Function of the Digestive System

• Ingestion
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
• Break down the food
– Taking food and water into the mouth

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO – Mechanical digestion: chewing, mixing, and churning food
– Chemical digestion: digestive enzymes breakdown food
• Absorb nutrients
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023 – Movement of nutrients from the GI tract to the blood or
lymph
• Release of waste
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only – Elimination of indigestible solid wastes

Histology of the Digestive Tract Fig. 21.1

• Two groups of organs within the digestive

DLSU
system Biology
– The digestive tract or gastrointestinal (GI) tract
DLSU Biology
Vitor - HISTOLO
is a muscular tube that winds through the body
and is responsible for the digestion and Vitor - HISTOLO
absorption of food
T3•
2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestine, and anus
– The accessory digestive organs aid in the
For Classroom
breakdown of foodstuffs
• Use Only For Classroom Use Only
Teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and
pancreas
 Oral Cavity Oral Cavity
• Oral cavity or mouth
• Lips and Cheeks
DLSU Biology
–
–
DLSU Biology
Is bounded by lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue
Has the oral orifice as its anterior opening
• Palate
– Involved in facial expression, mastication, and speech

Vitor - regions
HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
– Is continuous with the oropharynx posteriorly – Forms the roof of the mouth. Consists of hard and soft
• Divided into two areas
– Vestibule • Hard palate: assists the tongue in chewing

T3 2022-2023
•
T3 2022-2023
Space between the lips or cheeks and the alveolar
processes, which contain the teeth
• Soft palate: mobile fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle.
Projecting from the soft palate is the uvula
– Closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing
– Oral Cavity Proper• The mouth contains accessory glands (salivary
For Classroom Use Only Forglands)
•
• To withstand abrasions:
Classroom Use
and accessory organs (teeth
Lies medial to the alveolar processes
which begin the digestive process
Only
and tongue)

– The mouth is lined with stratified squamous

epithelium

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
 DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only

The Lip

Top – SSK
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology (thin skin)

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO

Red Free
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023 Margin
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom UseBottom
Only -
SSnonK
 DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only

Oral Cavity

DLSU Biology • Tongue

DLSU Biology
– Occupies the floor of the mouth and fills the
Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
oral cavity when mouth is closed
– Functions include:
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• Gripping and repositioning food during chewing
• Mixing food with saliva and forming the bolus

For Classroom Use Only For– Frenulum

Classroom secures the tongueUse Only
• Initiation of swallowing, and speech
to the floor of
the mouth
 Filiform Papillae

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only

Fungiform or Foliate Papillae Vallate Papillae

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
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For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
 DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
 Taste Bud
Oral Cavity
• Teeth
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
– Tear and grind food
• Born with 20 deciduous teeth

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO

– Erupt between about 6 months and 24 months of age
• Deciduous teeth are replaced by 32 permanent
teeth

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–
– Replacement starts at about 5 years and the process is
complete by about 11 years
The types of teeth are

For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only

•
•
Incisors
Canines
• Premolars
• Molars

Fig. 21.5 Oral Cavity

• A tooth consists of a crown, a neck, and a root
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
– Crown
• Exposed part of the tooth above the gingiva

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO

• Dentin covered by enamel
– Enamel: acellular material composed of calcium salts and
hydroxyapatite crystals; the hardest substance in the body

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– Root
• Portion of the tooth embedded in the jawbone
• Composed of dentin

For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only

– Within the dentin of the root is the pulp cavity, which is filled
with pulp, blood vessels, and nerves
– Periodontal ligaments hold the teeth in the alveoli
 Molar Tooth in Place in the Alveolar Bone • Most of the hard tissue in teeth is dentine, a
special calcified tissue, derived from
mesenchyme.
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
• The dentine in the root is covered by a layer of
Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
cementum, calcified tissue derived from
mesenchyme.

T3 2022-2023 T3is 2022-2023

• The tooth then connected to bone by the
periodontal ligament, which has wide bundles of
For Classroom Use Only Forcollagen
Classroom Use
fibres, and is embedded
called alveolar ridge.
Only
in bony ridge

Fig. 21.6

• Teeth is made up of three layers, enamel,

dentine and a pulp cavity. The crown is Molar Tooth in Place in the Alveolar Bone
protected by layer of enamel, a very hard, highly
mineralised tissue
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
• Cementum, dentine and enamel differ from
Vitor
bone, in that they-are HISTOLO
not vascularised. Vitor - HISTOLO
• Gums, T3 2022-2023
or gingiva is the name for the oral mucosa T3 2022-2023
that covers the tooth. At the gingival crevice (or
Forsulcus),
adhere to the tooth enamel viaUse
Classroom a basementOnly
the cells in the epithelium of the gum
For Classroom Use Only
membrane.
Fig. 21.6
 DLSU Biology
Diagram of an
DLSU Biology
Vitor - HISTOLO
adult tooth
Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only "1" is the layer of cells that is building the enamel (ameoblasts)
"2" is enamel
"3" is dentin
"4" is the layer that's building the dentin (odontoblasts)
"5" is then the pulp,

