International Mathematical Modeling

Challenge
The International Mathematical Modeling Challenge (IMMC
International Mathematical
or sometimes IM2 C) is an international mathematical modeling
competition for high school students in team mathematical Modeling Challenge
modeling co-sponsored by COMAP[1] and the NeoUnion ESC
Organization.[2][3] Teams are selected on a country-by-country
basis, with each country sending its top two teams to the
competition. The IMMC was inspired by the HiMCM, a similar
contest sponsored by COMAP but mainly attracting teams within
the United States.[4] The HiMCM in turn was established in the
1990s to create a high school counterpart to COMAP’s
MCM.[5][6][7] Contestants in the IMMC are given five days to
research (the contest permits the use of any inanimate source) and
write a mathematical paper detailing their mathematical model for a
given situation.[8] At the conclusion of the five-day period, papers Founder Sol Garfunkel
are sent to an international expert committee composed of
mathematics faculty from the world’s leading universities. Founded at Boston, MA
Traditionally, 3-4 teams are awarded the top designation of Type Mathematics
Outstanding and invited to an awards ceremony, held in a different Competition
country each year.[9]
Headquarters Boston, MA
Location International
Team selection
Official English
Each participating country is expected to choose its two best teams language
of four contestants each to compete in the IMMC. Globally, Co-Founders Sol Garfunkel and
different methods have been used to select teams from their Alfred Cheung
respective countries.
Parent COMAP,
organization NeoUnion
Hong Kong holds the contest early and allows any interested team
to participate.[10] A national judging panel selects the two best Website immchallenge.org
papers to move on to the international round of the competition. In (http://immchallen
2015, 60 papers came out of the Greater China region alone.[11] ge.org)

In 2015, the United States used a different qualification process, inviting the top two teams from the 2014
HiMCM to compete in the IMMC. In 2016, the United States adopted a hybrid of Hong Kong’s approach
and its own former approach: any team receiving a score of Meritorious or higher in the 2015 HiMCM
(roughly 25% of competing teams) was invited to compete in the 2016 IMMC. As in Hong Kong, the
United States held the IMMC early, completed a national round of judging, and selected the two best
papers to move on to the international round.[12]
Most countries use a selection process similar to that used by Hong Kong, and countries entering the
IMMC for the first time will also likely adopt a similar process.[13][14]

Judging
Papers passing the national selection round move on to the international expert judging panel. In 2015, the
Expert Panel included:[15]

Dr. Frank Giordano, Naval Postgraduate School, USA, former Head of the Department of
Mathematics at West Point Military Academy (Chair)
Dr. Konstantin K. Avilov, Institute for Numerical Mathematics, Russia
Dr. Ruud Stolwijk, Cito, The Netherlands
Dr. Yongji Tan, Fudan University, China

Results

2015

17 teams[16] from the following countries competed in the 2015 IMMC:[17]

Belgium
Hong Kong SAR
Macau SAR
People's Republic of China
Russia
Singapore
Slovakia
Thailand
The Netherlands
United States of America

Of these teams, four were awarded the top designation of International Outstanding and invited to the
awards ceremony in Hong Kong:[17]

Palo Alto High School, Palo Alto, CA, USA

Advisor, Radu Toma

Eric Foster
Kathryn Li
Allison Zhang
Andrew Lee

The Affiliated High School of Peking University, Beijing, China

Advisor, Yaoyang Wang

Donghan Wang
 Haimei Zhang
Wanchun Shen
Dingding Dong

Raffles Girls' School (Secondary), Singapore

Advisor, Samuel Lee

Siah Kelly
Wang Huaijin
Li Anqi
Lee Estelle

Shanghai Nanyang Model School, Shanghai, China

[18]

Advisor, Gao Junxiang

Cai Yiyi
Chen Zhihao
Xiao Zhijun
Yan Yijia

Seven were awarded the Meritorious designation:[17]

Clover Hill High School, USA

National Junior College, Singapore[19]
Sint-Jozefscollege Turnhout, Belgium
MSU, Russia
Diocesan Girls' School, Hong Kong[20]
Yuen Long Public Secondary School, Hong Kong
Utrechts Stedelijk Gymnasium, The Netherlands

