1ST MEETING EVALUATION TEST
GRAMMAR
Part of Speech Overview
Categorize each word by putting these following
code Pro (pronoun), N (noun), V (verb), Adv
(adverb), Adj (adjective), Prep (Preposition),
Conj (conjunction), Det (determiner), or Num
(Numeral) in the bracket right after the word!
1. Our (…) eyes (…) evolved (…) through
(…) natural (…) selection (…).
2. Grocke (…) and (…) her (…) colleagues
(…) finally (…) arrived (…) at (…) the (…)
caldera (…).
3. In (…) the (…) West (…) African (…),
diamonds (…) have (…) been (…) mined
(…) from (…) rivers (…) and (…) streams
(…) for (…) some (…) 80 (…) years (…).
Pronoun
Underline each pronoun you find in the
following sentences! Then categorize their
syntactical function!
1. Unfortunately, they don’t bring you
your food when it is hot.
2. Say, haven’t I seen you somewhere
before?
3. Last semester, we both took European
History.
4. Jeremy loves to play soccer, so I had his
brother go to a store in the suburbs and
get him this great soccer ball.
5. Do you think Jeremy will let me borrow
it some time?
6. Did you see that bird fly right past us?
7. I am so unhappy with my test results.
8. Well, I am not exactly dissatisfied with
mine.
9. Let’s continue our talk about Harriet
Beecher Stowe.
10. Don’t let our customers go. Serve them
quickly!
Change these underlined phrases with the
proper pronoun!
1. Fikri is my friend.
2. Today is my mother’s birthday party.
3. The doctor asked the patients to take
medicines.
4. Ririn and Ivan bought a new car.
5. My outfit is brighter than Alika’s.
6. The accident happened in T-junction
near cinema.
7. The vet are examining the injured dogs.
8. Can you take me and my sister to the
hospital?
9. Money, jewelry, and car will never
define your worth.
10. My brother and I bought a special
present for our parents’ anniversary.
Fill in the blank the most suitable pronoun to
complete the following conversations!
Man : I’m Janie Foster’s father. I got a call
that she’d been in an accident. Is (1) … all right?
Woman : Oh, yes, Mr. Foster. As I said on the
phone, it’s nothing serious. She
was more frightened than hurt.
We’d like (2) … permission to take
a couple of x-rays, though, just to
be absolutely sure.
Man : Of course. Can you tell (3) … how
(4) … happened?
Woman : Apparently she was coming down
that steep hill near the school. She
couldn’t stop (5) … bike in time
when the light changed. The driver
saw her coming and stopped in the
intersection, but she coasted right
into (5) … car.
Man : Great! I’ll probably wind up paying
for damage to the car! Can I see (6)
… now?
Woman : Surely. She’s in the waiting room.
READING
Passage 1
The cause of tooth decay is acid, which is
produced by bacteria in the mouth. The acid
removes minerals from tooth enamel, allowing
tooth decay to begin; the saliva in your mouth
encourages remineralization and neutralizes the
acid. The rate at which bacteria in the mouth
produce acid depends on the amount of plaque
on the teeth, the composition of the microbial
flora, and whether the bacteria of the plaque
have been “primed” by frequent exposure to
sugar. To keep your teeth healthy, a regular
dental hygiene program should be followed.
Removing plaque with a toothbrush and
dental floss temporarily reduces the numbers of
bacteria in the mouth and thus reduces tooth
decay. It also makes the surfaces of the teeth
more accessible, enabling saliva to neutralize
acid and remineralize lesions. If fluoride is
present in drinking water when teeth are
forming, some fluoride is incorporated into the
enamel of the teeth, making them more
resistant to attack by acid. Fluoride toothpaste
seems to act in another way, by promoting the
remineralization of early carious lesions.
In addition to a regular dental hygiene
program, a good way to keep your teeth
healthy is to reduce your intake of sweet food.
The least cavity-causing way to eat sweets is to
have them with meals and not between. The
number of times you eat sweets rather than the
total amount determines how much harmful
acid the bacteria in your saliva produce.
However, the amount of sweet influences the
quality of your saliva. Avoid, if you can, the
sticky sweets that stay in your mouth for a long
time. Also try to brush and floss your teeth after
eating sugary foods. Even rinsing your mouth
with water is also effective. Whenever possible,
eat food with fiber, such as raw carrot sticks,
apples, celery sticks, etc. that scrape off plaque
like a toothbrush. Cavities can be greatly
reduced if these rules are followed when eating
sweets.
What does this passage mainly discuss?
A. Good nutrition
B. Food with fiber
C. Ways to keep your teeth healthy
D. Fluoridization and Cavities
Passage 2
Until recently, most American
entrepreneurs were men. Discrimination
against women in business, the demands of
caring for families, and lack of business training
had kept the number of women entrepreneurs
small. Now, however, business owned by
women account for more than $40 billion in
annual revenues, and this figure is likely to
continue rising throughout the 1990s. as
Carolyn Doppelt Gray, an official of the Small
Business Administration, has noted, “The 1970s
was the decade of women entering
management, and the 1980s turned out to be
the decade of the woman entrepreneur”.
What are some of the factors behind this
trend? For one thing, as more women earn
advanced degrees in business and enter the
corporate world, they are finding obstacles.
Women are still excluded from most executive
suites. Charlotte Taylor, a management
consultant, had noted, “In the 1970s women
believed if they got an MBA and worked hard
they could become chairman of the board.
Now, they’ve found out that isn’t going to
happen, so they go out on their own.”
In the past, most women entrepreneurs
worked in “women’s” fields: cosmetics and
clothing, for example. But this is changing.
Consider ASK Computer Systems, a $22-million-
a-year computer software business. It was
founded in 1973 by Sandra Kurtzig, who was
then a housewife with degrees in math and
engineering. When Kurtzig founded the
business, her first product was software that let
weekly newspapers keep tabs on their
newspaper carriers and her office was a
bedroom at home, with a shoebox under the
bed to hold the company’s cash. After she
succeeded with the newspaper software
system, she hired several bright computer-
science graduates to develop additional
programs. When these were marketed and sold,
ASK began to grow. It now has 200 employees,
and Sandra Kurtzig owns $66 million of stock.
Of course, many women who start their
own business fail, just as men often do. They
still face hurdles in the business world,
especially problems in raising money; the
banking and finance world is still dominated by
men, and old attitudes die hard. Most business
owned by women are still quite small. But the
situation is changing; there are likely to be
many more Sandra Kurtzig in the years ahead.
What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Women today are better educated than
in the past, making them more
attractive to the business world.
B. The computer is especially lucrative for
women today.
C. Women are better at small business
than men are.
D. Women today are opening more
business of their own.
Passage 3
The rapid transcontinental settlement and these
new urban industrial circumstances of the last
half of the 19th century were accompanied by
the development of a national literature of
great abundance and variety. New themes, new
forms, new subjects, new regions, new authors,
new audiences all emerged in the literature of
this half century. As a result, at the onset of
World War I, the spirit and substance of
American literature had evolved remarkably,
just as its center of production had shifted from
Boston to New York in the late 1880s and the
sources of its energy to Chicago and the
Midwest. No longer was it produced, at least in
its popular forms, in the main by solemn,
typically moralistic men from New England and
the Old South; no longer were polite, well-
dressed, grammatically correct, middle-class
young people the only central characters in its
narratives; no longer were these narratives to
be set in exotic places and remote times; no
longer, indeed, were fiction, poetry, drama, and
formal history the chief acceptable forms of
literary expression; no longer, finally was
literature read primarily by young, middle-class
women. In sum, American literature in these
years fulfilled in considerable measure the
condition Walt Whitman called for in 1867 in
describing Leaves of Grass: it treats, he said of
his own major work, each state and region as
peers “and expands from them, and includes
the world… connecting an American citizen with
the citizens of all nations.” At the same time,
these years saw the emergence of what has
been designated “the literature of argument,”
powerful works in sociology, philosophy,
psychology, many of them impelled by the spirit
of exposure and reform. Just as America
learned to play a role in this half century as an
autonomous international political, economic,
and military power, so did its literature
establish itself as a producer of major works.
The main idea of this passage is …
A. that the new American literature was
less provincial than the old
B. that World War I caused a dramatic
change in America
C. that centers of culture shifted from East
to West
D. that most people were wary of the new
literature
Passage 4
Scientist do not yet thoroughly
understand just how the body of an individual
becomes sensitive to a substance that is
harmless or even whole some for the average
person. Milk, wheat, and egg, for example, rank
among the most healthful and widely used
foods. Yet these foods can cause person
sensitive to them to suffer greatly. At first, the
body of the individual is not harmed by coming
into contact with the substance. After a varying
interval of time, usually longer than a few
weeks, the body becomes sensitive to it, and an
allergy has begun to develop. Sometimes it’s
hard to figure out if you have a food allergy,
since it can show up so many different ways.
Your symptoms could be caused by many
other problems. You may have rashes, hives,
joint pains mimicking arthritis, headaches,
irritability, or depression. The most common
food allergies are to milk, eggs, seafood, wheat,
nuts, seeds, chocolate, oranges, and tomatoes.
Many of these allergies will not develop if these
foods are not fed to an infant until her or his
intestines mature at around seven months.
Breast milk also tends to be protective.
Migraines can be set off by foods containing
tyramine, phenethylamine, monosodium
glutamate, or sodium nitrate. Common foods
which contain these are chocolate, aged
cheeses, sour cream, red wine, pickled herring,
chicken livers, avocados, ripe bananas, cured
meats, many Oriental and prepared foods (read
the labels!). Some people have been successful
in treating their migraines with supplements of
B-vitamins, particularly B6 and niacin.
Children who are hyperactive may benefit
from eliminating food additives, especially
colorings, and foods high in salicylates from
their diets. A few of these are almonds, green
peppers, peaches, tea, grapes. This is the diet
made popular by Benjamin Feingold, who was
written the book Why your Child is 30
Hyperactive. Other researchers have had mixed
results when testing whether the diet is
effective.
The topic of this passage is …
A. reaction to foods
B. food and nutrition
C. infants and allergies
D.a good diet
Passage 5
The reasons for the extinction of a
species and for the rapid rates of change in our
environment are currently the focus of much
scientific research. An individual species’
susceptibility to extinction depends on at least
two things: the taxon (the biological group –
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, or genus)
to which a species belongs, and the overall rate
of environmental change. Fossil evidence shows
that more mammals and birds become extinct
than do mollusks or insects. Studies of the
extinction of the dinosaurs and other reptiles
during the Cretaceous Period show that a
changing environment affect different taxa in
different ways. Some may be dramatically
affected, others less so.
The best way to answer the question of
what causes extinction is to combine fields of
inquiry and a variety of viewpoints. Using the
fossil record and historical documentation, the
different rates of the extinction of various taxa
and different responses to environmental
change can be detected. Then the evolutionary
development of different species can be
compared, and traits that may be
disadvantageous can be singled out. Finally,
researchers can use mathematical formulae to
determine whether a population is likely to
adapt itself to the changing environment or
disappear. Hopefully, as more of this
information is collected, specialists in different
fields e.g. physiological and behavioral ecology,
population ecology, community ecology,
evolutionary biology and systematics,
biogeography, and paleobiology – will work
together to make predictions about the broader
changes that might occur in the ecosystem.
Which of the following is the main topic of the
passage?
A. Assessment of the work of specialists
concerned with ecology
B. A discussion of possible causes of
extinction, and ways to make
predictions about environmental
change
C. The changing aspects of our environment
D.A comparison of the extinction rates of
different taxa
LISTENING
Part A
1. A. It was nicer when she moved in.
B. It was hard to find.
C. It was not a nice place at first.
D. The man has seen it before.
2. A. He won’t hire anyone.
B. The woman won’t get the job.
C. The job application was incomplete.
D. He can’t tell her anything.
3. A. The man should talk to his mother.
B. The man should call his mother.
C. The man’s mother will not be in.
D. Anyone could call his mother.
4. A. He doesn’t like rain.
B. He likes soccer very much.
C. The game isn’t important.
D. He doesn’t like to watch soccer.
5. A. She looks old enough.
B. She looks younger than 21.
C. The man looks older than she does.
D. She looks older than 21
6. A. He enjoys sports.
B. He doesn’t like his team.
C. He doesn’t want to lose.
D. He is not athletic.
7. A. Wait for better weather.
B. Don’t skate so early.
C. Skate with a friend.
D. He is not athletic.
8. A. at a restaurant
B. in a kitchen
C. at a theater
D. at a grocery store
9. A. She has never seen the man.
B. She doesn’t know any European
history.
C. She and the man were classmates.
D. She doesn’t remember the man.
10. A. Jeremy’s brother
B. Jeremy
C. the woman
D. the man
2ND MEETING EVALUATION TEST
GRAMMAR
Noun
Circle each noun you find by considering the morphological characteristics!
1. intelligent intelligence
2. develop development developmental developed
3. friend friendly friendship
4. happy happily happiness
5. believe belief believable unbelievable
6. water watery to water
7. relate related relation relationship
8. health healthy
9. immune immunity immunization
10. history historic historical historian
11. educate educating educated education educator
12. linguist linguistic linguistics
13. type typing typical typically
14. phenomenon phenomenal
15. arrive arriving arrived arrival

