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Urinary System
Urinary System
Urinary System
TYPES OF NEPHRONS
Cortical nephrons
Located entirely in the cortex
Includes most nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephrons
Found at the boundary of the
cortex and medulla and their LOH
dip deep into the medulla.
BLOOD SUPPLY OF A
NEPHRON
Peritubular capillary
Efferent arteriole braches into a second
capillary bed
Blood under low pressure
Capillaries adapted for
reabsorption instead of filtration.
Attached to a venule and eventually
lead to the interlobular veins to drain
blood from the glomerulus
Cling close to the renal tubule where
they receive solutes and water from the
renal tubule cells as these substances
URINE FORMATION
PROCESSES
Filtration- Water & solutes smaller than
proteins are forced through the capillary
walls and pores (of the glomerulus) into the
renal tubule (Bowman’s capsule).
Reabsorption- Water, glucose, amino acids
& needed ions are transported out of the
filtrate into the peritubular capillary cells
and then enter the capillary blood.
Secretion- Hydrogen ions, Potassium ions,
creatinine & drugs are removed from the
peritubular capillaries (blood) and secreted
by the peritubular capillary cells into the
filtrate.
FILTRATION RATE
Rate of filtration is directly proportional to
FILTRATION net filtration pressure.
Beginning step of urine formation Regulation of filtration rate
Occurs at the glomerulus, nonselective Rate typically constant; may need to
passive process increase or decrease to maintain
Water and solutes smaller than homeostasis
proteins are forced through capillary 1. Sympathetic nervous system reflexes
walls of the glomerulus, which act as a Respond to drops in blood pressure
filter. and blood volume
Fenestrations – (openings in glomerular As pressure drops, sympathetic
walls) make glomerulus more permeable nerves cause vasoconstriction of
than other arterioles. afferent arterioles.
Podocytes cover capillaries, make Decreases rate of filtration
membrane impermeable to plasma proteins. Less urine produced, water
Blood cells cannot pass out to the is conserved
capillaries; filtrate is essentially blood As pressure rises, sympathetic
plasma w/o blood proteins, blood cells. nerves cause vasoconstriction of
Filtrate is collected in the glomerular efferent arterioles.
(Bowman’s) capsule and leaves via the Increases rate of filtration
renal tubule More urine produced, water
is removed
FILTRATION PRESSURE 2. Renin production by JGA
Hydrostatic pressure of blood forces Renin is an enzyme controlling
substances through capillary wall. filtration rate
Net filtration pressure normally always Juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin in
positive response to 3 stimuli
Hydrostatic pressure of blood is Sympathetic stimulation (fast
greater than the hydrostatic pressure of response)
the glomerulus capsule and the Specialized pressure receptors in
osmotic pressure of glomerulus plasma afferent arterioles sense decrease
If arterial blood pressure falls in blood pressure
dramatically, the glomerular Macula densa senses decrease in
hydrostatic pressure falls below level chloride, potassium, and sodium
needed for filtration. ions reaching distal tubule
The epithelial cells of renal Released renin reacts with
tubules lack nutrients and cells die. angiotensinogen in bloodstream to
Can lead to renal failure. form angiotensin I which is
converted into angiotensin II by the Almost all sodium ions and water are
angiotensin I converting enzyme, ACE reabsorbed.
Angiotensin II acts to vasoconstrict
efferent arteriole MATERIALS NOT
Blood backs up into glomerulus,
increasing pressure and maintains
REABSORBED
Nitrogenous waste products
filtration rate
Urea – formed by liver; end product of
Angiotension II also stimulates
protein breakdown when amino acids
secretion of aldosterone from adrenal
are used to produce energy
glands
Uric acid – released when nucleic
Stimulates tubular reabsorption of
acids are metabolized
sodium & H2O follows
Creatinine – associated with creatine
metabolism in muscle tissue
REABSORPTION Excess water
The composition of urine is different than
the composition of glomerular filtrate.
Tubular reabsorption returns
SECRETION - REABSORPTION
substances to the internal environment IN REVERSE
of the blood by moving substances Some materials move from the peritubular
through the renal tubule walls into the capillaries into the renal tubules to be
peritubular capillaries (99%) eliminated in urine.
Some water, ions, glucose, amino Example:
acids Hydrogen ions; potassium ions
Some reabsorption is passive Creatinine
= water > osmosis Drugs; penicillin; histamine
= small ions > diffusion Process is important for getting rid of
Most is active using protein carriers > by substances not already in the filtrate or for
active transport controlling pH.
