CLASS -

11th

SOME BASIC
CONCEPTS OF

CHEMISTRY

Designed By -
Bharat Panchal Sir

Do% Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji 2.0
 •

Classification of matter .
Properties of matter
•

Units for measurement •

scientific Notation

significant figures Precision & Accuracy

• •

•
laws of chemical combination
law of conservation of mass law of constant comp
•
•
.

• law of multiple proposition •

Gay-Lussac law

Avogadro law
•

•
Mole concept
.

Percentage composition
Empirical and Molecular formula
•

Expressing concentration of solution

•

stoichiometry
BOB Bharat Panchal -
Chemistry Guruji 2.0
matter .
-

Anything which has mass and occupies space is #alter .

Chemistry which
It is the branch of science deals with the study of
substances their properties structure and
, ,
their
transformation .

organic chemistry chemistry

at
b) Physical c) Inorganic chemistry

it Pure substance It is a substance in

which all the constituent
particles are
of same nature

ii ) Element It consist only one tee be of

atoms Na , ca,
Ag
-

etc
e.g
iin (0M¥
It consist of two or more
atoms of different element combined in a definite ratio by mass

e.g Hao, Mtg , CO, etc .

ith
Mixture :
consist substance mixed in any ratio
It
of two or more
v1 Homogeneousmixture The composition is uniform throughout C single
phase leg sugar in water .

" it
HÉmI¥ :

such type of mixtures in which composition

is uniform sand in water
not
throughout e.g

Physical
•

Classification Of Matter Interconversion of states

of Matter

Gao Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji 2.0
Physical Properties
which can be measured without changing the chemical
composition of the substance is known as physical property e.g mass, volume,
density
chemical Properties property which require a chemical change to
occur is known chemical property
g acidity
as e.

or basicity combustibility
,
.

Difference between compound $ Mixture

Mads MH
ed volume

qeÑgjgs
mass ✗
acceleration

pisH¥me
lxb
 in
"

Notation Proper Representation of number

Scientific :

← any exponential form "

N ✗ 10h
integer
C) a
=

non zero

number to the

left of decimal
e. 126.40 1.2640×102
g
0-00043 4.3×10-4

Significant figures :
"

Au certain digits in a measurement

called
plus one
doubtful digit significant figure
"

e.g
12.4 cm where 12 is certain $44s doubtful
Rules 1-1 All non -
zero
digits are
significant .

e.g 394 → 3 Sif

2.) Zeros between the non -

zero
digits are significant .

e.g 5005 →
Asf

Bo% Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji 2.0
Iii)
Preceding to the left of
ns.re.g
zero or zeros non zero are no

0.0045 → 2 5. F

in
in zeros exponential form are not
significant figure .

e.g 4×102 → 1 Sif

2. 5×103 → 2 Sir

4) Zero at the end or

sight of a number are
significant
while decimal is present .

→ 3 5. F
e.g 0.200
Yi ) Terminal zeros are not Sif if there is no decimal point
126000 → 3 Sif
e.g

Exact infinite
s.FI
Xiii numbers have

infinite
books → Sif .
Prefixes used in Numerical # Precision and Accuracy
Precision
Prefix Multiple
deci
Symbol
-1
It refers to the closeness of
d to

anti c to
-
a
various measurements too the

Milli m lo
-3 same quantity
micro 10-6
Accuracy particular value
he
It is the
agreement of to
nano h 10-9
the true value of result "
when the values
pico p so
-
in
of
deca da lo
different measurements are close to the
hecto h 102
true or accurate value .

kilo K 103
m 106
me"
Go☒ Bharat Panchal -
Chemistry Guruji 2.0
Angstrom A.
.
µ

True value is and three students

e.
g 2.00g
I

/ 2.01/1.99
II
Precise
'

student 'A 1.95 1.93 but not accurate

student B
' '

1.93 2.06 Neither Precisenor accelerate

student C' both Precise and accurate
'

Laws Of Chemical Combination :

v0 Antonie Lavoisier
LAW OF CONSERVATION Of mass : "

matter can neither be created

"

nor destroyed
other words total of the reactant to the total
In , mass equal
mass of product
"

limitation It is not applicable to the nuclear reactions because

is
during a reaction mass not conserved .