Underline each word you consider as noun in the following sentences!

1. Eva played a small role in the background of the movie.
2. Samuel just got angry with his teammates.
3. A solar eclipse happens when the moon passed in front of the sun.
4. The city of London was founded by the Romans on the year of 43 AD.
5. Alice Walker has written books of poetry and short stories, a biography, and several novels.
6. In the human body, blood flows from a heart through the arteries, and it returns through the veins.
7. Needles are simple looking tools, but they are very relatively difficult to make.
8. Before diamonds can be used as jewels, they must be cut and polished.
9. Quinine, cinnamon, and other useful substances are all derived of the bark of trees.
10. Although it can be derived from oil, coal, and tar, kerosene is usually produced by refine it from
petroleum.
11. Improvements in people’s health are due to in part to advances in medical care and better sanitary.
12. A couple of the most frequently used methods that florists use to tint flowers are the spray method
or the absorption method.
13. The arrangement of keys on the keyboard of a personal computer is nearly identical to those on a
standard typewriter.
14. Fred Astaire and Gene Kelly were known as tap dancers before they both started to add some ballet
movements to their dance steps.
15. The plants of the deserts are so spaced widely because of a scarcity of water that there is little or
no competition for water among them.
16. In early days hydrochloric acid was done by heating a mixture of sodium chloride with iron sulfate.
17. In rich countries, water consumption has gradually been slow down by price increases and the use
of modern technology and recycling.
18. The media image of paleontologists which study prehistoric life is often of field of workers camped
in the desert in the hot sun, carefully picking away at the rock surrounding a large dinosaur bone.
19. As for other uses of pines, their branches are valued as Christmas trees, and their wood is also
pulped in factories for paper and chipboard production.
20. If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars, it would make no difference to
us whether we were out and about at night or during the day, the midnight world as visible to us as
it is to the vast number of nocturnal species on this planet.

READING
Passage 1
The period of the American Revolution was a time of contrasts in American fashion. In urban
centers, women enjoyed a wide range of expression in the fashions available to them, even though
shortages might force a young lady to wear an outfit made from the bright red uniform of her British
beau. The patriots, however, tended to scorn fashion as frivolous in time of war. In remote areas,
patriotic groups led boycotts of British goods and loomed their own woolen cloth.
In selecting clothes, stylish American ladies depended on “fashion babies” –foot-high dolls
illustrating the latest Paris styles. This infatuation with the fashion trends of the “continent” remained
intact well into the twentieth century. Indeed, even today, New York’s fashion industry has not fully
escaped the tyranny of French design.
Mourning garments were almost impossible to obtain since black cloth had to be imported from
England; black arm bands were introduced as a substitute. Gauze, indispensable for petticoats, aprons,
and ladies’ headgear, was also in short supply. There was also a taste for outlandish accessories and
fanciful detailing: feathers in hats, elaborate buttons, and gaudily patterned fabrics. These excesses
were called “macaroni” and are immortalized in the song Yankee Doodle.

