oxygen atoms
A

2515-2918cm-1 2706cm-1
M

5. Due the presence of hydrogen bonding

6. 2982‒3653 cm-1 3434cm-1 Due the presence of symmetric vibrations

ED

of hydrogen bond (O-H) groups

E PT
CC
A
Table 2: Various physical properties of Sm3+ ions doped BaPbAlFB glasses.

S. BaPbAlF BaPbAlF BaPbAlF BaPbAlF BaPbAlF BaPbAlF

N BSm0.1 BSm0.5 BSm1.0 BSm1.5 BSm2.0 BSm2.5
o Physical Property

1 Refractive index (nd) 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.148 2.154

T
2 Density (gm/cm3) 2.85 2.99 3.02 3.05 3.09 3.12

IP
3 Average molecular 105.5 106.3 107.7 109.17 110.61 112.04
weight

R
4 Sm3+ ion 4.64 8.46 16.9 25.3 33.68 42.03

SC
concentration, N(1023
ions/cm3)
Mean atomic volume 0.0752 0.0756 0.0757 0.0759 0.0760 0.0762
5 (g/cm3/atom)
U
N
6 Dielectric constant (𝜀) 4.48 4.51 4.56 4.58 4.61 4.63
A
Optical dielectric 3.47 3.51 3.56 3.58 3.61 3.63
7 constant (𝜀 − 1)
M

Reflection losses (R 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.132 0.133 0.134

8 %)
ED

Molar refraction (Rm) 22.02 22.66 22.82 22.91 23.01 23.11

9 (cm-3)
PT

10 Polaron radius (rp) (Å) 2.04 1.97 1.56 1.37 1.24 1.15

Inter-atomic distance 5.31 4.90 3.89 3.40 3.09 2.87

E

11 (ri) (Å)
CC

Molecular electronic 1.78 1.52 0.76 0.51 0.38 0.31

12 polarisability (10-23)
A

Field Strength F (x1016 2.88 7.67 12.17 15.9 19.2 22.33

13 cm-2)

14 Optical basicity (∧𝑡ℎ ) 0.424 0.430 0.44 0.443 0.446 0.448

15 Molar volume (vm) 35.32 35.55 35.62 35.68 35.75 35.81

 Oxygen packing 5935.5 5904.6 5895.1 5884.1 5873.4 5862.9
16 density

17 0.362 0.36 0.35 0.357 0.356 0.3546

. Metallization

T
R IP
SC
U
N
A
M
ED
E PT
CC
A
Table 3: Assignment of absorption bands, experimental (fexp) (10-6), calculated oscillator
strengths (fcal) (10-6) and r.m.s deviation (δrms) (10-6) of Sm3+ ions doped BaPbAlFB glasses.

Tran λ BaPbAlFBS BaPbAlFBS BaPbAlFBS BaPbAlFBS BaPbAlFBS BaPbAlFBS

sitio m0.1 m0.5 m1.0 m1.5 m2.0 m2.5
n
fexp fcal fexp fcal fexp fcal fexp fcal fexp fcal fexp fcal

(4K,4 34 0.3 0.05 0.19 0.37 2.1 0.63 1.94 0.01 1.7 0.67 1.7 0.52
L)17/2 3 5 9 9 2

T
D3/2 35 0.6 0.19 0.89 0.00 2.1 0.01 1.87 0.01 1.6 0.01 1.4 0.07
8 7 9 4 8 2

IP
6
P7/2 37 0.1 0.01 0.13 0.03 1.1 0.05 1.29 0.05 0.9 0.04 0.6 0.03
4 2 3 3 4

R
4
L13/2 40 0.1 0.13 0.11 0.12 0.8 0.73 0.55 0.49 0.2 0.12 0.5 0.1

SC
2 1 9 0

4
G9/2 43 0.0 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.2 0.17 0.21 0.16 0.1 0.14 0.1 0.006
8 9 3 9 0

4
I11/2 47 0.0 0.39 0.07 0.38 0.7 0.52 U
0.69 0.49 0.4 0.43 0.2 0.30
N
2 8 5 6 9
A
6
F11/2 94 0.3 0.77 0.35 0.92 0.4 1.25 0.32 1.18 0.2 1.04 0.1 0.72
0 2 1 1 5
M