Oral Cavity
• Salivary Glands
DLSU Biology
– Produce and secrete saliva that:
• Cleanses the mouth
DLSU Biology
Vitor - HISTOLO
•
•
Moistens and dissolves food chemicals
Aids in bolus formation
Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023
• Contains enzymes that break down starch
– Salivary glands produce serous and mucous
T3 2022-2023
For– Classroom
secretions
Use
The three pairs of large salivary Only
glands are the For Classroom Use Only
parotid, submandibular, and sublingual
 DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
 DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
 Histology of the Digestive Tract Histology of the Digestive Tract
• Tunics • The digestive tract is composed of four tunics: mucosa,
DLSU Biology
–
•
DLSU Biology
Three major functions:
Secretion of mucus
submucosa, muscularis, and serosa or adventitia.
– Mucosa
• Innermost layer that lines the lumen of the alimentary canal

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO

• Absorption of end products of digestion • Consists of a mucous epithelium, a lamina propria, and a muscularis
• Protection against infectious disease mucosae
– Submucosa
– Mucus secretions:

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• Connective tissue layer containing the submucosal plexus (part of the
• Protect digestive organs from digesting themselves enteric plexus), blood vessels, and small glands
– Muscularis
• Ease food along the tract
• Consists of an inner layer of circular smooth muscle and an outer layer of

For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only

– Stomach and small intestine mucosa contain:
• Enzyme-secreting cells
• Hormone-secreting cells (making them endocrine and
digestive organs)
longitudinal smooth muscle
• The myenteric plexus is between the two muscle layers
– Serosa or adventitia
• Forms the outermost layer of the digestive tract

Fig. 21.2

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
 Wall of the Esophagus

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Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only

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Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
 Esophagus

Esophageal
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Mucus gland DLSU Biology
Vitor - HISTOLO
(arrow)
Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only

Stomach – Esophagus Junction

Anatomy and Histology of the Stomach
• Temporary “storage tank” where chemical
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology breakdown of proteins begins and food is
converted from a bolus to chyme
• The openings of the stomach are the
Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO –
–
Gastroesophageal opening to the esophagus
Pyloric orifice to the duodenum
• The major regions are the
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023 –
–
Cardiac part
Fundus

For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only

–
–
Body
Pyloric part which is continuous with the duodenum
through the pyloric sphincter
• The lateral sides of the stomach consist of greater
and lesser curvatures
 Anatomy and Histology of the Stomach Anatomy and Histology of the Stomach

• The wall of the stomach consists of

–
–
DLSU Biology
External serosa DLSU Biology
Muscle layer (longitudinal, circular, and oblique)
–
–
Vitor - HISTOLO
Submucosa
Simple columnar epithelium
Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
• Surface mucous cells: produce an alkaline mucous with
bicarbonate, which coats and protects the stomach lining
• An empty stomach has a volume of 50 mL but can

For
• WhenClassroom
empty one can see the foldsUse
hold about a gallon of food
Only For Classroom Use Only
called rugae
(submucosa and mucosa)
Fig. 21.10

Anatomy and Histology of the Stomach

• There are gastric pits with glands that

•
DLSU Biology
produce juice
Glands include four secretory cells:
DLSU Biology
Vitor - HISTOLO
– Mucous neck: secrete acid mucus
– Parietal cells: secrete HCl and intrinsic factor Vitor - HISTOLO
– Chief cells: produce pepsinogen
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•
–
–
HCl in the stomach
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Pepsinogen is activated to pepsin by:
Pepsin itself via a positive feedback mechanism

For– Endocrine
Classroom•
Use Only For Classroom Use Only
cells: produce regulatory hormones
Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin,
cholecystokinin (CCK), and somatostatin into the
lamina propria
 Stomach Diagram
Anatomy and Histology of the Stomach

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
 DLSU Biology DiagramDLSU
of a
Fundic Gastric
Biology
Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
Gland

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For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
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For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
 DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only

Fundic High mag – Fundic Gastric Gland

Gastric
Glands

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology

Vitor - HISTOLO
Parietal Cells
Vitor - HISTOLO
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For CellsClassroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
Neck Mucus

N - neck mucus cells; P – parietal cells

 Cross section – Fundic Gastric Gland Pyloric Stomach

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology

Long pits (P)
Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
Short Glands
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
MM – muscularis
mucosa (interna)

Pyloric Gastric Gland stained for Gastrin Cells

Small Intestine

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology •

•
The body’s major digestive organ
Digestion is completed and absorption occurs

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO •

•
Runs from pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve
Has three subdivisions:

T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023 –

–
Duodenum - ~ 10” long. The bile and pancreatic ducts
empty here
Jejunum - ~ 8’ long
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only – Ileum - ~ 12’ long
 Anatomy and Histology of the Small Intestines

• Structural modifications of the small intestine wall

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
increase surface area about 600-fold
– Circular folds

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO

• Deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa
– Villi
• Fingerlike extensions of the mucosa