Which of the following is the most appropriate title for this passage?
A. A Revolution in Fashion
B. Clothing Shortages of the Revolution
C. Clothing Styles in Revolutionary America
D. Conflict in the Fashion Industry

Passage 2
Sapphira and the Slave Girl was the last novel of Willa Cather’s illustrious literary career. Although
the story takes place in 1856, well before her own birth, she drew heavily on both vivid childhood
memories and tales handed down by older relatives to describe life in rural northern Virginia in the
middle of the nineteenth century.
Of Cather’s novels, Sapphira and the Slave Girl is the one most concerned with providing an
overall picture of day-to-day life in a specific era. A number of the novel’s characters, it would seem, are
included in the story only because they are representative of the types of people found in 19 th century
rural Virginia; indeed, a few of them play no part whatsoever in the unfolding of the plot. For instance,
we are introduced to a poor white woman, Mandy Ringer, who is portrayed as intelligent and content,
despite the fact that she has no formal education and must toil constantly in the fields.
The title, however, accurately reflects that the novel is mainly about slavery. Cather’s attitude
toward this institution may best be summed up as somewhat ambiguous. On the one hand, she displays
almost total indifference to the legal and political aspects of slavery when she misidentifies certain
crucial dates in its growth and development. She never really offers a direct condemnation of slavery.
Yet the evil that was slavery gets through to us in her typically subtle ways. Characters like Mrs. Blake
who oppose the institution are portrayed in a sympathetic light. Furthermore, the suffering of the slaves
themselves and the petty, nasty and often cruel behavior of the slave owners are painted in stark terms.
What is the main topic of this passage?
A. Cather’s anti-slavery stance
B. The backdrop of Cather’s last novel
C. Cather’s strangely titled novel
D. Life in the Virginia country

Passage 3
Glass fibers have a long history. The Egyptians made coarse fibers by 1600 B.C., and fibers survive
as decorations on Egyptian pottery dating back to 1357 B.C. During the Renaissance (fifteenth and
sixteenth centuries A.D.), glassmakers from Venice used glass fibers to decorate the surfaces of plain
glass vessels. However, glassmakers guarded their secrets so carefully that no one wrote about glass
fiber production until the early seventeenth century.
The eighteenth century brought the invention of “spun glass” fibers. Rene-Antoine de Reamur, a
French scientist, tried to make artificial feathers from glass. He made fibers by rotating a wheel through
a pool of molten glass, pulling threads of glass where the hot thick liquid stuck to the wheel. His fibers
were short and fragile, but he predicted that spun glass fibers as thin as spider silk would be flexible and
could be woven into fabric. By the start of the nineteenth century, glassmakers learned how to make
longer, stronger fibers by pulling them from molten glass with a hot glass tube. Inventors wound the
cooling end of the thread around a yarn reel, then turned the reel rapidly to pull more fiber from the
molten glass. Wandering tradespeople began to spin glass fibers at fairs, making decorations and
ornaments as novelties for collector, but this material was of little practical use; the fibers were brittle,
ragged, and no longer than ten feet, the circumference of the largest reel. By the mid-19870s, however,
the best glass fibers were finer than silk and could be woven into fabrics or assembled into imitation
ostrich feathers to decorate hats. Cloth of white spun glass resembled silver; fibers drawn from yellow-
orange glass looked golden.
Glass fibers were little more than a novelty until the 1930s, when their thermal and electrical
insulating properties were appreciated and methods for producing continuous filaments were
developed. In the modern manufacturing process, liquid glass is fed directly from a glass-melting furnace
into a bushing, a receptacle pierced with hundreds of fine nozzles, from which the liquid issues in fine
streams. As they solidify, the streams of glass are gathered into a single strand and wound onto a reel.

Which of the following aspects of glass fiber does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The major developments in its production
B. Its relationship with pottery making
C. Important inventors in its long history
D. The variety of its uses in modern industry

Passage 4
The most thoroughly studied cases of deception strategies employed by ground-nesting birds
involve plovers, small birds that typically nest on beaches or in open fields, their nests merely scrapes in
the sand or earth. Plovers also have an effective repertoire of tricks for distracting potential nest
predators from their exposed and defenseless eggs or chicks. The ever watchful plover can detect a
possible threat at a considerable distance. When she does, the nesting bird moves inconspicuously off
the nest to a spot well away from eggs or chicks. At this point she may use one of several ploys. One
technique involves first moving quietly toward an approaching animal and then setting off noisily
through the grass or brush in a low, crouching run away from the nest, while emitting rodent like
squeaks.
 The effect mimics a scurrying mouse or vole, and the behavior rivets the attention of the type of
predators that would also be interested in eggs and chicks. Another deception begins with quiet
movement to an exposed and visible location well away from the nest. Once there, the bird pretends to
incubate a brood. When the predator approaches, the parent flees, leaving the false nest to be
searched. The direction in which the plover “escapes” in such that if the predator chooses to follow, it
will be led still further away from the true nest.
The plover’s most famous stratagem is the broken-wing display, actually a continuum of injury-
mimicking behaviors spanning the range from slight disability to near-complete helplessness. One or
both wings are held in an abnormal position, suggesting injury. The bird appears to be attempting
escape along an irregular route that indicates panic. In the most extreme version of the display, the bird
flaps one wing in an apparent attempt to take to the air, flops over helplessly, struggles back to its feet,
runs away a short distance, seemingly attempts once more to take off, flops over again as the “useless”
wing fails to provide any lift, and so on. Few predators fail to pursue such obviously vulnerable prey.
Needless to say, each short run between “flight attempts” is directed away from the nest.

What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. The nest-building technique of plovers
B. How predators search for plovers
C. The strategies used by plovers to deceive predators
D. Why plovers are vulnerable to predators

Passage 5
Geographers say that what defines a place are four properties: soil, climate, altitude, and aspect,
or attitude to the Sun. Florida’s ancient scrub demonstrates this principle. Its soil is pure silica, so barren
it supports only lichens as ground cover. It does, however, sustain a sand-swimming lizard that cannot
live where there is moisture or plant matter the soil. Its climate, despite more than 50 inches of annual
rainfall, is blistering desert plant life it can sustain is only the xerophytic, the quintessentially dry. Its
altitude is a mere couple of hundred feet, but it is high ground on a peninsula elsewhere close to sea
level, and its drainage is so critical that a difference of inches in elevation can bring major changes in its
plant communities. Its aspect is flat, direct, brutal and subtropical. Florida’s surrounding lushness cannot
impinge on its desert scrubbiness.
This does not sound like an attractive place. It does not look much like one either; Shrubby little
oaks, clumps of scraggly bushes, prickly pear, thorns, and tangles. “It appear,” said one early naturalist,
“to desire to display the result of the misery through which it has passed and is passing.” By our narrow
standards, scrub is not beautiful; neither does it meet our selfish utilitarian needs. Even the name is an
epithet, a synonym for the stunted, the scruffy, the insignificant, what is beautiful about such a place?
The most important remaining patches of scrub lie along the Lake Wales Ridge, a chain of paleo
islands running for a hundred miles down the center of Florida, in most places less than ten miles wide.
It is relict seashore, tossed up millions of years ago when ocean levels were higher and the rest of the
peninsula was submerged. That ancient emergence is precisely what makes Lake Wales Ridge so
precious: it has remained unsubmerged, its ecosystems essentially undisturbed, since the Miocene era.
As a result, it has gathered to itself one of the largest collections of rare organisms in the world. Only
about 75 plant species survive there, but at least 30 of these are found nowhere else on Earth.