6
F9/2 10 7.8 4.44 9.81 5.48 10. 7.46 10.1 7.03 9.2 6.24 6.7 4.34
76 4 5 9 7
ED

6
F7/2 12 5.4 6.35 3.86 6.82 7.4 9.56 6.69 8.81 5.7 7.82 3.8 5.52
25 5 9 8 7
PT

6
F5/2 13 2.4 1.84 2.70 1.67 3.4 2.90 2.91 2.32 2.6 2.09 2.2 1.58
68 5 9 1 2

6
F3/2 14 1.7 1.38 1.04 0.92 1.9 1.69 1.71 1.35 1.6 1.26 0.6 0.77
E

73 7 6 7 4
CC

6
H15/2 15 0.1 0.11 0.14 0.04 0.3 0.06 0.30 0.06 0.2 0.05 0.1 0.03
30 3 9 4 2

6
A

F1/2 15 0.0 0.28 0.03 0.24 0.2 0.55 0.13 0.44 0.1 0.46 0.1 0.09
85 2 9 2 0

δrms ±1.149 ±1.577 ±1.390 ±1.432 ±1.280 ±1.043

δ% -0.8642 -0.8597 -0.8579 -0.8192 -0.7407 -0.6994

Table 4: Comparison of Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters Ω2, Ω4 and Ω6 (10-20m2) of
BaPbAlFB glasses with the values reported for various Sm3+ ions doped hosts.

Samples Ω2 Ω4 Ω6 Trend Reference

T
BaPbAlFBSm0.1 0.25 0.67 3.87 Ω6>Ω4>Ω2 Present work

IP
BaPbAlFBSm0.5 0.50 1.93 4.2 Ω6> Ω4> Ω2 Present work

R
BaPbAlFBSm1.0 1.11 3.33 5.61 Ω6> Ω4> Ω2 Present work

SC
BaPbAlFBSm1.5 0.9 2.64 5.28 Ω6> Ω4> Ω2 Present work

BaPbAlFBSm2.0 0.93 2.36 4.66 Ω6> Ω4> Ω2 Present work

BaPbAlFBSm2.5 0.18 1.84 3..21 U

Ω6> Ω4> Ω2 Present work
N
LBTAF 2.42 2.54 4.23 Ω6>Ω4>Ω2 [56]
A

NaZnBS 0.550 9.680 9.770 Ω6>Ω4>Ω2 [57]

M

LPG12 0.88 0.93 4.66 Ω6>Ω4>Ω2 [58]

ED

Phosphate 4.19 4.29 6.40 Ω6>Ω4>Ω2 [59]

SPG12 1.47 2.0 3.09 Ω6>Ω4>Ω2 [60]

E PT
CC
A
Table 5: Transition probabilities (AR) (s-1), total transition probability (AT) (s-1), branching
ratio (βR) and radiative lifetimes (τR) (μs) for the observed emission transitions of Sm3+ ions
doped BaPbAlFB glasses

Name Transition AR AT βR τR
BaPbAlFBSm0.1 4
G5/2 →6H9/2 105.56 506.3 0.0861 1825
4
G5/2 →6H7/2 245.8 0.5125
4
G5/2 →6H5/2 35.6 0.0465

T
BaPbAlFBSm0.5 4
G5/2 →6H9/2 120.26 625.65 0.1919

IP
4
G5/2 →6H7/2 332.81 0.5311 1595

R
4
G5/2 →6H5/2 46.09 0.0735

SC
BaPbAlFBSm1.0 4
G5/2 →6H9/2 208 929.873 0.2237 1075
4
G5/2 → 6H7/2 479.5
U 0.5157
N
4
G5/2 →6H5/2 53.57 0.0576
A
BaPbAlFBSm1.5 4
G5/2 →6H9/2 176.28 819.018 0.2152 1220
M

4
G5/2 →6H7/2 426.14 0.5203
4
G5/2 → 6H5/2 50.71 0.0619
ED

BaPbAlFBSm2.0 4
G5/2 →6H9/2 166.43 776.1935 0.2144 1288
4
G5/2 → 6H7/2 402.08 0.518
PT