Q .

when Matteo } is added to a solution of acetic acid (CH, COOH )

4.2g of
weighing
log is observed that
The residue left behind
2.2gisof CO2 is released into the
it
atmosphere .

found to weigh 12g Show .

that these observations are in with law of conservation

aggrement
of Mab
Matteo, +
CHZCOOH -7
CHZCOONA -11%0+10
.

e.g 4.
2.2g
2g 10g kg
 Total mass of reactant 14.2g =

Total mass of product 14.2g =

observations with of conservation of

These are in agreement law mass .

v0 BY Joseph Proust
Law of Definite Proportion :
"

A given compound always contains exactly

the same proportion of elements
by mass and it does not depend on

source .

CO2 can be obtained from different sources but the ratio of

C $0 remains same
c :O
2 : 32
3 : 8

Limitations
;) The law is not always true as element may combine
in the same Matto but compound formed may be different
.

e. C : H :O 12 :3 :S by mass
g
=

may form two compound ↳ Hs OH $ CH OCH }

]

both having same molecular formula ↳ Hoo ,

ii ) It is not applicable when isotopes of an element are involved

in the formation of compound .

In CO2 c :O C : 0
eg ,

carbon has two 12:32 14 : 32

isotopes

3.) Law Of Multiple Proportion "

When two element can combine

to form more than one compound ,

the different masses of one element that combine other element

bear a simple ratio to one another

oxide Mass of G Mass of 0

CO 12 16

(02 12 32
1 :&
ratio of -16 :32-
masses of oxygen
N -

Phosphorous and chlorine form compounds the first contains 22.54

two
by mass of phosphorous and second 14.88% of phosphorous Show
the .

that these data are consistent with law of multiple proportions

D=
compound -
I mass of 22.54g
Mass of A =
77.46g
22.54g of P combine with =
77.46g a
19
72-2%-4
- =

=
3.4384
Compound -

II
mass of P =
14.88g
Man of Cl =
85.12g
14.88g of P combines with =
85.12
gu
combines with
1g of p
8Yj.gg#--5.72gofCl
=

ratio of different masses of a

5,7¥
3. 43 =

1:16
3 :S
The given data illustrates law of multiple
propositions
Lussac 's Law
Gay of combining volumes
•

"

Acc . to this law

at
given temperature and pressure the volumes of all
gaseous
reactants and products bear a simple whole number ratio to
each other .

e.
g Ha (g)
+ Uz →
(g) 2116cg ) ratio of
1 : I :L
11101 .
I v01 .
21101 . v01 .

of gases

Avogadro 's law "

* states that equal '
volume of
gases contain
equal .
Number of molecules
at the same temperature and
pressure

ra Dalton 's Atomic Theory :

John Dalton proposed atomic theory
of matter .
The main points of Dalton Atomic
theory are

e) Matter is made up of
extremely small indivisible particles , called
atoms .

•
1 Atom of same element are identical in all respects i. e
they posses
same size , shape , mass etc .

e) Atoms of different element are different in all respect

• ' Atom is the smallest particle that take part in reaction
•

7 Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed i. e atoms are indestructible

Mole Concept
Mole is Number (Na 6-022×1023 particles )
One equal to Avogadro
=

"
A mole is defined as the amount of substance that contains
as
many particles as these are carbon atoms in exactly
12g of c ?
'
g. Define 1 am u -
C atomic mass unit )
AI Hz the mass of one atom of C- 12 isotopes

"
*
I a. m.cl = 1.66 ✗ to -24g ' '
IUPAC it is
According to
Lama is also
now written
called
as
1
u

Dalton
* in grams
Gram Atomic Mass : Atomic mass of an element
= = =
called atomic mass
gram
Man of 1 atom in g = Gram atomic mass
NA .

