Questions

1. The slope of a graph at any instant represents instantaneous

A) velocity. B) acceleration.
C) position. D) impulse.

2. Displacement of a particle in a given time interval equals the area

under the ___ graph during that time.

A) a-t B) a-s
C) v-t D) s-t
 12.4 General curvilinear motion

• Vector notation is very important

• Three different types of coordinate systems:
• rectangular
• normal-tangential
• cylindrical

2
What is the importance of axes and
vectors?
 Vectors

“ A vector is a force. ” NO

Scalars Vectors Dyads

(1st order tensor) (2nd order tensor)

v Speed a Acceleration v Velocity gradient

s Distance travelled v Velocity  Shear stress
t Time r Position
T Temperature
r Displacement
V F Force n
Volume
A Area… (sometimes also regarded as a vector) M Moment x
i
p Pressure i, j , k Unit vectors
 ut , un
Angular speed
 w   w ni
u r , u , u z
“wall shear stress”
n
 Angular acceleration

A  An  Angular velocity
p Pressure gradient
 Vectors

As an illustration (fluid dynamics):

The momentum transport equation:

· · 1

Mass conservation:

· 0
7
8
 12.4 General curvilinear motion

• Vector notation is very important

• Three different types of coordinate systems:
• rectangular
• normal-tangential
• cylindrical

9
Rectilinear motion Position (VECTOR), displacement (VECTOR):

()
Position:  : s

Displacement:

()

 : s  s  s
10
Rectilinear motion Average velocity (VECTOR), velocity (VECTOR):

()
Average velocity:  :

Instantaneous velocity (velocity at a certain instant at a specific

position):
()
 :
∆ →
Rectilinear motion Average acceleration (VECTOR), acceleration (VECTOR):

() v
Average acceleration: 
 : aavg 
t

Instantaneous acceleration (acceleration at a certain instant at a specific

position):
2
() dv d s

 : a  v   s
dt 2
dt
12
Position (VECTOR) and displacement (VECTOR):

Position:
(is measured from a fixed point)

Position
Fixed point Path

t  t ∆ (distance travelled)
Displacement: t

Displacement
 Average velocity (VECTOR), velocity (VECTOR), speed
(SCALAR):

Average velocity:

Instantaneous velocity (velocity at a specific time at a specific

position):
(Always tangential to the path.)

∆ ∆
Speed (magnitude of the instantaneous velocity): ( lim lim )
∆ → ∆ →
Average acceleration (VECTOR), acceleration (VECTOR):

t  t
Average acceleration: t

Instantaneous acceleration (acceleration at a specific time at a

specific position):

15
 B
(deceleration)
A

(accelerate) (only
change in
direction)

16
 12.5 Curvilinear motion:
Rectangular coordinate system (Cartesian coordinates)
• Fixed point O, is situated at the origin of the axes.
• Important to remember that for this coordinate system:

Assume:

• Magnitude (AMB124)?
 12.5 Curvilinear motion:
Rectangular coordinate system (Cartesian coordinates)
• Fixed point O, is situated at the origin of the axes.
• Important to remember that for this coordinate system:

Assume:

• Magnitude: Since the three vector components are

perpendicular to each other, it follows (by applying
Pythagoras twice: AMB124) that

• Sense of direction of a vector (unit vector): ⁄

• The basis unit vectors , and is constant w.r.t. time.

Position (VECTOR), velocity (VECTOR), speed (SCALAR):
Position:
(Therefore measured from the origin.)
Position (VECTOR), velocity (VECTOR), speed (SCALAR):
Position:
(Therefore measured from the origin.)
 Position (VECTOR), velocity (VECTOR), speed (SCALAR):
Position:
(Therefore measured from the origin.)

Velocity:

Speed:
Acceleration (VECTOR):

Acceleration:
 Questions

1. If the position of a particle is defined by 1.5 1 4 1 m,

its speed at 1 s is
A) 2 m/s B) 3 m/s
C) 5 m/s D) 7 m/s
2. The path of a particle is defined by 0.5 . If the component of its
velocity along the -axis at 2 m is 1 m/s, its velocity component
along the -axis at this position is ____.
A) 0.25 m/s B) 0.5 m/s
C) 1 m/s D) 2 m/s
 Questions
1. If a particle has moved from A to B along the circular path in 4 s, what is the
average velocity of the particle?
A) 2.5 m/s y
R=5m
B) 2.5 1.25 m/s
x
C) 1.25 m/s A B
D) 1.25 m/s

2. The position of a particle is given as 4 2 m. Determine the

particle’s acceleration.