Four were awarded the Honorable Mention designation:[17]

Mahidol Wittayanusorn School, Thailand

IGiL SB RAS, Russia
Pui Ching Middle School, Macau
Gymnazium Alejova 1, Slovakia

Two were awarded the Successful Participant designation:[17]

PENTA College CSG, The Netherlands

Gymnazium Postova 9, Slovakia

2016

40 teams from the following 23 countries or regions competed in the 2016 IMMC:
 Australia
Belgium
Bulgaria
Canada
Chile
People's Republic of China
Germany
Hong Kong
Japan
Macau
Malaysia
Mexico
The Netherlands
New Zealand
Philippines
Russia
Singapore
Slovakia
South Korea
Taiwan
Thailand
United Kingdom
United States of America

Of these teams, three were awarded the top designation of International Outstanding and invited to the
awards ceremony at the International Congress on Mathematics Education in Hamburg, Germany:[21]

Palo Alto High School, Palo Alto, CA, USA

Advisor, Radu Toma

Eric Foster
Kathryn Li
Allison Zhang
Andrew Lee

Diocesan Girls' School, Kowloon, Hong Kong (SAR)

Advisor, Yeung Po Ki
Cheng Wai Chung
Liang Hui Lin
Poon Ho Kiu Allie
Jia Jimsyn

Pui Ching Middle School, Kowloon, Hong Kong (SAR)

Advisor, Lee Ho Fung

Wong Tsz Chun
Ling Janice
 Ngai Chi Ki
Lynn Shung Hei

Fourteen were awarded the Meritorious designation:[22]

Chesterfield County Math/Science High School at Clover Hill, Midlothian, Virginia, USA
Trinity College, East Perth, Western Australia, Australia
National Junior College, Singapore
Perth Modern School, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
Staatliches Heinrich-Heine-Gymnasium, Kaiserslautern, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
Hermann Wesselink College, Amstelveen, The Netherlands
Gymnazium Postova 9, Kosice, Slovakia
KVIS Science Academy, Rayong, Thailand
Raffles Girls' School (Secondary), Singapore
Pui Ching Middle School, Macau (SAR)
Kaohsiung Municipal Senior High School, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Gyeonggi Science High School for the Gifted, Suwon, South Korea
Whangarei Boys High School, Northland, New Zealand
Seoul Science High School, Seoul, South Korea

Nine were awarded the Honorable Mention designation:[22]

Sint-Jozef College, Turnhout, Belgium

Shanghai Experimental School, Shanghai, China
Mahidol Wittayanusorn School, Nakornpatom, Thailand
Sacred Heart Canossian College, Macau (SAR)
College Nassau-Veluwe, Harderwijk, The Netherlands
Holy Cross College, Bury, Lancashire, United Kingdom
Nin Hua High School Klang, Selangor, Malaysia
Tainan Tzu Chi Senior High School, Tainan, Taiwan
Gymnazium, Alejova 1, Kosice, Slovakia

Fourteen were awarded the Successful Participant designation:[22]

Lavrentyev Institute of Hydrodynamics, Novosibirsk, Russia

Beijing National Day School, Beijing, People's Republic of China
OLVV Lowerdes College, Edegen, Belgium
Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
Philippine Science High School, Metro Manila, Philippines (x2)
Kanazawa University Senior High School, Ishikawa, Japan (x2)
First English Language School, Sofia, Bulgaria
Liceo Eduardo De La Barra, Valparaiso, Chile
Senator O'Connor College School, North York, Ontario, Canada
Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus E., Nuevo León, México (x2)
 Gymnasium Westerburg, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany

2017

49 teams from the following 27 countries/regions competed in the 2017 IMMC: [23]

Argentina
Australia
Canada
China
Denmark
Germany
Hong Kong (SAR)
Israel
Japan
Macau (SAR)
Malaysia
Mexico
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Russia
Singapore
Slovakia
South Korea
Taiwan
Thailand
The Netherlands
Turkey
United States of America
US Virgin Islands