Most reabsorption occurs in the Materials left in the renal tubule move
proximal convoluted tubule, where toward the ureter
microvilli cells act as transporters,
taking up needed substances from the FORMATION OF URINE
filtrate and absorbing them into the Summary:
peritubular capillary blood. glomerular filtration of materials from
Substances that remain in the renal tubule blood plasma
become more concentrated as water is Reabsorption of substances, including
reabsorbed from the filtrate. glucose; water, sodium
Secretion of substances, including
REABSORPTION - SODIUM penicillin, histamine, hydrogen and
AND WATER potassium ions
The sodium potassium pump reabsorbs
70% of sodium ions in the PCT. MAINTAINING WATER
The positive sodium ions attract BALANCE
negative ions across the membrane as Normal amount of water in the human body
well Young adult females – 50%
Water reabsorption occurs passively Young adult males – 60%
across the membrane to areas of high Babies – 75%
solute concentration Old age – 45%
Therefore, more sodium Water is necessary for many body functions
reabsorption = more water and levels must be maintained
reabsorption
Active transport of sodium ions occurs
along remainder of nephron and collecting
duct
DISTRIBUTION OF BODY REGULATION OF WATER AND
FLUID ELECTROLYTE
Intracellular fluid (inside cells) REABSORPTION
Extracellular fluid (outside cells) Regulation is primarily by hormones
Interstitial fluid Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prevents
Blood plasma excessive water loss in urine
Neurons in the hypothalamus
produce ADH, which are released
by the anterior pituitary gland in
response to a decrease in blood
volume or water concentration
ADH increases the water
permeability of the distal
convoluted tubule epithelium to
the peritubular capillaries
Decreases volume of urine,
increasing concentrationof
solutes
Negative feedback control
Aldosterone regulates sodium ion
content of extracellular fluid
Triggered by the
renin-angiotensin mechanism
Stimulates the DCT to
reabsorb sodium and excrete
THE LINK BETWEEN WATER potassium
AND SALT Cells in the kidneys and hypothalamus are
Changes in electrolyte balance causes water active monitors
to move from one compartment to another
Alters blood volume and blood MAINTAINING WATER AND
pressure (think of aldosterone) ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
Can impair the activity of cells
(swelling/edema)
Water intake must equal water
output
Sources for water intake/output:
Intake: Ingested foods and fluids,
Water produced from metabolic
processes (glycolysis)
Output: Vaporization out of the
lungs, Lost in perspiration,
Leaves the body in the feces,
Urine production
Dilute vs. Concentrated Urine
Dilute urine is produced if water
intake is excessive
Less urine (concentrated) is
produced if large amounts of
water are lost
Proper concentrations of various
electrolytes must be present
MAINTAING ACID-BASED Mucosal lining is continuous with that
lining the renal pelvis and the bladder
BALANCE IN BLOOD below.
Blood pH must remain between 7.35 and
Enter the posterior aspect of the
7.45 to maintain homeostasis
bladder at a slight angle
Alkalosis – pH above 7.45
Runs behind the peritoneum
Acidosis – pH below 7.35
Peristalsis aids gravity in urine transport
Most acid-base balance is maintained by
from the kidneys to the bladder.
the kidneys
Smooth muscle layers in the ureter walls
Excrete bicarbonate ions if needed
contract to propel urine.
Conserve / generate new bicarbonate
There is a valve-like fold of bladder
ions if needed
mucosa that flap over the ureter openings to
Excrete hydrogen ions if needed
prevent backflow.
Conserve / generate new hydrogen
Renal calculi= calculus means little stone;
ions if needed
result of precipitated uric acid salts created
Regulation of these ions results in a urine
by bacterial infections, urinary retention,
pH range of 4.5 to 8.0
and alkaline urine. Lithotripsy or surgery
Acidic urine: protein-rich diet,
are common treatments.
starvation, diabetes
Basic urine: bacterial infections,
vegetarian diet URINARY BLADDER
Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac
CHARACTERISTICS OF URINE Temporarily stores urine
Located retroperitoneally in the pelvis
USED FOR MEDICAL posterior to the pubic symphysis.
DIAGNOSIS Trigone – three openings
Colored somewhat yellow due to the Two from the ureters (ureteral orifices)
pigment urochrome (from the destruction of One to the urethra (internal urethral
hemoglobin/bilirubin by- product) and orifice) which drains the bladder.
solutes Common site for bacterial infections
Sterile In males, prostate gland surrounds the
Slightly aromatic neck of the bladder where it empties
Normal pH of around 6 into the urethra.
Specific gravity of 1.001 to 1.035
URINE COMPOSITION
Composition differs considerably based
upon diet, metabolic activity, urine output.
~95% water, contains urea and uric acid,
electrolytes and amino acids (trace amount)
Volume produced ranges from 0.6-2.5 liters
per day (1.8L average).
Depends on fluid intake, body and
ambient air temperature, humidity,
respiratory rate, emotional state
Output of 50-60ml per hour normal, less
than 30ml per hour may indicate kidney
failure
URINARY BLADDER WALL
Three layers of smooth muscle (detrusor
URETERS muscle)
Slender tubes attaching the kidney to the Mucosa made of transitional epithelium
bladder 10-12” long & 1⁄4” diameter Walls are thick and folded in an empty
Superior end is continuous with the bladder 2-3” long
renal pelvis of the kidney
Bladder can expand significantly without •Fever
increasing internal pressure •Cloudy urine
As it fills, the bladder rises superiorly in the •Bloody urine
abdominal cavity becoming firm and pear Males
shaped. •Prostatic, membranous and spongy
A moderately full bladder can hold (penile) urethrae
~500mL (1 pint) of urine. •Enlargement of the prostate gland
A full bladder can stretch to hold more than causes urinary retention
twice that amount. •can be corrected with a catheter
URETHRA GENDER
DIFFERENCES
Females:
Feces can enter urethral opening
causing
•Uretritis-inflammation of the
urethra
•Pyelitis or
pyelonephritis-inflammation of
the kidneys
•Urinary tract infections-bacterial
infection
•Dysuria
•Urgency
•Frequency