NECESITO, BILLY REY P. MATHED 116 (FSat/9:40-11:40AM) OCT.

22, 2022

1. Find the order of each of the following elements under multiplication.

(a) 5 ∈ ℤ12
< 5 > = {0,5,10,3,8,1,6,11,4,9,2,7}
Order = 12
(b) √3 ∈ ℝ∗
√3 ∈ ℝ∗ = {…, -3√3, -2√3, -√3, √3, 2√3, 3√3, … }
Order = ±∞
(c) 72 ∈ ℤ240
< 72 > = {0,72,144,216,48,120,192,24,96,168}
Order = 10
2. List all the elements in each of the following subgroups under multiplication
(a) The subgroup of ℤ generated by 7

7x (-3) = -21
7x (-2) = -14
7x (-1) = -7
7x (0) = 0
7x (1) = 7
7x (2) = 14
7x (3) = 21

Therefore, 7 ℤ = { …,-21,-14,-7,0,7,14,21,…}

(b) All subgroups of ℤ12

ℤ12 = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11}
< 0 > = {0}
< 1 > = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11}
< 2 > = {0,2,4,6,8,10,0,2,4,6,8,10}
< 3 > = {0,3,6,9,0,3,6,9,0,3,6,9}
< 4 > = {0,4,8,0,4,8,0,4,8,0,4,8}
< 5 > = {0,5,10,3,8,1,6,11,4,9,2,7} = < 1 >
< 6 > = {0,6,0,6,0,6,0,6,0,6,0,6}
< 7 > = {0,7,2,9,4,11,6,1,8,3,10,5} = < 1 >
< 8 > = {0,8,4,0,8,4,0,8,4,0,8,4} = < 4 >
< 9 > = {0,9,6,3,0,9,6,3,0,9,6,3} = < 3 >
< 10 > = {0,10,8,6,4,2,0,10,8,6,4,2} = < 2 >
< 11 > = {0,11,10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1} = < 1 >
The subgroups of ℤ12 are
< 0 > = {0}
ℤ12 =< 1 > = < 5 >=< 7 > =< 11 >
ℤ12 =< 2 > = < 10 >
ℤ12 =< 3 > = < 9 >
ℤ12 =< 4 > = < 8 >
< 6 > = {0,6}
Therefore, there are 6 subgroups of ℤ12

(c) All subgroups of ℤ60

ℤ60 =
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,
{ 36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59 }

(d) The subgroup generated by 3 in U (20)

U (20) = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19}

< 3 > U (20) = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19}

3x0≅0
3x 1≅3
3x2≅6
3x3≅9
3x4≅12
3x5≅15
3x6≅18
3x7≅21≅ 1
3x8≅24≅ 4
3x9≅27≅ 7
3x10≅30≅ 10
3x11≅33≅ 13
3x12≅36≅ 16
3x13≅39≅ 19
3x14≅42≅ 2
3x15≅45≅ 5
3x16≅48≅ 8
3x17≅51≅ 11
3x18≅54≅ 14
3x19≅57≅ 17

< 3 > U (20)

< 3 > = {0,3,6,9,12,15,18,1,4,7,10,13,16,19,2,5,8,11,14,17}

Order = 20

3. Find the order of every element in ℤ18 under multiplication

ℤ18 = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17} Order

< 0 > = {0} 1
< 1 > = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17} 18
< 2 > = {0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16} 9
< 3 > = {0,3,6,9,12,15} 6
< 4 > = {0,4,8,12,16,2,6,10,14} 9
< 5 > = {0,5,10,15,2,7,12,17,4,9,14,1,6,11,16,3,8,13} 18
< 6 > = {0,6,12} 3
< 7 > = {0,7,14,3,10,17,6,13,2,9,16,5,12,1,8,15,4,11} 18
< 8 > = {0,8,16,6,14,4,12,2,10} 9
< 9 > = {0,9,} 2
< 10 > = {0,10,2,12,4,14,6,16,6} 9
< 11 > = {0,11,4,15,8,1,12,5,16,9,2,13,6,17,10,3,14,7} 18
< 12 > = {0,12,6} 3
< 13 > = {0,13,8,3,16,9,6,1,14,9,4,17,12,7,2,15,10,5} 18
< 14 > = {0,14,10,6,2,16,12,8,4} 9
< 15 > = {0,15,12,9,6,3} 6
< 16 > = {0,16,14,12,10,8,6,4,2} 9
< 17 > = {0,17,16,15,14,13,12,11,10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1} 18

4. List all the cyclic subgroups of U (30)

U (30 ) = {1,7,11,13,17,19,23,29}

o < 1 > = {1}

o < 7 > = {1,7,19,13}
o < 11 > = {1,11}
o < 13 > = {1,13,19,7}
o < 17 > = {1,17,19,23}
o < 19 > = {1,19}
o < 23 > = {1,23,19,17}
o < 29 > = {1,29}

< 1 >< 7 >< 11 > < 13 >< 17 > < 19 >< 23 > < 29 > are the cyclic subgroups
of U (30)