Of these teams, one was awarded the top designation of International Outstanding and invited to the awards
ceremony at the Harvard University, Cambridge MA., USA along with three randomly selected
Meritorious teams from Argentina, South Korea and Russia.[24][23]

NC School of Science and Mathematics, NC, USA

Advisor, Daniel Teague

Ahmad Askar
Nikhil Milind
Nikhil Reddy
Sreeram Venkat

Seven were awarded the Meritorious designation:[23]

 Gyeonggi Science High School for the Gifted, Suwon, Gyeonggi, South Korea
Capital High School, Helena, MT, USA
St Paul's Co-educational College, Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR)
Staatliches Heinrich-Heine-Gymnasium, Kaiserslautern, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
St Andrew's Scots School, Buenos Aires, BA, Argentina
St Stephen's College, Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR)
School 179 of Moscow Institute of Open Education, Moscow, Russia

Twenty-seven were awarded the Honorable Mention designation:[23]

Konrad-Adenauer-Gymnasium Westerburg, Westerburg, Germany

Beijing National Day School, Beijing, China
Perth Modern School, Subiaco, WA, Australia
AY Jackson Secondary School, Toronto, ON, Canada
Sacred Heart Canossian College, Macau, Macau (SAR)
Ukarumpa International School (1), Ukarumpa, EHP, Papua New Guinea
Utrechts Stedelijk Gymnasium (1), Utrecht, The Netherlands
II Liceum Ogólnokształcące z Oddziałami (1), Warszawa, Mazowieckie, Poland
SMJK Katholik Petaling Jaya, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
Whangarei Boys High School, Whangarei, New Zealand
Philippine Science High School - Main Campus (1), Quezon City, Philippines
Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel
Kaohsiung Municipal Kaohsiung Senior High School, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
John Monash Science School, Clayton, VIC, Australia
Pui Ching Middle School, Macau, Macau (SAR)
Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
II Liceum Ogólnokształcące z Oddziałami (2), Warszawa, Mazowieckie, Poland
Shanghai Jianping High School, Shanghai, China
Kanazawa University Senior High School (1), Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
North London Collegiate School Jeju, Seogwipo, Jeju Island, South Korea
H.C. Orsteds Gymnasiet (1), Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
Utrechts Stedelijk Gymnasium (2), Utrecht, The Netherlands
Madeans College, Bucklands Beach, Auckland, New Zealand
Taichung Girls' Senior High School, Taichung City, Taiwan
Raffles Girls' School, Singapore
Gymnazium Postova 9, Kosice, Slovakia
Kanazawa University Senior High School (2), Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan

Fourteen were awarded the Successful Participant designation:[23]

H.C. Orsteds Gymnasiet (2), Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
Ukarumpa International School (2), Ukarumpa, EHP, Papua New Guinea
Uygarlik ve Bilgi Okulu, Izmir, Turkey
Gymnazium Paula Horova, Slovakia
St. Croix Central High School (1), Christiansted, VI, US Virgin Islands
 St. John Paul II Catholic Secondary School, Scarborough, ON, Canada
Secondary School of Valongo, Valongo, Portugal
Philippine Science High School - Main Campus (2), Quezon City, Philippines
Kamnoetvidya Science Academy School, Rayong, Thailand (x2)
Jurong Junior College, Singapore
St. Croix Central High School (2), Christiansted, VI, US Virgin Islands
Eyuboglu College, Istanbul, Umraniye, Turkey

Awards ceremony
The 2015 IMMC winning teams from the USA, Singapore, and China were brought to Hong Kong for the
IMMC Award Presentation Ceremony on 5 July 2015 at Hong Kong University, sponsored by Guangdong
Qtone Education Co., Knowledge Magazine, Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers, Competition
on System Modeling & Optimization (COSMO), CUHK, HKACE, and the Hong Kong Entrepreneurs
and Executives Club.