A) 4 8 m/s2 B) 8 16 m/s2

C) 8 m/s2 D) 8 m/s2
12-69

16 4 5 2

∴ 2 16 3 4 5 32 12 5

at 2 s: 32 2 12 2 5
∴ 64 48 5 m/s

∴ magnitude of : ≡ 64 48 5 80.2 m/s

25
12-69

16 4 5 2

∴ ⇒ ⇒ 16 4 5 2

∴ 16 4 5 2

26
12-69

16 4 5 2

∴ ⇒ ⇒ 16 4 5 2

∴ 16 4 5 2

27
12-69

16 4 5 2

∴ ⇒ ⇒ 16 4 5 2

16 4 5
∴ 16 4 5 2 2
3 4 2

16 4 5
∴ 2 2 2 2 2
3 4 2 28
12-69

16 4 5
∴ 2 2 2 2 2
3 4 2
16
∴ 2 42.7 m
3 Therefore the coordinates are:
4
∴ 2 16.0 m
4 42.7, 16.0, 14.0 m
5
∴ 2 2 2 14.0 m
2
29
 Position (VECTOR), velocity (VECTOR), speed (SCALAR):
Position:
(Therefore measured from the origin.)

Velocity:

Speed:
Acceleration (VECTOR):

Acceleration:
The question is when do you differentiate and when to you
integrate?

32
12-78.

33
12-78.

120 10 1
1
≡ 2
4

1 1
from 2 : ∴
4 4
1 at 0: 0
∴
12
1
∴ ≡ 3
12 34
12-78.

120 10 1
1
≡ 2
4
1
≡ 3
12

1 1 1
⇒ ⇒ 4
12 12 48
at 0: 0 35
12-78. 120 10 1
1
≡ 2
4
1
≡ 3
1 12
Sub 4 into 1 : 120 10
48 1
4
∴ 50 or 50 48

∴ 100
∴ 100

At 10 s:

83.33 m/s 1000 m/s 83.33 1000 1003.5 m/s

25 m/s 100 m/s 25 100 103.5 m/s 36
Chain rule:
Assume:

12-73.

r  xi  y j
v  x i  y j  v x i  v y j
a  xi  y j  a x i  a y j

38
12-73.

40 160 180 m/s

:2 40 160

39
12-73.

40 160 180 m/s

:2 40 160 1

40
12-73.

40 160 180 m/s

:2 40 160 1

:2 40 2 160

41
12-73.

40 160 180 m/s

:2 40 160 1

0
:2 40 2 160 but 0 is constant

∴2 160
2
∴ 2
160 42
12-73.

2 40 160 1 180 m/s

2
2
160

from 1 , if 80 m, 180 m/s: 2 80 40 180 160 ⇒ 90 m/s

∴ 90 180 201.2 m/s

2
from 2 : 180 405 m/s 0 is constant
160
∴ 405 0 405 m/s 43
12-73.

180 m/s 90 m/s

0 is constant 405 m/s

What is the velocity and acceleration?

90 180 m/s
405 m/s

44
12.6 Projectile motion
 Questions

1. The downward acceleration of an object in free-flight motion is

A) zero. B) increasing with time.
C) 9.81 m/s2. D) decreasing with time.

2. The horizontal component of velocity remains _________

during a free-flight motion.
A) zero B) constant
C) at 9.81 m/s2 D) decreasing with time
 12.6 Projectile motion
Use kinematic equations of motion for constant acceleration

• No acceleration in the -direction.

• Constant gravitational acceleration in the -direction.
(Since air resistance is accepted as negligible and the distance travelled is relatively small.)

y
49
50
51
52
 Let:

0
Then:
1
2
1

2
 - direction:
→ :

→ :

- direction:

↑ :
1
↑ :
2
↑ : 2
 Questions
- direction:
1. In a projectile motion problem, what is the ⟶ :
maximum number of unknowns that can be
solved? ⟶ : Δ

A) 1 B) 2

C) 3 D) 4 - direction:

2. The time of flight of a projectile, fired over ↑ : Δ

level ground, with initial velocity at angle ,
is equal to? 1
↑ : Δ Δ
2
A) sin / B) 2 sin /
↑ : 2
C) cos / D) 2 cos /
12-89.