# Molecular Mass : It can be defined as the mass

of one molecule
of the compound relative to the c- atom taken
as
exactly .

# Gram Molecular Mass : Molecular mass

of a compound in grams .

called gram molecular mass

molecular compound is
"
6ham mass of any the mass of
G. 022 ✗ 1023 molecules
of the compound .
"

Man of 1 Mole
E-

is
n=W_m =

^¥ =
¥-4b
9. Find total moles in water
no -

of 18g
Sol
. n ? = w= 18 M= 18

9) h
% 187g
=
=
= I Mot .

•
Percentage composition "

To determine %
age of each element in compound
Man %
of an element =
Man of that element ✗ too
Molar man of compound

G. Determine the percentage composition of ferric sulphate redcoats

CAT .

Man of Fe = 56 , 5=32 , 0=16 )

8¥ Moi .
Mass of Fey ( Soa) } = 400 he

Fe
of
III.
i.
28%
=

✗ too
=

1%-5×1
%
90
•
=
48%
- •
=

% ✗ too 24%
of 5
96-4
=
=
. •
 Molecular and Empirical formula

* E¥ * M¥
formula which
Its the formula which express represents the actual
the smallest whole ratio each atom in molecule
no .

of no .

of any
elements

(
Glucose ↳ His 06 Mrf ) $ CHAO CE f)
-

→ →

→ Benzene → ↳ Hf ( Mrf ) $ CH C E. f)

9. Determine the empirical formula and Molecular formula of naphthalene

has following % carbon =
93.71% ,
hydrogen =
6.29% $ Mol Man is
.
128

MY simplest whole no
T.at hcnocfomoled
.

elements man
ratio ratio
c 93.71 12 93^-412=7.8 76.8-29 =
1.24 1.24×4--5
H G. 29 I
6-2911 =
629 6 1×4--4
?÷g :|
a) empirical formula =
G- Hq
b) Mol .
Formula = n C Emp . formula )

n=m÷?ñ→
Do% Bharat Panchal -
Chemistry Guruji 2.0

Expressing concentration of solution :

mass percentage is defined as the mass

It one component
i,
present in
of
100g of solution
Massy .

of component Mass of component

✗ too
=

Man of solution
9 Determine the mass percentage of the 22g of CHU] $
122g CCI 4 .

ii ) volume percentage as It is defined as the volume of one

component in in parts
present of solution
V01 . %
of component : V01 .

of component ✗ 100
Volume of Solan

Iii ) PPMC Parts per million ) It is defined as the parts of

solute present in per million
parts of solution
number of parts of component
ppm =
✗ 106
number of parts of solution
•

Malefactions : -
It is the ratio of number
of moles
of
one component to the total number of
moles of all component .

XA =NA_
hath ☐
1
"B
=n?n%-n,
ha no of moles of solvent
RA= Mole fraction of solvent
§
- -
-

fraction solute hrs = no

of moles of solute
KB : mole of
mole fraction of solution = 1 RATKB =L

)
Molarity (M ) is
the number of moles of solute
•

It
present in per litre of solution called
molarity It is denoted by 'M !
.

Molarity no of moles
of Solute Mef¥
-

v01 of solution in like .

case lil
M=wmB_☐✗,÷y or
M=%☐×Y÷↳
case lie ) when two solutions are mixed but with
same no .

of moles
MY =
Mdk

case ciiil when two solutions with different cone -

are mixed , then the molarity of resulting

solution can be calculated as .

Milli -1 Milk =
My (4+11)
Q How
many moles and how many gram of sodium
chloride C NaCl ) are present in 250 MI of a 0.50M
Nacl solution ?
AE 4--250 MI M -0.50M
n= ? WB ?
-

=
,

WI,
{ :#
n= M ✗ '
☐ ÷÷,
wgg-s.tl;÷ Wrs -73g
0.50
h 7-3158.5=011-5
= =
=
 9 Calculate molarity of a solution ethanol in water
of
in which mole ethanol is
fraction of 0-040 .