Special guests included Hong Kong political leader the Honorable Mrs. Fanny Law and movie directors
Mr Tsui Siu-Ming and Mr Tang Yat-Ming.[25] Professor Frederick Leung, Chairman of the Board of
Faculty, Faculty of Education, University of Hong Kong, gave the opening speech.[26] Law encouraged
educators in Hong Kong and elsewhere to continue to pursue the type of educational innovation promoted
by the IMMC. Given that the 2015 problem revolved around mathematically modeling a movie filming
production schedule, directors Tsui and Tang discussed their own experiences in the movie industry and
how applicable teams’ models were to real-world movie filming decisionmaking.[27][28]

The 2016 IMMC winning teams from the USA and Hong Kong, in addition to the Meritorious German
team, were brought to Hamburg, Germany for the IMMC Award Ceremony on 26 July 2016 at the
University of Hamburg as part of the quadrennial International Congress on Mathematical Education. Dr.
Sol Garfunkel described how the contest has evolved and discussed plans for the future.

Media coverage
The IMMC has received broad press coverage throughout the
world, with the majority of coverage concentrated in the U.S. and
Greater China. The IMMC has been featured by:

Apple Daily (http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/realtime/news/2015070

5/53935920)
The four Outstanding teams and
China News Review (CRNTT) (http://hk.crntt.com/doc/1038/2/9/6/
their advisors, plus the two
103829610_3.html?coluid=93&kindid=10410&docid=103829610
Meritorious Hong Kong teams and
&mdate=0710005224)
Commercial Radio Hong Kong ( 人民大道中 ) (https://www.youtub
their advisors, pose with the
dignitaries and organizers of the
e.com/watch?v=EG2jrZHacQI)
contest at the 2015 IMMC Press
DBC Radio (http://www.dbc.hk/radio2/news-detail/Id/75493/type/1
Conference at Hong Kong University
0/)
Hong Kong Commercial Daily (http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/2015
07/0706/HZ14706CLBA.pdf)
Hong Kong Economic Journal (http://www1.hkej.com/dailynews/views/article/1090860)
KRON 4 Television (http://kron4.com/2015/06/10/palo-alto-students-win-international-math-contest/)
KTSF Television (http://www.ktsf.com/en/palo-alto-high-school-students-win-international-math-contest/)
Metro Daily (http://www.metrohk.com.hk/index.php?cmd=detail&id=283377)
Ming Pao (http://news.mingpao.com/pns/%E5%A4%A7%E7%8D%8E%E5%BE%97%E4%B8%BB%E
F%B9%95%E7%8D%85%E5%9F%8E%E5%A5%B3%E7%94%9F%E5%A5%AA%E7%89%B9%E
7%AD%89%E7%8D%8E/web_tc/article/20150908/s00005/1441649835537?from=singlemessage&isappi
nstalled=0)
On.CC (http://tw.on.cc/hk/bkn/cnt/news/20150705/bkn-20150705145632864-0705_00822_001.html)
Oriental Daily News (http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20150707/00184_003.html)
Palo Alto Daily Post (http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SFDB&p_theme=sfdb&p
_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=Paly%20Math%20Team%20Wins%20AND%20date(all)
&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Paly%20Math%20Team%20Wins)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_p
erpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no)
Palo Alto Weekly (http://www.paloaltoonline.com/print/story/2015/06/05/around-town)
San Jose Mercury News (http://www.pressreader.com/usa/san-jose-mercury-news/20150618/28185293720
4795/TextView)
Shumo (http://www.shumo.com/home/html/3131.html)
Sing Tao Daily (http://dailynews.sina.com/gb/news/usa/uslocal/singtao/20150123/08596408613.html)
Sky Post (https://web.archive.org/web/20160220162352/http://www.skypost.hk/%E6%B8%AF%E8%81%
9E/%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E9%A0%AD%E6%A2%9D/20150706/001/%E8%A8%88%E5%87%
BA%E6%8B%8D%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1%E6%9C%80%E7%9F%AD%E6%99%82%E9%96%9
3%20%E6%B8%AF%E7%94%9F%E5%A5%AA%E7%8D%8E/183278)
Ta Kung Pao (http://news.takungpao.com/paper/q/2015/0706/3039673.html)
The Sun (http://www.the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20150706/00407_030.html)
Wen Wei Po (http://paper.wenweipo.com/2015/07/06/ED1507060004.htm)
Wo Ke Ji (http://www.wokeji.com/innovation/jxtj/201508/t20150817_1570828.shtml)