4
G5/2 →6H5/2 50.16 0.0646
E

BaPbAlFBSm2.5 4
G5/2 →6H9/2 96.97 550.1636 0.1763 1817
CC

4
G5/2 →6H7/2 292.72 0.5321
4
G5/2 →6H5/2 46.99 0.0854
A
 Table 6:
Emission peak wavelength (λP)(nm), effective band widths(ΔλP)(nm), stimulated emission
cross-sections (σse) (x10-22) (cm2), gain band width (σse x Δλp) (10-28) (cm3) and optical gain
parameters (σse x τR) (10-25) (cm2 s) for the emission transitions of Sm3+ ions doped
BaPbAlFB glasses.

Spectral BaPbAlFBSm BaPbAlFBSm BaPbAlFBS BaPbAlFBS BaPbAlFBS BaPbAlFBS

paramete 0.1 0.5 m1.0 m1.5 m2.0 m2.5
rs
4G →6H
5/2 5
/2

T
λp 565 565 565 565 565 565
Δλp

IP
1.08 1.14 1.21 1.13 1.01 0.91
βexp 0.2052 0.2236 0.2336 0.2152 0.2144 0.1762
σse 0.08 1.40 1.48 1.34 1.4 1.5

R
σse x Δλp 13.2 15.9 16.9 14.3 14.1 10.8

SC
σse x τR 2.01 1.8 2.77 1.7 1.5 1.42
4G
5/2
→6H7/2
λp
Δλp
602
1.32
602
1.36
602
1.44 U 602
1.29
602
1.25
602
1.06
N
βexp 0.5225 0.5256 0.5319 0.5203 0.5189 0.5020
σse 12.27 13.5 14.06 11.32 10.78 10.23
A
σse x Δλp 15.05 18.3 19.9 16.3 15.9 13.6
σse x τR
M

13.23 14.51 16.04 13.7 12.3 11.5

4G →6H
5/2 9
/2
λp
ED

650 650 650 650 650 650

Δλp 1.04 1.29 1.36 0.88 0.76 0.53
βexp 0.062 0.056 0.0736 0.0519 0.034 0.028
σse 8.96 11.82 13.65 10.67 10.54 9.36
PT

σse x Δλp 9.58 10.81 11.02 9.24 8.77 4.92

σse x τR 6.58 6.33 7.4 5.64 4.82 2.75
E
CC
A
Table 7:

Radiative lifetimes (τR) (μs), measured lifetimes(τexp) (μs), quantum efficiency (η) and non-
radiative relaxation rate(WNR) (μs) for Sm3+ ions doped BaPbAlFB glasses.

Sample τR τexp η (%) WNR References

BaPbAlFBSm0.1 1988 1652 74 92 Present

work

T
BaPbAlFBSm0.5 1595 1355 69 104 Present
work

IP
BaPbAlFBSm1.0 1075 750 84 370 Present

R
work

SC
BaPbAlFBSm1.5 1220 680 55 490 Present
work

BaPbAlFBSm2.0 1288 520

U 40 1180 Present
work
N
BaPbAlFBSm 1817 320 17 2550 Present
A
2.5 work
M

SM2 2097 3037 69 147 [49]

Glass C 2133 2447 87 60 [51]

ED

CNFB1s 352 111 31 - [67]

PKAPbNSm10 1880 1570 83 - [68]

E PT
CC
A
Table 8: CIE chromaticity co-ordinates of Sm3+ ions doped BaPbAlFB doped glasses

Color Co-ordinates
Name of the glass X-Co-ordinates Y-Co-ordinates

BaPbAlFBSm 0.1 0.523 0.417

BaPbAlFBSm 0.5 0.533 0.457

BaPbAlFBSm 1.0 0.519 0.467

T
BaPbAlFBSm 1.5 0.524 0.459

IP
BaPbAlFBSm 2.0 0.541 0.451

R
BaPbAlFBSm 2.5 0.527 0.461

SC
U
N
A
M
ED
E PT
CC
A