T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
– Microvilli
• Tiny projections of absorptive mucosal cells’ plasma membranes.
This forms a brush border
• The epithelium of the mucosa is simple columnar
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom
epithelium. Usecontains
Between the villi the mucosa
pits called intestinal glands
Only

Fig. 21.15 Anatomy and Histology of the Small Intestines

• The epithelium of the mucosa is made up of:

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
– Absorptive cells
• Produce digestive enzymes

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO

– Goblet cells
• Produce a protective mucus
– Granular cells (Paneth cells)
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023 • Protect the intestinal epithelium form bacteria
– Endocrine cells

For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only

• Produce regulatory hormones
• Peyer’s patches (aggregated lymphoid follicles) are
found in the submucosa
 DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
 DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only

DUODENUM

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology

Vitor
Cross section of a - HISTOLO
Villus (L- lamina
Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023
propria) T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
 Duodenum

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Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only

Pyloric Stomach - Duodenum

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Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom
Glands of
Brunner
Use Only
The small Brunner's glands under the muscularis mucosa are
found only in the duodenum
 DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
The highly alkaline secretions from the Brunner's glands serve to
change the acidic chyme to an alkaline pH. Crypts of Lieberkühn/Paneth Cells
 Crypts of Leiberkuhn w/ eosinophilic Paneth Cells

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
Crypts of Lieberkühn/Paneth Cells Muscularis Mucosa

ILEUM / JEJUNUM

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Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
(1) villi, (2) goblet cells, and (3) absence of Brunner's glands.
 DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
Peyer's Patches

Ileum – Peyer’s Patches in the Submucosa

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
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For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
 DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only

Anatomy and Histology of the Large Intestine Large Intestine

• Extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus
•
• DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
Absorbs water and eliminate the waste via feces
Is subdivided into the cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and
anal canal
Vitor - HISTOLO
–

–
intestines. Vitor - HISTOLO
The cecum forms a blind sac at the junction of the small and large

The vermiform appendix is a blind tube off the cecum.

–

–
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The colon has distinct regions: ascending colon, transverse colon,
descending colon, and sigmoid colon
The sigmoid colon joins the rectum

For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only

– The anal canal, the last segment of the large intestine, opens to the
exterior at the anus
• The anal canal contains two sphincters to allow the movement of
feces

Fig. 21.24
 Anatomy and Histology of the Large Intestine

Three unique features

•
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
– Teniae coli: three bands of longitudinal smooth
muscle in its muscularis
Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
– Haustra: pocketlike sacs caused by the tone of
the teniae coli
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– Epiploic appendages : fat-filled pouches of
visceral peritoneum
T3 2022-2023
For Classroom
simple columnar epitheliumUse Only For Classroom Use Only
• The mucosal lining of the large intestine is
with mucus-
producing crypts

Colon by LM – Plicae Circularis

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
 DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
The large intestine is identified by: (1) numerous goblet cells and
(2) deep crypts with no villi.

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Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
 Rectum w/ Muscularis folds (*)

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Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
* T3*2022-2023
* T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only

Liver

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Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
Gall Bladder

T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023 Stomach

For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only

Duodenum
Pancreas
 Anatomy and Histology of the Liver Fig. 21.17

• The liver has four external lobes: right, left,

•
DLSU Biology
caudate, and quadrate
DLSU Biology
Internally, the liver is divided into eight segments
• Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
Liver segments are divided into lobules
– Hexagonal-shaped liver lobules are the
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
structural and functional units of the liver
– Composed of hepatocyte (liver cell) plates

For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only

radiating outward from a central vein
– Portal triads are found at each of the six corners
of each liver lobule

Anatomy and Histology of the Liver Fig. 21.18

• Portal triads consist of

–
–
DLSU Biology
Hepatic duct: conduct bile toward the duodenum
DLSU Biology
Hepatic artery: supplies oxygen-rich blood to the liver

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO

– Hepatic portal vein: carries venous blood with nutrients
from digestive viscera
• The hepatic cords are composed of columns of
T3 2022-2023
hepatocytes separated by the bile canaliculi
• Sinusoids are enlarged spaces filled with blood and
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lined with endothelium and hepatic phagocytic
ForcellsClassroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
– Kupffer cells: hepatic macrophages found in liver
sinusoids
 DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
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For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
Liver Portal Tract

-Portal vein (PV)

DLSU Biology
-Hepatic artery (A)
DLSU Biology
-Bile DuctVitor
(B) - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
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-Lymphatic vessels
(L) T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
S = sinusoids

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Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023
For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
The liver has its own version of macrophage
known as the Kupffer cell
 Hepatic
Sinusoids

DLSU Biology Lined with DLSU Biology

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO

Kupffer Cells
(K)
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Endothelium
(E)

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Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
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For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
 DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
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Control of Bile Secretion and Release

Fig. 21.21 Fig. 21.22

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Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
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Pancreas – Secretory acini & Islet of Langerhans

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Vitor -Lobule
HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
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Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO
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For Classroom Use Only For Classroom Use Only
 Tab. 21.2

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