Leadership
The IMMC is overseen by an international Organizing Committee of the following people:[29]

Solomon Garfunkel, COMAP, USA – Chair

Keng Cheng Ang, National Institute of Education, Singapore
Fengshan Bai, Deputy Dean of Faculty of Science, Tsinghua University, China
Alfred Cheung, NeoUnion ESC Organization, Hong Kong SAR
Frederick Leung, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
Vladimir Dubrovsky, Moscow State University, Russia
Henk van der Kooij, Freudenthal Institute, The Netherlands
Zbigniew Marciniak, Warsaw University, Poland
Mogens Allan Niss, Roskilde University, Denmark
Ross Turner, Australian Council for Educational Research, Australia

Advisory/Academic Committee for IMMC in Greater China:[30]

Professor Kam Fai Wong, Deputy Dean of Faculty of Engineering, Chinese University of
Hong Kong
Professor Tong Yang, Head of Department of Mathematics, City University of Hong Kong
Professor Wai Ki Ching, Head of Department of Mathematics, University of Hong Kong
Professor Guanhua Chen, Head of Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong
Professor Houmin Yan, Dean of College of Business, City University of Hong Kong
Professor Hong Yan, Department of Logistics and Maritime Studies, Hong Kong Polytechnic
University
 Professor Fiona Yan Liu, Director of Cognitive Computing Lab, Hong Kong Polytechnic
University
Professor Michael Ng, Head of Department of Mathematics, Hong Kong Baptist University
Dr. Simon Hoey Lee, Deputy Secretary-General, Our Hong Kong Foundation
Mr. Terry K.W. Li, Associate Director, Sun Hung Kai Properties-Kwoks’ Foundation Ltd.

Expert Panel for IMMC in Greater China:[31]

Professor Wai Ki Ching, the University of Hong Kong - Chair

Mr. James Hung, Hong Kong International Mathematics Olympiad – Convener
Professor Kam Fai Wong, Chinese University of Hong Kong
Professor Jinxing Xie, Tsinghua University and China Undergraduate Mathematical Contest
in Modeling (CUMCM)
Dr. Zhonghua Qiao, Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Dr. Tuen Wai Ng, University of Hong Kong
Dr. Junhui Wang, City University of Hong Kong
Professor Chi-Kong (Kevin) Ng, Chinese University of Hong Kong
Dr. Simon To, Hong Kong Baptist University

Future contests
The 2017 IMMC contest period will end on May 8, 2017 (national rounds within certain countries will end
earlier). Results will be announced in June, and teams awarded the Outstanding designation will be
honored.