What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. How geographers define a place
B. The characteristics of Florida’s ancient scrub
C. An early naturalist’ opinion of Florida
D. The history of the Lake Wales Ridge

Passage 6
The economic depression in the late-nineteenth-century United States contributed significantly to
a growing movement in literature toward realism and naturalism. After the 1870’s, a number of
important authors began to reject the romanticism that had prevailed immediately following the Civil
War of 1861-1865 and turned instead to realism. Determined to portray life as it was, with fidelity to
real life and accurate representation without idealization, they studied local dialects, wrote stories
which focused on life in specific regions of the country, and emphasized the “true” relationships
between people. In doing so, they reflected broader trends in the society, such as industrialization,
evolutionary theory which emphasized the effect of the environment on humans, and the influence of
science.
Realists such as Joel Chandler Harris and Ellen Glasgow depicted life in the South; Hamlin Garland
described life on the Great Plains; and Sarah One Jewett wrote about everyday life in rural New England.
Another realist, Bret Harte, achieved fame with stories that portrayed local life in the California mining
camps. Samuel Clemens, who adopted the pen name Mark Twain, became the country’s most
outstanding realist author, observing life around him with a humorous and skeptical eye. In his stories
and novels, Twain drew on his own experiences and used dialect and common speech instead of literary
language, touching off a major change in American prose style. Other writers became impatient even
with realism. Pushing evolutionary theory to its limits, they wrote of a world in which a cruel and
merciless environment determined human fate. These writers, called naturalists, often focused on
economic hardship, studying people struggling with poverty, and other aspects of urban and industrial
life. Naturalists brought to their writing a passion for direct and honest experience.
Theodore Dreiser, the foremost naturalist writer, in novel such as Sister Carrie, grimly portrayed a
dark world in which human beings were tossed about by forces beyond their understanding or control.
Dreiser thought that writers should tell the truth about human affairs, not fabricate romance, and Sister
Carrie, he said, was “not intended as a piece of literary craftsmanship, but was a picture of conditions.”

Which aspect of late-nineteenth century United States literature does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The influence of science on literature
B. The importance of dialects for realist writers
C. The emergence of realism and naturalism
D. The effects of industrialization on romanticism

Passage 7
In 1900 the United States had only three cities with more than a million residents-New York,
Chicago, and Philadelphia. By 1930, it had ten giant metropolises. The newer ones experienced
remarkable growth, which reflected basic changes in the economy. The population of Los Angeles
(114,000 in 1900) rose spectacularly in the early decades of the twentieth century, increasing a dramatic
1,400 percent from 1900 to 1930.
A number of circumstances contributed to the meteoric rise of Los Angeles. The agricultural
potential of the area was enormous if water for irrigation could be found, and the city founders had the
vision and dating to obtain it by constructing a 225 mile aqueduct, completed in 1913, to tap the water
of the Owens River. The city had a superb natural harbor, as well as excellent rail connections. The
climate made it possible to shoot motion pictures year-round; hence Hollywood. Hollywood not only
supplied jobs; it disseminated an image of the good life in Southern California on screens all across the
nation. The most important single industry powering the growth of Los Angeles, however, was directly
linked to the automobile. The demand for petroleum to fuel gasoline engines led to the opening of the
Southern California oil fields, and made Los Angeles North America’s greatest refining center.
Los Angeles was a product of the auto age in another sense as well: its distinctive spatial
organization depended on widespread private ownership of automobiles. Los Angeles was a
decentralized metropolis, sprawling across the desert landscape over an area of 400 square miles. It was
a city without a real center. The downtown business district did not grow apace with the city as a whole,
and the rapid transit system designed to link the center with outlying areas withered away from disuse.
Approximately 800,000 cars were registered in Los Angeles County in 1930, one per 2.7 residents. Some
visitors from the east coast were dismayed at the endless urban sprawl and dismissed Los Angeles as a
mere collection of suburbs in search of a city. But the freedom and mobility of a city built on wheels
attracted floods of migrants to the city.

What is the passage mainly about?

A. The growth of cities in the United States in early 1900’s
B. The development of the Southern California oil fields
C. Factor contributing to the growth of Los Angeles
D. Industry and city planning in Los Angeles

Passage 8
Often enough the craft worker’s place of employment in ancient Greece was set in rural isolation.
Potter for instance, found it convenient to locate their workshops near their source of clay, regardless of
its relation to the center of settlement, at Corinth and Athens, however, two of the best-known potters’
quarters were situated on the cities’ outskirts, and potters and makers of terra-cotta figurines were also
established well within the city of Athens itself. The techniques of pottery manufacture had evolved well
before the Greek period, but marked stylistic developments occurred in shape and in decoration, for
example, in the interplay of black and other glazes with the red surface of the fired pot. Athenian black-
figure and red-figure decoration, which emphasized human figures rather than animal images, was
adopted between 630 and 530 B.C. its distinctive color and luster were the result of the skillful
adjustments of the kiln’s temperature during an extended three-stage period of firing the clayware.
Whether it was the potters or the vase-painters who initiated changes in firing is unclear; the functions
of making and decorating were usually divided between them, but neither group can have been so
specialized that they did not share in the concerns of the other.
The broad utility of terra-cotta was such that workers in clay could generally afford to confine
themselves to either decorate ware and housewares like cooking pots and storage jars or building
materials like roof tiles and drainpipes. Some sixth-and fifth century B.C. Athenian pottery
establishments are known to have concentrated on a limited range of fine ware, but a rural pottery
establishment on the island of Thasos produced many types of pottery and roof tiles too, presumably to
meet local demand. Molds were used to create particular effects for some products, such as relief-
decorated vessels and figurines; for other products such as roof tiles, which were needed in some
quantity, they were used to facilitate mass production. There were also a number of poor quality
figurines and painted pots produced in quantity by easy, inexpensive means as numerous featureless
statuettes and unattractive cases testify.

The passage mainly discusses ancient Greek pottery and its …

A. production technique
B. similarity to other crafts
C. unusual materials
D. resemblance to earlier pottery
Passage 9
Because the low latitudes of the Earth, the areas near the equator receive more heat than the
latitudes near the poles, and because the nature of heat is to expand and move. Heat is transported
from the tropics to the middle and high latitudes. Some of this heat is moved by winds and some by
ocean currents, and some gets stored in the atmosphere in the form of latent heat. The term “latent
heat” refers to the energy that has to be used to convert liquid water to water vapor. We know that if
we warm a pan of water on a stove, it will evaporate, or turn into vapor, faster than if it is allowed to sit
at room temperature. We also know that if we hang wet clothes outside in the summer time they will
dry faster than in winter, when temperature are colder. The energy used in both cases to change liquid
water to water vapor is supplied by heat – supplied by the stove in the first case and by the Sun in the
latter case. This energy is nor lost. It is stored in water vapor in the atmosphere as latent heat.
Eventually, the water stored as vapor in the atmosphere will condense to liquid again, and the energy
will be released to the atmosphere.
In the atmosphere, a large portion of the Sun’s incoming energy is used to evaporate Water,
primarily in the tropical oceans. Scientists have tried to quantify this proportion of the Sun’s energy. By
analyzing temperature, water vapor, and wind data around the globe, they have estimated the quantity
to be about 90 watts per square meter, or nearly 30 percent of the Sun’s energy. Once this latent heat is
stored within the atmosphere, it can be transported, primarily to higher latitudes, by prevailing, large-
scale winds. Or it can be transported vertically to higher levels in the atmosphere, where it forms clouds
and subsequent storms, which then release the energy back to the atmosphere.

