L#1.

Understanding Ways to Collect Data

Research Design

- The design is similar to a game which will lead your research to the direction that you would like
to take. There are various designs that can be used. Each has pros and cons.
 Is like a compass that guides you to your discovery of the answer or solution to the
research problem
 Research Design = let you know the direction
 There is no such thing as a perfect RD we only have an APPROPRIATE RD and every RD
have its advantage and disadvantage.

- The selection of the Research Design depends on the research questions and on the kind of data
that need to be obtained for the research.
 How we will know the appropriate RD? consider the two criteria in the selection of RD
which are RESEARCH QUESTIONS (objectives/goal) and THE KIND OF DATA for your
research

= After choosing the Research Design, the data gathering procedures and analyses will follow.

Two Main Designs

1. Quantitative
- These are normally used to examine the relationship between variables with the use of different
statistical strategies.
 Objective: aims to establish a connection between variables (can be correlation or cause
and effect)
 Kind of Data: using statistics or quantitative measures
- Scientific Research
 This are Hard sciences that proves cause and effect relationships that establishes
between variables

2. Qualitative
- These are used for studies which require the examination, analysis, and description of various
phenomena.
 Objective: aims to dig deeper in analyzing and examining various phenomena (examine
it further to provide an explanation to the occurrence of things)
 Kind of Data: verbal information that comes in words
- Kind of data are Ideas, Behaviors, and other questions that do not require the setting of
connections between variables
- Social sciences
 Like Psychology that studies behavior (Soft Sciences)
Research Methods

- The kind of method that you will use depends on what you plan to prove in your study

1. Quantitative
 Correlational Research Design – has a same goal as that of quantitative design. It establishes
connection between variables (will it cause change?). It is not an automatic relationship, not
100% but a chance of one variable to change.
 Experimental Research Design – establish cause and effect relationship. There is
automaticity (automatic outcome) in the relationship between variables.
 Quasi-Experimental Research Design – if one of the qualities/elements of experimental
research is missing specifically the “element of randomness”. Anything less than
experimental research.

2. Qualitative
 Descriptive Research Design – can either be quantitative or qualitative it depends on the
nature of your data, as long as your goal is to add further knowledge about the study.
Describing. Verbal Narrative or Survey. (assess what?)
 Historical Research Design – making significant events from the past relevant to the current
time. The events before that has a lingering effect of what is today. (ano nangyari sa past?)
 Case study Research Design – a closer analysis, an examination of a particular phenomenon.
More focus or in-depth study on what is happening. (commonly in psychology)
 Phenomenology Research Design – a study of a person’s experiences. This could be helpful
to other people. (what are their experiences? Is there any new experience?)
 Grounded Theory Research Design – most difficult to conduct. It starts from a scratch with
no related studies to support. You are proving a theory out of nothing.

Mixed Research Design

- It is another way to approach problems. It has become a trend today. However, it requires more
time, resources, and effort in order to fulfill needed requirements because it needs expertise in
both research designs.
 It features a survey and at the same time interview follows. It is to verify or validate
their results from the surveys by interviews.
 Not recommended and advisable to young researchers because it is costly, requires
time, resource and effort. (young researchers do not have the time and resources to
complete it).

Factors to Consider in Choosing a Method

 The data and the purpose of your study – two criteria in the selection of research design
 Possibility to gather data – is it possible to do data gathering? Will you be able to obtain data to
support your study? (ex: traditional learning to online learning because of the pandemic, the
currency of data is affected)
  Ethical Considerations – one of the paragraphs of methodology. You are protecting the welfare
of your respondents by keeping them anonymous or by asking permission before gathering data
from them. (even the harm)
 Cost $$$ - really expensive to do research. You should be financially ready in doing the data
gathering. (100k?!?!)

Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data (limited data gathering strategies)

 Survey – is a data gathering procedure where your goal is to obtain the opinion of the general
public about a particular phenomenon. The expect data is in the form of numbers (e.g.
percentages) (THE PROCESS)
- Questionnaire – is the tool/ printed material used to conduct a survey (THE TOOL)

 Experiment – your conducting a series of tests in order to prove a cause and effect relationship
whether an intervention is going to have an effect or none to a particular respondent.
- Pre-test and post-test are example of it.

 Content Analysis – (it is qualitative – e.g. systematic reviews) making meaning to the publish
materials to respond to the research problem of the current study.

Techniques in Collecting Qualitative Data (multiple ways to gather data)

1. Observation – a way of obtaining data by dealing with your respondents and taking notes of the
data from these interactions
 Taking down notes while observing the behavior, routine and interaction of your
respondents.
 Provide descriptors.

2 ways of doing observation (difference is the matter of distance)

a. Participant – you are with your respondents. You’re are observing them and even take part
with their routine. Observing what will happen to your respondents as it progresses.
(immersion) (ex: Aeta friends)
b. Non-participant – you are not with them. Through survey.

2. Interview – data gathered from verbal questions given to the respondents with the goal of
finding answers for the research.
 Raise a set of questions in order for you to produce verbal information from your
respondents.
 Interviews produce words.

2 types of Interview
a. Oral Interview – both parties are speaking (researcher and interviewee). The advantage of
oral, is in doing this you can record non-verbal cues (e.g. gestures, facial expressions while
talking)
 b. Written Interview – hand over your questions in to let the person answer. Resort this type
because sometimes respondents struggle to in elaborating their experience or ideas orally,
they feel comfortable in writing on interviews.

Sampling – process of choosing the respondents or people to answer questions for your research.

 Manner of selecting of respondents from a population

Sample – From the Population which is the whole, the group of people selected from the sampling
process is called Sample.

 Part of the population. The chosen ones

Population – is the entirety, it is everyone

History of Sampling

- The first to conduct or do the sampling process is the LITERARY DIGEST. From this, the process of
selecting a sample from a given population is divided into two major categories: Probability
Sampling and Non-probability Sampling

Classes of Sampling

1. Probability – base of pure chance.

a. Simple Random Sampling – only true probability sampling because it is only one that is really
based on pure chance
- Two forms: Lottery type or fish ball method
- When to use: if population is manageable (konti lang). In doing this, you’re going to list down
the names of your respondents.

b. Systematic Sampling – wherein you’re following a particular pattern on choosing your

respondents. “nth” number of respondents.
- Bias of the sampling: It’s the pattern
- When to use: population is no longer manageable to do simple random

c. Stratified Sampling - you are dividing your respondents into groups or strata
- Bias of the sampling: one of your extraneous variables requires you to divide your respondents
to different categories
- When to use: when you’re proving an extraneous variable that would further improve the
finding of your study.
- How: divide them to groups first then you begin selecting until you reach your sample size

d. Cluster Sampling – the coverage of your study is to wide or vast

- When to use: respondents are geographically respondents (ex: national achievement test
specifically Pampanga where clusters are the schools)
2. Non-Probability Sampling – bias/purposeful selection of respondents.
a. Voluntary Sampling – there is willing from respondents to join your research. #noforce
- Normally in YouTube videos

b. Purposive/Judgmental Sampling – a set of standards to follow in choosing your respondents.

You cannot just include all because you have a specific characteristic you are looking for.
- Criterion

c. Availability Sampling – Convenient Sampling. Anyone around or there can be on your research
- Normally in Pilot testing (test if your questionnaire produces valid results)

d. Snowball Sampling – it follows a referral system in choosing respondents

- Possible recommendations
- When to use: respondents that are hard to find (ex: mga anak ng mafia, people with breast
cancer)