References
1. COMAP (http://www.comap.com/)
2. NeoUnion ESC (http://www.neounion.net/)
3. International Conference on Industrial and Applied Mathematics (http://www.iciam2015.cn/M
S-Fr-D-67.html)
4. HiMCM (http://www.himcm.org/)
5. IMMC PowerPoint Posted on IMM Challenge Official Facebook Page (https://www.facebook.
com/immchallenge/photos/pb.1746968815530398.-2207520000.1444424370./1747227858
837827/?type=3&theater)
6. "Harvard University -- A Placement Problem" (http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/rbr/files/bmtc-5-
30-slides.pdf) (PDF).
7. "Mathematical Modeling Contests" (http://www.mathmodels.org/contests.html).
8. IMMC International Rules (http://www.immchallenge.org/Pages/Rules.html)
9. "National Council of Teachers of Mathematics -- Teaching Matters!" (http://www.utdanacente
r.org/wp-content/uploads/teaching_matters_umln_2-10-15.pdf) (PDF).
10. China Undergraduate Mathematical Contest in Modeling (CUMCM) (http://www.mcm.edu.cn/
html_cn/node/4a8cd11cda4e98ed825dffa50e5bc7b3.html)
11. Hong Kong Polytechnic University - CAM Digest (http://www.polyu.edu.hk/ama/CAM/cam-di
gest-html/15/v15n15.html)
12. IMMC USA Rules (http://immchallenge.org/Pages/Rules/USA/USA-Rules.html)
13. University of Utrecht -- International Mathematical Modeling Challenge (http://www.fisme.sci
ence.uu.nl/wiki/index.php/International_Mathematical_Modeling_Challenge)
14. "Математическая школа -- Международный конкурс "Математическое
моделирование" " (http://www.mathschool.ru/page/224.html).
15. IMMC PowerPoint Posted on IMM Challenge Official Facebook Page (https://www.facebook.
com/immchallenge/photos/pb.1746968815530398.-2207520000.1444424370./1747227965
504483/?type=3&theater)
16. MeJ Mathematical Research Association (http://www.mathenjeans.fr/sites/default/files/immc
2016-2.pdf)
17. IMMC Results 2015 (http://immchallenge.org/Contests/2015/2015-IMMC-Results.pdf)
18. Nanmo Model High School (http://www.nanmo.cn/portal/10/10-02-00/c6WN7Xkf/detail.html)
19. "National Junior College -- News" (http://www.nationaljc.moe.edu.sg/News.aspx).
20. "Diocesan Girls' School -- Prizes and Awards" (https://web.archive.org/web/2016030410372
2/http://www.dgs.edu.hk/index.php/achievements/prizes-and-awards/205-prizes-and-awards
-2014-2015). Archived from the original (http://www.dgs.edu.hk/index.php/achievements/priz
es-and-awards/205-prizes-and-awards-2014-2015) on 2016-03-04.
21. "The International Mathematical Modeling Challenge (IMMC)" (http://immchallenge.org/Cont
ests/2016/Results.html). immchallenge.org. Retrieved 2016-06-19.
22. COMAP. "2016 IMMC Results" (http://immchallenge.org/Contests/2016/2016_IMMC_Result
s.pdf) (PDF).
23. COMAP. "2017 IMMC Results" (http://immchallenge.org/Contests/2017/2017_IMMC_Result
s.pdf) (PDF).
24. "The International Mathematical Modeling Challenge (IMMC)" (http://immchallenge.org/Cont
ests/2017/awards/index.html). immchallenge.org. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
25. "Sky Post" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160220162352/http://www.skypost.hk/%E6%B8%
AF%E8%81%9E/%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E9%A0%AD%E6%A2%9D/20150706/00
1/%E8%A8%88%E5%87%BA%E6%8B%8D%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1%E6%9C%80%
E7%9F%AD%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%20%E6%B8%AF%E7%94%9F%E5%A5%AA%E
7%8D%8E/183278). Archived from the original (http://www.skypost.hk/%E6%B8%AF%E8%
81%9E/%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E9%A0%AD%E6%A2%9D/20150706/001/%E8%A
8%88%E5%87%BA%E6%8B%8D%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1%E6%9C%80%E7%9F%A
D%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%20%E6%B8%AF%E7%94%9F%E5%A5%AA%E7%8D%8
E/183278) on 2016-02-20. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
26. Hong Kong Commercial Daily (http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201507/0706/HZ14706CLBA.pd
f)
27. IMMC Awards Ceremony (http://immchallenge.org/Contests/2015/video/index.html)
28. Hong Kong Economic Journal (http://www1.hkej.com/dailynews/views/article/1090860)
29. IMMC PowerPoint Posted on IMM Challenge Official Facebook Page (https://www.facebook.
com/immchallenge/photos/pb.1746968815530398.-2207520000.1444424370./1747227932
171153/?type=3&theater)
30. IMMC PowerPoint Posted on IMM Challenge Official Facebook Page (https://www.facebook.
com/immchallenge/photos/pb.1746968815530398.-2207520000.1444424370./1747228005
504479/?type=3&theater)
31. IMMC PowerPoint Posted on IMM Challenge Official Facebook Page (https://www.facebook.
com/immchallenge/photos/pb.1746968815530398.-2207520000.1444424370./1747228008
837812/?type=3&theater)

External links
 How to Fix Our Math Education (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/25/opinion/how-to-fix-our-
math-education.html?_r=0) by Sol Garfunkel, founder of IMMC

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