The passage mainly discusses how heat …

A. is transformed and transported in the Earth’s atmosphere
B. is transported by ocean currents
C. can be measured and analyzed by scientists
D. moves about the Earth’s equator

Passage 10
The Moon, which has undergone a distinct and complex geological history, presents a striking
appearance. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the Maria (darklowlands) and the
terrace (bright highlands). The contrast in the reflectivity (the capability of reflecting light of these two
terrains suggested to many early observes that two terrains might have different compositions, and this
supposition was confirmed by missions to the Moon such as Surveyor and Apollo. One of the most
obvious differences between the terrains is the smoothness of the Maria in contrast to the roughness of
the highlands. This roughness is mostly caused by the abundance of craters; the highlands are
completely covered by large craters (greater than 40-50 km in diameter), while the craters of the Maria
tend to be much smaller. It is now known that the vast majority of the Moon’s craters were formed by
the impact of solid bodies with the lunar surface.
Most of the near side of the Moon was thoroughly mapped and studied from telescopic pictures
years before the age of space exploration. Earth-based telescopes can resolve objects as small as a few
hundred meters on the lunar surface. Close observation of craters, combined with the way the Moon
diffusely reflects sunlight, led to the understanding that the Moon is covered by a surface layer or
regolith that overlies the solid rock of the Moon. Telescopic image permitted the cataloging of a
bewildering array of land forms. Craters were studied for clues to their origin; the large circular Maria
were seen. Strange, sinuous features were observed in the Maria. Although various land forms were
catalogued, the majority of astronomers‘ attention was fixed on craters and their origins.
Astronomers have known for a fairly long time that the shape of craters changes as they increase
in size. Small craters with diameters of less than 10-15 km have relatively simple shapes. They have rim
crests that are elevated above the surrounding
terrain, smooth, bowl-shaped interiors, and
depths that are about one-fifth to one-sixth
their diameters. The complexity of shape
increases for larger craters.
What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. What astronomers learned from the
Surveyor and Apollo space missions
B. Characteristics of the major terrains of the
Moon
C. The origin of the Moon’s craters
D. Techniques used to catalogue the Moon’s
land forms
LISTENING
1. Man : I would have called if I had
thought it would help.
Woman : Oh well. Thanks anyway for
thinking of us.
Narrator : What does the woman say
about the man’s call?
A. She’s glad he called.
B. She thought he would call.
C. She’s angry because he didn’t call.
D. She doesn’t mind that he didn’t call.
2. Woman : Watch out for that low
overpass.
Man : I see it. We can clear it, no
problem.
Narator : Where does this conversation
probably take place?
A. in an airplane
B. in a truck
C. at a sporting event
D. in a department store
3. Man : I’m so unhappy with my test
results.
Woman : Well, I’m not exactly dissatisfied
with mine, and anyway, there’s always
next time.
Narrator : What does the man say about
his test results?
A. He is very unhappy with the test.
B. He doesn’t have another chance to take
the test.
C. He plans on taking the test again.
D. He is satisfied with the score.
4. Woman : Did you see that bird fly right
pass us?
Man : No, I was having enough trouble
just walking down the trail.
Narrator : Where does this conversation
probably take place?
A. in the woods
B. at a library
C. at a soccer game
D. in a restaurant
5. Man : How was your trip to the state
park?
Woman : What a great place!
Narrator : What does the woman say
about her trip?
A. She found a great parking place.
B. The park was wonderful.
C. She didn’t enjoy the trip.
D. She could not find the place.
6. Woman : Did you find it expensive to
vacation in Europe?
Man : Not really; once you get to
know it, you learn how to save money.
Narrator : What does the man mean?
A. He actually earned money in Europe.
B. It’s impossible to save money there.
C. He doesn’t know much about the cost.
D. Europe is not that expensive.
7. Man : Chris has a really neat car,
doesn’t she?
Woman : Are you kidding? I’d die for a car
like that!
Narrator : What does the woman mean?
A. She thinks the man is joking.
B. She thinks the car is dangerous.
C. It’s the kind of car she wants.
D. The car is very unappealing to her.
8. Woman : I don’t like it when Joe puts
ketchup on his steak!
 Man : Why?
Narrator : What does the man want to
know?
A. why Joe‘s mistakes bother her
B. why Joe eats that way
C. how Joe would correct his mistake
D. why Joe’s habit upsets her

9. Man : I got a great deal on these

books.
Woman : Yes, I believe this one has been
out of print for years.
Narrator : What does this woman mean?
A. The book is no longer I most stores.
B. The book was written many years ago.
C. She’s been looking for the book for
years.
D. He doesn’t have it now.

10. Woman : Do you think I could borrow ten

dollars until Thursday?
Man : Why not? It’s not a big deal.
Narrator : What does the man say about
the money?
A. He’s willing to make a deal.
B. He will give it to her.
C. He wants to know why she needs it.
D. He doesn’t have it now.
3RD MEETING EVALUATION TEST
GRAMMAR
A. Circle each adjective you find by considering the morphological characteristics!
1. Anonymize Anonymization Anonymous
2. Believe Believable Belief Believer
3. Fish Fisherman Fishy
4. Practice Practical Practitioner
5. Differ Different Difference
6. Means Meaning Meaningful
7. Science Scientist Scientific
8. Impress Impression Impressive
9. End Ending Endless
10. Imagine Imagination Imaginative
11. Place Replace Replacement Irreplaceable
12. Recommend Recommended Recommendation
13. Bore Bored Boredom Boring
14. Stupid Stupidly Stupidity Stupider Stupidest
15. Health Healthy Healthily

B. Underline each word you consider as adjective based on the syntactical characteristics in the
following sentences!
1. You are careful about everyone else, but careless about your own safety.
2. A young lady is wearing an outfit made from the bright red uniform.
3. Mourning garments were almost impossible to obtain.
4. One of the most successful communal experiments in the New World was that of the Shakers.
5. Today, pick pocketing is one of the most rapidly increasing crimes.
6. Police officials say that the most efficient pickpockets come from South America.
7. Even the most well-dressed, respectable person may be a pickpocket.
8. Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics.
9. The evolutionary development of the different species can be compared, and traits that may be
disadvantageous can be singled out.
10. Gradually, as they became more skilled at gardening, they settled into permanent villages and
developed a rich culture, characterized by the great earthen mounds they erected.

READING
Passage 1
Very often the human’s eye and brain can recognize familiar configurations ever if all but a few
significant data points are left out. It is this creative power of perception that may someday allow
profoundly deaf people to converse in sign language over a special telephone. Researchers have found
that L, thirteen spots of light on each hand and one spot on the nose-to show head motion and provide
a reference point for hand position-are sufficient for intelligible rendering of American Sign Language.
The bright spots are produced by attaching pieces of reflective tape to the nose, fingertips, wrists, and
backs of the second knuckles and adjusting a closed-circuit television system so that only the bright
spots appear on the screen of the receiver. After a few minutes of familiarization, pairs of deaf people
are able to converse freely over television. Deaf people and other sign readers can, of course,
understand sign language and written subtitles on commercial television. But widespread link ups of
television systems to personal communications are economically impossible because a standard picture
requires about one thousand times more information than a telephone circuit can carry. The
researchers think it likely that the simplified picture of twenty – seven moving dots used in their
experiments can be reduced to the capacity of a telephone line.

Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage …
A. A New Application of Commercial Television
B. A Telephone for Deaf People
C. Capabilities of the Human Eyes and Brain
D. The Advantages of Sign Language

Passage 2
The first English attempts to colonize North America were controlled by individuals rather than
companies. Sir Humphrey Gilbert was the first Englishman to send colonists to the New World. His trial
expedition, which sailed in 1578 with a patent granted by Queen Elizabeth was defeated by the Spanish.
A second attempt ended in disaster in 1583, when Gilbert and his ship were lost in a storm. In the
following year, Gilbert’s half brother, Sir Water Raleigh, having obtained a renewal of the patent,
sponsored an expedition that explored the coast of the region that he named “Virginia.” Under Raleigh’s
direction efforts were then made to establish a colony on Roanoke Island in 1585 and 1587. The
survivors of the first settlement on Roanoke returned to England in 1586, but the second group of
colonists disappeared without leaving a trace. The failure of the Gilbert and Raleigh ventures made it
clear that the tasks they had undertaken were too big for any one colonizer. Within a short time the
trading company had supplanted the individual promoter of colonization.

Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?
A. The Regulation of Trading Companies
B. British – Spanish Rivalry in the New World
C. Early Attempts at Colonizing North America
D. Royal Patterns Issued in the 16th Century

Passage 3
If by “suburb” is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed
interior, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second
quarter of the nineteenth century. Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in
which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart. But the early factories
built in the 1830’s and 1840’s were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities,
and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment. In time,
the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted
the older, main cities. As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities
appropriated their industrial neighbors. In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of
Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York. Indeed, most
great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their
borders.
With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social
stress conditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1988, the first commercially
successful electric traction line was developed. Within a few years that horse – drawn trolleys were
retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a
wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis. This
first phase of mass – scale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban
Middle class whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were
satisfied by the developers of single – family housing tracts.

Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

A. The Growth of Philadelphia
B. The Origin of the Suburb
C. The Development of City Transportation
D. The City of the Urban Middle Class

Passage 4
Throughout history, people have been the victim of pickpockets. Today, pick pocketing is the one
of the most rapidly increasing crimes. Pickpockets are increasing in number and developing better
methods to practice their skill. Approximately one million Americans lose money to pickpockets every
year, and none is really safe from a skilled pickpockets. His victims, or ‘marks’ as they are called, can be
rich or poor, young or old.
During the eighteenth century, pickpockets were hanged in England, large crowds of people
would gather watch the hanging, which was supposed to be a warning to other pickpockets. However, in
time the practice was discontinued. The reason: while people were attentively watching the hanging of a
pickpocket, other pickpockets skillfully stole the money of spectators.
Police official say that the most efficient pickpockets come from South America. Many of these
expert pickpockets are trained in special school called ‘Jingle Bell Schools’. A pickpocket’s graduate from
J.B.S when he is able to steal a wallet from a dresses dummy (mannequin) that has bells inside its
pockets.
Even the most well dressed, respectable person may be a pickpocket. Some of the favorite places
of pickpockets are banks, airports, racetrack, supermarkets, elevators, and train and bus stations.
Oftentimes a pickpocket will work with another pickpockets as his partner. Another kind of pickpockets
work outside or inside bars and specialize in stealing from women is called a ‘purse snatcher.’ To avoid
being the victim of a pickpocket, it’s important to be very cautious and alert when being in the midst of
large gathering of the people.

The best title for the passage would be …

A. Pickpockets are well dressed
B. Jingle Bell Schools
C. Pickpockets
D. The hanging of pickpocket

Passage 5
Overland transport in the United States was still extremely primitive in 1790. Road were few and
short, usually extending from inland communities to the nearest river town or seaport. Nearly all
interstate commerce was carried out by sailing ships that served the bays and harbors of the seaboard.
Yet, in 1790 the nation was on the threshold of a new era of road development. Unable to finance road
construction, states turned for help to private companies, organized by merchants and land speculators
who had a personal interest in improved communications with the interior. The pioneer in this move
was the state of Pennsylvania, which chartered a company in 1792 to construct a turnpike, a road for
the use of which a toll, or payment, is collected, from Philadelphia to Lancaster. The legislature gave the
company the authority to erect tollgates at points along the road where payment would be collected,
though it carefully regulated the rates. (The states had unquestioned authority to regulate private
business in this period.)
 The company built a gravel road within two years, and the success of the Lancaster Pike
encouraged imitation. Northern states generally relied on private companies to build their toll roads, but
Virginia constructed a network at public expense. Such was the road building fever that by 1810 New
York alone had some 1,500 miles of turnpikes extending from the Atlantic to Lake Erie.
Transportation on these early turnpikes consisted of freight carrier wagons and passenger
stagecoaches. The most common road freight carrier was the Conestoga wagon, a vehicle developed in
the mid-eighteenth century by German immigrants in the area around Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It
featured large, broad wheels able to negotiate all but the deepest ruts and holes, and its round bottom
prevented the freight from shifting on a hill. Covered with canvas and drawn by four to six horses, the
Conestoga wagon rivaled the log cabin as the primary symbol of the frontier. Passengers traveled in a
variety of stagecoaches, the most common of which had four benches, each holding three persons. It
was only a platform on wheels, with no springs; slender poles held up the top, and leather curtains kept
out dust and rain.

Paragraph 1 discusses early road building in the United States mainly in terms of the ….
A. Popularity of turnpikes
B. Financing of new roads
C. Development of the interior
D. Laws governing road use

Passage 6
Tools and hand bones excavated from the Swartkrans cave complex in South Africa suggest that a
close relative of early humans knowns as Australopithecus robustus may have made and used primitive
tools long before the species became extinct a million years ago. It may even have made and used
primitive tools long before humanity’s direct ancestor, Homo habilis, or “handy man,” began doing so.
Homo habilis and its successor, Homo erectus, coexisted with Australopithecus robustus on the plains of
South Africa for more than a million years.
The Swartkrans cave in South Africa has been under excavation since the 1940’s. The earliest
fossil-containing layers of sedimentary rock in the cave date from about 1.9 million years ago and
contain extensive remains of animals, primitive tools, and two or more species of apelike hominids. The
key recent discovery involved bones from the hand of Australopithecus robustus, the first time such
bones have been found.
The most important feature of the Australopithecus robustus hand was the pollical distal thumb
tip, the last bone in the thumb. The bone had an attachment point for a “uniquely human” muscle, the
flexor pollicis longus, that had previously been found only in more recent ancestors. That muscle gave
Australopithecus robustus an opposable thumb, a feature that would allow them to grip objects,
including tools. The researchers also found primitive bone and stone implements, especially digging
tools, in the same layers of sediments.
Australopithecus robustus were more heavily built - more “robust” in anthropological terms –
than their successors. They had broad faces, heavy jaws, and massive crushing and grinding teeth that
were used for eating hard fruits, seeds, and fibrous underground plant parts. They walked upright,
which would have allowed them to carry and use tools. Most experts had previously believed that Homo
hibilis were able to supplant Australopithecus robustus because the former’s ability to use tools gave
them an innate superiority. The discovery that Australopithecus robustus also used tools means that
researchers will have to seek other explanations for their extinction. Perhaps their reliance on naturally
occurring plants led to their downfall as the climate became drier and cooler, or perhaps Homo habilis,
with their bigger brains, were simply able to make more sophisticated tools.
What does the third paragraph mainly discuss?
A. Features of Australopithecus robustus’ hand
B. Purposes for which hominids used tools
C. Methods used to determine the age of fossils
D. Significant plant fossils found in layers of sediment

Passage 7
There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The one most widely
accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument for this view
goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world, even the
seasonal changes, as unpredictable and they sought, through various means, to control these unknown
and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and
repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the
mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths,
persisted and provided material for art and drama.
Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed
of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used. Furthermore, a
suitable site had to be provided for performances, and when the entire community did not participate, a
clear division was usually made between the “acting area” and the “auditorium.” In addition, there were
performers, and since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of
rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often
impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect – success in
hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might. Eventually such dramatic
representations were separated from religious activities.
Another theory traces the theater’s origin from the human interest in storytelling. According to
this view, tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, at first through the use or
impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles
by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily
rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.

