PULMONARY CASE

1. EMPHYSEMA
o Pathologic Changes
 Emphysema is the abnormal and permanent enlargement of acini associated
with alveolar wall destruction with no significant fibrosis.
2. SMOKING AND CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
o CHF- condition wherein the heart muscle cannot pump enough blood to the body to
meet the organs demand.
o Tobacco causes endothelial injury and stimulates the inflammatory process within the
cardiovascular system. The damaged endothelium is responsible for the increased
vasoconstriction, which has a direct effect on the properties of platelet adhesion,
systemic inflammation, and dyslipidemia. The process causes a significant increases
oxygen demand and decreases oxygen supply to the myocardium.

GASTROINTESTINAL CASE

1. ULCERATION IN STOMACH
 An ULCER in the GI tract can be defined as a 5 mm or larger break in the lining of the
mucosa, with appreciable depth at endoscopy or with histologic evidence of submucosal
extension.
 FORMATION
o The reduction in protection and the subsequent exposure of the epithelium to
damaging agents has been likened to a leaking roof, allowing these agents to
directly affect the gastric epithelium and induce ulceration
2. PARALYSIS IN COLON
 caused by a malfunction in the nerves and muscles in the intestine that impairs digestive
movement.

URINARY CASE

1. Acute postinfectious GN is caused by glomerular deposition of immune complexes resulting in

proliferation of and damage to glomerular cells and infiltration of leukocytes, especially
neutrophils.
a. TONSILITIS
i. the infection does not occur in the kidneys, but in a different part of the body,
such as the skin or throat. The disorder may develop 1 to 2 weeks after an
untreated throat infection
ii. The typical case of poststreptococcal GN develops in a child 1 to 4 weeks after
he or she recovers from a group A streptococcal infection. In most cases, the
initial infection is localized to the pharynx or skin.
2. Dark urine is caused by hemolysis of red blood cells that have penetrated the glomerular
basement membrane and have passed into the tubular system.
REPRODUCTIVE CASE

 BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY/HYPERPLASIA

** hypertrophy- increase in size
** hyperplasia – increase in number
o Describe the changes that occurs in the prostate gland with BPH
 proliferation of both stromal and epithelial cells, leading to new glandular
budding and branching, with formation of nodules
 contains many well circumscribed nodules that bulge from the cut surface.
 The nodules may appear solid or contain cystic spaces, the latter
corresponding to dilated glands
 enlargement of the prostate that may restrict the flow of urine from the
bladder.

ENDOCRINE CASE

 High glucose concentration in the urine can provide a rich source of nutrients for bacteria
Therefore, bacteria can multiply and make foundation for infection; also, high glucose
concentration in the urine can allow urinary colonization by microorganisms.
 High blood glucose levels may cause nerve damage, affecting the ability of the bladder to sense
the presence of urine and thus allowing urine to stay for a long time in the bladder and
increasing probability of infection
 Several problems in the immune system, including humoral, cellular, and innate immunity, may
help in the pathogenesis of UTI in diabetic patients