Sdi KB = 0.040
( of
moles
nA
)=_ma ÷
no -

wa '
:
of water
✗B =

MBNA + hrs =
55.55
0.040 = hB_ 9 NB = 2.31 MOI Mol
55.55 + hrs

2.31 Moll -1
¥4m
I
molarity of solution
- =
=

Hit A solution is 25% water, 25% ethanol $50 % acetic

acid by mass Calculate the mole
.

fraction of each
component .

Hid what is the molarity of the resulting solution

obtained by mixing 2.5L of 0.5M Urea solution
and 500 mL 2M solution ?
of uoea .

Molality ( m) It is the number of moles

dissolved in
of solute
1kg of solvent .

Its unit is moi kg

"
or molal or m

molality ( m)
wmB_☐✗%¥g
=

Q And the molality of a 15% Solution of Hasan

C density of Hasoq solution 1.020 c. m
-

3)
=
g
Sofa mass
of solute ( WB) =
15g '
Molar mass of 112504 ( Mg) =
98g Mot

molality (m ) =
?
Mass
of solvent( WA )
=
85g

m=wm÷×"w%-g , ¥g✗'%É-
= 1.8 Mold .
Q Out of molarity and
molality which one is unaffected
with increase in
temperature ?
Aus Molarity decreases with the increase in temp .

because it involves volume . On the other hand .

Molality remains unaffected , because it involves

man of solvent only .

# STOICHIOMETRY #
" "
stoichiometry means to measure an element

when a balanced chemical reaction is written .

It
gives quantitative relationship b/w various reactants
and products in terms of mass moles molecules ,
,
and volumes e.g
Caco
} -12 HCl 7 Call , -1 CO2 + Hao
1m01 2m01 1 Mol 1m01 Im -1

100g 73g 111g 44g 188 Coefficient

* coefficient of a balanced chemical eqn are called stoichiometric -

Q If 20g of Caco is treated with HU How

,
20g .

many grams
of CO2 will be produced ?

Sots Caco
,
+ 2116 > call, + CO2 -1110
loog 73g 44g
100g Caco, produce =
-44g CO2
produce g coz
1g Caco, =

9%
Caco produce
20g ,
=

4,4-0×20=8 -8g coz

9 Calculate the mass
of graphite that must be
burnt to produce 13.2g of CO2 .

80¥ C +02 →
cog
12g 44g
-44g CO2 produced on combustion of =
12g goop
1g =
12144 "
"

13^2
=
1-4×13.2 =3 .bg
#
Limiting Reagent # some
consumed
reactants
called
are totally
limiting
see agent . Reaction stops when it is consumed .

* Excess
Reagent # The reactant which is not consumed
completely in the reaction called
excess reagent .

Q Assume that you have 139m01 of Nz and 3. 44m01 .

of the
e) How many moles of NH, can you make
it ) How
many grams of which reactant will be left over
?
Aye Ms -13112 > 2MHz

1m01 3m01 2m01

it 1m01 of N, reacts with = 3 Mol do Ha
" 39 Mol
of Ng reacts with = 3×139--4.17 mad of Ha
But we have 3.44 moi of Ha .
So this limiting
Reagent .

it)•
) 3m01 Ha produce =
2 Mol of NH
,

1m01 of H2 produce =

f- Mol
of MHz
3.44 MOI of Ha Produce '

2-3×3.44 2.29 Mol of Mtf

= =

with =L Mol N
•
) ] Mot tf react of ,

Mot Hz react with Nff

I =

tgrnol of
3. 44 MOI
tg ✗ 3.44 1.15 Molq Nz
- =
=

of Moles
of Nc left
no -

= 1. zq -1.15=0.24 Mot dona

w NXM
Im
=
h =
g
= 0.24×28

=
6.72g of Nc left
Thank
yoke