What aspect of drama does the author discuss in the first paragraph?
A. The reason drama is often unpredictable
B. The seasons in which drama were performed
C. The connection between myths and dramatic plots
D. The importance of costumes in early drama

Passage 8
Of all modern instruments, the violin is apparently one of the simplest. It consists in essence of a
hollow, varnished wooden sound box, or resonator, and a long neck, covered with a fingerboard, along
which four strings are stretched at high tension. The beauty of design, shape, and decoration is not
accident: the proportions of the instrument are determined almost entirely by acoustical considerations.
Its simplicity of appearance is deceptive. About 70 parts are involved in the construction of a violin. Its
tone and its outstanding range of expressiveness make it an ideal solo instrument. No less important.
However its role as an orchestral and chamber instrument in combination with the larger and deeper-
sounding members of the same family, the violin form the nucleus of the modern symphony orchestra.
The violin has been in existence since about 1550. Its importance as an instrument in its own right
dates from the early 1600’s, when it first became standard in Italian opera orchestras. Its stature as an
orchestral instrument was raised further when in 1626 Louis XIII of France established at his court the
orchestra known as Les vingt-quatre violons du Roy (The King’s 24 Violins), which was to become widely
famous later in the century.
In its early history the violin had a dull and rather quiet tone resulting from the fact that the
strings were thick and were attached to the body of the instrument very loosely. During the eighteenth
and nineteenth century, exciting technical changes were inspired by such composer-violinists as Vivaldi
and Tartini. Their instrumental compositions demanded a fuller, clearer, and more brilliant tone that
was produced by using thinner strings and a far higher string tension. Small changes had to be made to
the violin’s internal structure and to the fingerboard so that they could withstand the extra strain.
Accordingly, a higher standard of performance was achieved, in terms of both facility and
interpretation. Left-hand technique was considerably elaborated, and new fingering patterns on the
fingerboard were developed for very high notes.

What is the main idea presented in paragraph 3?

A. The violin has been modified to fit its evolving musical functions.
B. The violin is probably the best known and most widely distributed musical instrument in the world.
C. The violin had reached the height of its popularity by the middle of the eighteenth century.
D. The technique of playing the violin has remained essentially the same since the 1600’s.

Paragraph 9
Certainly no creature in the sea is odder than the common sea cucumber. All living creature,
especially human beings, have their peculiarities, but everything about the little sea cucumber seems
unusual. What else can be said about a bizarre animal that, among other eccentricities, eats mud, feeds
almost continuously day and night but can live without eating for long periods, and can be poisonous
but is considered supremely edible by gourmets?
For some fifty million years, despite all its eccentricities, the sea cucumber has subsisted on its
diet of mud. It is adaptable enough to live attached to rocks by its tube feet, under rocks in shallow
water, or on the surface of mud flats. Common in cool water on both Atlantic and Pacific shores, it has
the ability to suck up mud or sand and digest whatever nutrients are present.
Sea cucumbers come in a variety of colors, ranging from black to reddish brown to sand color and
nearly white. One form even has vivid purple tentacles. Usually the creatures are cucumber-shaped
hence their name and because they are typically rock inhabitants, this shape combined with flexibility,
enables them to squeeze into crevices where they are safe from predators and ocean currents.
Although they have voracious appetites, eating day and night, sea cucumbers have the capacity to
become quiescent and live at a low metabolic rate – feeding sparingly or not at all for long periods, so
that the marine organisms that provide their food have a chance to multiply. If it were not for this
faculty, they would devour all the food available in short time and would probably starve themselves out
of existence.
But the most spectacular thing about the sea cucumber is the way it defends itself. Its major
enemies are fish and crabs, when attacked, it squirts all its internal organs into the water. It also casts off
attached structures such as tentacles. The sea cucumber will eviscerate and regenerate itself if it is
attacked or even touched; it will do the same if surrounding water temperature is too high or if the
water becomes too polluted.

The fourth paragraph of the passage primarily discusses …

A. The reproduction of sea cucumbers
B. The food sources of sea cucumbers
C. The eating habits of sea cucumber
D. Threats to sea cucumber’s existence
LISTENING

1. Man : These are the most extensive notes I’ve ever seen.
Woman : I know, I had Sally take them for me.
Narrator : What does the woman mean?
A. Sally took them from her.
B. She felt silly taking them.
C. The notes were a group effort.
D. Sally actually wrote the notes.

2. Woman : That’s the best beef we’ve ever had in the dining hall.
Man : Isn’t it, though!
Narrator : What does the man imply?
A. It wasn’t the dining hall.
B. He’s not through eating.
C. He didn’t like the meat.
D. The beef was excellent.

3. Man : That’s a great sweater. Did it take you long to make it?
Woman : I can’t knit a thing. I had it made for me.
Narrator : What does the woman say about the sweater?
A. It’s the first thing she ever made.
B. Her maid knitted it for her.
C. It didn’t take very long.
D. She didn’t make it herself.

4. Woman : How was your date with Kelly last night?

Man : Well, let me say I’ve had worse.
Narrator : What does the man think about the date?
A. It was a bad day for a date.
B. Kelly forgot about the date.
C. It was his worst date ever.
D. The date wasn’t too bad.

5. Man : Excuse me, but why are these things just standing in the middle of the floor?
Woman : This pair of lamps goes over there, up against the wall.
Narrator : What are the man and woman discussing?
A. Who has the clamp
B. Where they should camp
C. Where the lamps go
D. Whether it’s damp
6. Woman : Were you finally able to get into that calculus class?
Man : Yeah, much to my regret.
Narrator : What does the man mean?
A. It was a very easy class.
B. He finds calculus to be useful.
C. The class was not worth it.
D. He tries hard in school

7. Man : I brought over a little something for you to eat.

Woman : A little something? You brought the whole farm!
Narrator : What does the woman imply?
A. He bought some farmland.
B. There’s a lot of food.
C. She wants one more thing.
D. Everything is very fresh.

8. Woman : Hey, you can’t leave your car in that spot. The lot’s closed.
Man : Oh, come on. How about if I pay you double?
Narrator : Where does the conversation take place?
A. A parking garage
B. A car showroom
C. A car wash
D. A police station

9. Man : Well, to be or not to be, that’s the question.

Woman : Yeah, thanks, Shakespeare.
Narrator : How does the woman feel about the man?
A. He is brilliant.
B. He looks like Shakespeare.
C. His question is difficult.
D. She is not amused by his answer.

10. Woman : What’s the matter with you lately? You look terrible.
Man : Oh, nothing much. I’m just a little homesick.
Narrator : What is wrong with the man?
A. He misses his hometown.
B. He has been sick at home.
C. Nothing is the matter with him.
D. He is tired of his current apartment.
4TH MEETING EVALUATION TEST
GRAMMAR
Underline every adjective you find in the following sentences!
1. In different cultures, the trickster and the hero are combined in various ways.
2. His tricks often bring about destructive natural phenomena, such as great flood that destroys the
earth.
3. The trickster is responsible for many serious problems in the world today.
4. This would seem very unfamiliar to today’s movie-going audiences.
5. These included traditional theater owners, who added short film presentations to their programs of
live action entertainment.
6. One of the greatest influences has been astonishing success of Huang Xinye, a 14-year-old
schoolgirl from a fishing village in China.
7. As an Indonesian idol, Agnes Monica is an incredibly talented artist.
8. Traumatic effects may feel uncomfortable for the survivors.
9. Hoarseness (dysphonia) is when your voice sounds raspy, strained, or breathy.
10. She has the greatest house here and her lawn is as wide as soccer court.

READING
Passage 1
This rapid transcontinental settlement and these new urban industrial circumstances of the
last half of the 19th century were accompanied by the development of a national literature of great
abundance and variety. New themes, new forms, new subjects, new regions, new authors, new
audiences all emerged in the literature of this half century. As a result, at the onset of World War I, the
spirit and substance of American literature had evolved remarkably, just as its center of production had
shifted from Boston to New York in the late 1880s and the sources of its energy to Chicago and the
Midwest. No longer was it produced, at least in its popular forms, in the main by solemn, typically
moralistic men from New England and the Old South; no longer were polite, well-dressed, grammatically
correct, middle-class young people the only central characters in its narratives; no longer were these
narratives to be set in exotic places and remote times; no longer, indeed, were fiction, poetry, drama,
and formal history the chief acceptable forms of literary expression; no longer, finally was literature read
primarily by young, middle-class women. In sum, American literature in these years fulfilled in
considerable measure the condition Walt Whitman called for in 1867 in describing Leaves of Grass: it
treats, he said of his own major work, each state and region as peers “and expands from them, and
includes the world… connecting an American citizen with the citizens of all nations.” At the same time,
these years saw the emergence of what has been designated “the literature of argument,” powerful
works in sociology, philosophy, psychology, many of them impelled by the spirit of exposure and reform.
Just as America learned to play a role in this half century as an autonomous international political,
economic, and military power, so did its literature establish itself as a producer of major works.

