Class 12 Chapter 1- Solutions Chemistry Formulas List

𝑊𝐵
1. Mass percentage of solute= 𝑊 × 100
𝐵 + 𝑊𝐴

Where
𝑊𝐵 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑊𝐴 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑉𝐵
2. Volume percentage of solute = 𝑉 × 100
𝐵 + 𝑉𝐴

Where
𝑉𝐵 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑉𝐴 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑊𝐵
3. Mass-Volume percentage of solute = 𝑉 × 100
𝐵 + 𝑉𝐴

Where
𝑉𝐵 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑉𝐴 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑊𝐵 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
4. Parts per million(ppm)= 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 106

𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝓂𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

5. Molarity (M)= 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠

6. Molarity (M)= (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠)/

(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒) × 1/(𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒)
 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 1000
7. Molarity (M)= 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 ×
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝐿

𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

8. Normality (N)= 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 1

9. Normality (N)= × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑒𝑞.𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

10. Normality (N)= 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 ×
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠
1000
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝐿 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑚3

𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

11. Molality (m)=
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑔

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 1

12. Molality (m)= 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
× 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑔

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 1000

13. Molality (m)= × 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝑛𝐴
14. Mole fraction of solute (XA)= 𝑛
𝐴 + 𝑛𝐵

𝑛𝐵
15. Mole fraction of solute (XB)= 𝑛
𝐴 + 𝑛𝐵
16. Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid (Henry’s law)

P= KHX [KH = Henry’s law constant, X= mole fraction

of gas, P= partial pressure]

17. Raoult’s law [Partial vapour pressure of two components of

solution]
PA= 𝑃𝐴𝑜 𝑋𝐴
PB= 𝑃𝐵𝑜 𝑋𝐵
[ PA & PB are partial pressure of components A &B
𝑃𝐴𝑜 & 𝑃𝐵𝑜 are vapour pressure in pure state, 𝑋𝐴 & 𝑋𝐵 mole fractions
of A and B in solution.]

18. Lowering of vapour pressure

𝑃𝐴0 − 𝑃𝐴
𝑋𝐵 = 𝑃𝐴0
𝑛𝐵
𝑋𝐵 = 𝑛
𝐴 + 𝑛𝐵

𝑊𝐵
𝑀𝐵 𝑊𝐵 𝑀𝐴
𝑋𝐵 = 𝑊𝐴 𝑊𝐵 =
+ 𝑊𝐴 𝑀𝐵
𝑀𝐴 𝑀𝐵
 [𝑋𝐵 = mole farcation of solute,
𝑛𝐴 & 𝑛𝐵 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦,
𝑊𝐵 & 𝑊𝐴 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝐴 & 𝑀𝐵 𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒]

19. Elevation of boiling point

∆𝑇𝑏 = 𝐾𝑏 𝑚

Where [ ∆𝑇𝑏 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝐾𝑏 =

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ]

20. Calculation of molecular mass of an unknown non-volatile

compound from elevation of boiling point
𝐾𝑏 𝑊
𝑀𝐵 = × 𝑊𝐵 × 1000
∆𝑇𝑏0 𝐴

Where
MB = molar mass of solute , Kb= molar enthalpy of vaporisation ,
WA= mass of solvent, WB = mass of solute

21. Depression of Freezing point

∆𝑇𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓 𝑚
Where
∆𝑇𝑓 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝐾𝑓 =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
22. Calculation of molecular mass of an unknown non-volatile
compound from depression of freezing point
𝐾𝑓 𝑊
𝑀𝐵 = ∆𝑇 × 𝑊𝐵 × 1000
𝑓 𝐴

Where
MB= molar mass of solute
WA= mass of solvent
WB= mass of solute

23. Osmotic pressure

𝑛
𝜋 = 𝑉 𝑅𝑇 or 𝜋 = 𝐶𝑅𝑇
Where
𝜋 = 𝑜𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝐶 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑅 =
𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.,

24. Calculation of molar mass from osmotic pressure

𝑊𝐵 𝑅𝑇
𝑀𝐵 = 𝜋𝑉

Where
MB= molecular weight of solute
WB= mass of solute

25. Van’t Hoff’s factor

𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑖=
𝑎𝑏𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦
𝑖 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑖= 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

i- Van't Hoff's factor

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