- direction:
⟶ :

⟶ : Δ

- direction:

↑ : Δ
1
↑ : Δ Δ
2
↑ : 2
 12-89.

⟶ : Δ
∴ cos cos
cos
∴ 1
cos
1
↑ : Δ Δ
2
1
∴ sin sin 2
2
cos 1 cos
Sub 1 into 2 : ⇒ sin sin
cos 2 cos

⇒ sin 2 2 tan cos

cos
12-99.

- direction :
⟶ :

⟶ : Δ

- direction :

↑ : Δ
1
↑ : Δ Δ
2
↑ : 2
12-99.

⟶ : Δ
⟶ : cos 1
1
↑ : Δ Δ
2
1
∴0 sin
2
2 sin
∴ 2

2 sin 2 sin cos sin 2

Sub 2 into 1 : ⇒ cos ⇒
12-99. 2 sin

↑ : 2

∴0 sin 2

sin
∴
2

↑ : Δ
1
↑ : Δ Δ
2
↑ : 2
 Equation of trajectory
⟶ : cos ∴ ------ (1)
cos
1
↑ : sin ------ (2)
2

Substitute (1) into (2):

1
sin
cos 2 cos

tan Parabola
2 cos

or: tan 1 tan

2
PROBLEM CHALLENGE

62
PROBLEM CHALLENGE

63
64
 Questions
1. A projectile is given an initial velocity at an angle
above the horizontal. The velocity of the projectile
when it hits the slope is ____________ the initial
velocity .

A) less than B) equal to

C) greater than D) none of the above

2. A particle has an initial velocity at angle with respect to the

horizontal. The maximum range it can reach is when
A) = 30° B) = 45°
C) = 60° D) = 90°
12-87.

- direction :
⟶ :
Y ⟶ : Δ

- direction :
X
↑ : Δ
1
↑ : Δ Δ
2
↑ : 2
66
 12-87.

⟶ : Δ
∴ 20 cos 30° 1

Y 1
↑ : Δ Δ
2
1
∴ 10 1.8 sin 30° 9.81 2
2
X

Soolve 1 and 2 : 0.826 s

28.0 m/s
67
12-98.

- direction :
⟶ :
Y

⟶ : Δ

- direction :
X

↑ : Δ
1
↑ : Δ Δ
2
↑ : 2
68
12-98.

Y
⟶ : Δ
4 1
∴ 100 cos 25°
5
X 1
↑ : Δ Δ
2
3 1
∴ 100 4 sin 25° 9.81 2
5 2

Solve 1 and 2 : 4.54 s

19.4 m/s
12-102.

Y
⟶ : Δ

↑ : Δ
X
1
↑ : Δ Δ
2

70
12-102.

Y ⟶ : Δ

∴5 10 cos 1
1
X ↑ : Δ Δ
2
1
∴0 10 sin 9.81
2
20 sin
∴ 2
9.81
71
12-102.

20 sin
5 10 cos 1 2
9.81

20 sin 100 100

Sub 2 into 1 : 5 10 cos 2 cos sin sin2
9.81 9.81 9.81
∴ sin2 0.4905
∴ 14.7° en 75.3°
∴ From 1 : 0.517 s en 1.97 s

∴Δ 1.97 0.517 1.45 s 72

→
∴ cos 0 cos
cos
∴ ------------- (1)
cos
1
↑
2
1 ------------- (2)
∴ sin 0 sin
2
cos 1 cos
Substitute (1) into (2): sin sin
cos 2 cos

sin 2 2 tan cos

cos

73
 sin 2 2 tan cos
cos

For a maximum:

d
0

d
∴ 0 cos 2 2 2 tan 2 cos sin
cos

∴ cos 2 tan sin 2 0

∴ 1 tan tan 2 0

1 1 1
∴ tan 2 ∴ tan
tan 2 tan 74
 Self-study problem
Suppose the car strikes point A only just and lands at point B,
calculate the velocity, , of the car immediately after impact (i.e.
the initial velocity as soon as it leaves the ground surface).
• Assume there is no air resistance.
• Consider the car as a point mass.
• Assume the ground area is horizontal and the car leaves the
ground at the same height as it hits the ground.

A
0.6 m ∆ 1 m
∆ 0.492 m

∆ 6.0 m
∆ B 65.77, 0 m
0, 0