It can be inferred from the passage that the previous paragraph probably discussed?
A. The importance of tradition to writers
B. New developments in industrialization and population shifts
C. The fashions and values of 19th century America
D. The limitation of American literature to this time
Passage 2
Robert Moog was an American inventor who developed the Moog Synthesizer. It was one of the
first synthesizers to gain widespread use as a musical instrument. Moog’s synthesizer were an important
part of musical innovation in rock and jazz music in the 1960s and 1970s. Robert Arthur Moog was born
in Queens, a borough of New York City 75 years ago. He became fascinated with electronics as a
teenager, particularly an early electronic music instrument called the theremin. Moog studied physic
and electrical engineering at Queens College and Columbia University, both in New York City, and later
received Ph.D. in engineering physics Cornel University in Ithaca, New York. In 1954, while still an
undergraduate student, Moog formed his own company to sell theremins and theremin kits.
Soon after, Moog began working on a keyboard instrument that could replicate the sound of any
musical instrument electronically. Working with American composer Herbert Deutsch, Moog introduced
the prototype Moog Synthesizer at a convention in 1964. The device represented a significant advance
over previous electronic synthesizer because of its use of new semiconductor technology, which made it
smaller and considerably cheaper than earlier machines. The Moog, as it was known, was soon in
demand by musician all over the world.
In 1964, Moog began a collaboration with American composer and organist Walter Carlos (now
Wendy Carlos), who released the bestselling electronic music album Switched-On-Beach in 1968. Rock
groups such as the Beatles and Yes and jazz musicians such as Herbie Hancock and Chick Corea began
incorporating Moog Synthesizer into their recordings, a trend that increased when the company
introduced the compact and portable Minimoog in 1970. Moog Synthesizer was also prominently
featured on the soundtrack to the movie A Clockwork Orange in 1971. Encyclopedia of World Biography,
2008.

The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses …

A. Collaboration between The Moog and other musicians
B. The description of compact and portable Mini moog
C. The improvement of Moog Synthesizer
D. Trend in the music industry about synthesizer
Paragraph 3
The Moon, which has undergone a distinct and complex geological history, presents a striking
appearance. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the Maria (darklowlands) and the
terrace (bright highlands). The contrast in the reflectivity (the capability of reflecting light of these two
terrains suggested to many early observes that two terrains might have different compositions, and this
supposition was confirmed by missions to the Moon such as Surveyor and Apollo. One of the most
obvious differences between the terrains is the smoothness of the Maria in contrast to the roughness of
the highlands. This roughness is mostly caused by the abundance of craters; the highlands are
completely covered by large craters (greater than 40-50 km in diameter), while the craters of the Maria
tend to be much smaller. It is now known that the vast majority of the Moon’s craters were formed by
the impact of solid bodies with the lunar surface.
Most of the near side of the Moon was thoroughly mapped and studied from telescopic pictures
years before the age of space exploration. Earth-based telescopes can resolve objects as small as a few
hundred meters on the lunar surface. Close observation of craters, combined with the way the Moon
diffusely reflects sunlight, led to the understanding that the Moon is covered by a surface layer or
regolith that overlies the solid rock of the Moon. Telescopic image permitted the cataloging of a
bewildering array of land forms. Craters were studied for clues to their origin; the large circular Maria
were seen. Strange, sinuous features were observed in the Maria. Although various land forms were
catalogued, the majority of astronomers‘ attention was fixed on craters and their origins.
Astronomers have known for a fairly long time that the shape of craters changes as they increase
in size. Small craters with diameters of less than 10-15 km have relatively simple shapes. They have rim
crests that are elevated above the surrounding terrain, smooth, bowl-shaped interiors, and depths that
are about one-fifth to one-sixth their diameters. The complexity of shape increases for larger craters.
The passage probably continues with a discussion of …
A. The reasons craters are difficult to study
B. The different shapes small craters can have
C. Some features of large craters
D. Some difference in the ways small and large crater were formed

Passage 4
In the North American colonies, red ware, a simple pottery fired at low temperatures, and stone
ware, a strong, impervious grey pottery fired at high temperatures, were produced from two different
native clays. These kind of pottery produced to supplement imported European pottery. When the
American Revolution (1775-1783) interrupted the flow of the superior European ware, there was
incentive for American potters to replace the imports with comparable domestic goods. Stoneware,
which had been simple, utilitarian kitchenware, grew increasingly ornate throughout the nineteenth
century, and in addition to the earlier scratched and drawn designs, three-dimensional molded relief
decoration became popular. Representational motifs largely replaced the earlier abstract decorations.
Birds and flowers were particularly evident, but other subjects – lions, flags, and clipper ships – are
found. Some figurines, mainly of dogs and lions, were made in this medium. Sometimes a name, usually
that of the potter, was die-stamped onto a piece.
As more and more large kilns were built to create the high-fired stoneware, experiments revealed
that the same clay used to produce low-fired red ware could produce a stronger, paler pottery if fired at
a hotter temperature. The result was yellow ware, used largely for serviceable items; but a further
development was Rockingham ware – one of the most important American ceramics of the nineteenth
century. (The name of the ware was probably derived from its resemblance to English brown-glazed
earthen ware made in South Yorkshire.) It was created by adding a brown glaze to the fired clay, usually
giving the finished product a mottled appearance. Various methods of spattering or sponging the glaze
onto the ware account for extremely wide variations in color and add to the interest of collecting
Rockingham. An advanced form of Rockingham was flint enamel, created by dusting metallic powders
onto the Rockingham glaze to produce brilliant varicolored streaks.
Articles for nearly every household activity and ornament could be bought in Rockingham ware:
dishes and bowls, of course; also bedpans, foot warmers, cuspidors, lamp bases, doorknobs, molds,
picture frames, even curtain tiebacks. All these items are highly collectible today and are eagerly sought.
A few Rockingham specialties command particular affection among collectors and correspondingly high
prices.

The passage would most probably continue with a discussion of …

A. What bedpans, foot warmers, and cuspidors were used for
B. Well-known, modern-day potters who make Rockingham ware
C. Examples of Rockingham ware that collectors especially want
D. Pieces of Rockingham ware that are inexpensive in today’s market

Passage 5
The Quaker, also called the Society of Friends, are a Christian group that arose in the mid-
seventeenth century in England and the American colonies. Quakerism came into being in England in or
around 1652, when George Fox began to organize converts to preach his doctrine of “God in every
man.” The Friends were silent at their meetings, waiting for the “inward light.” They believed people
should sense God inside of themselves (without church buildings, appointed preachers, written liturgy,
or many of the outward trappings associated with Christianity).
 The Society of Friends is part of the left wing of the seventeenth-century English Puritan
movement; in America, Quakers were persecuted by Puritans. Quakers experienced much official
persecution, including imprisonment and execution, for their belief that the worship of God should be
very personal. The term “Quaker” may refer to their penchant for “quaking” during religious services, or
it may be a derogatory reference to supposed Quaker cowardliness and belief in pacifism.
Quakerism in the American colonies existed mainly in the Northeast. The American Quaker
population surged after 1682 when Quaker William Penn founded the state of Pennsylvania as a heaven
for Quakers and as a “holy experiment” in religious toleration. Quakers were prominent and powerful in
the Pennsylvania state government in the period before the American Revolution. During and after the
Revolution, Friends concerned themselves with the plight of Native Americans. They also worked with
escaped slaves and for the abolition of slavery. They continue to be known for their efforts in social
reform.

The paragraph after this passage would most likely be about …

A. The decline of the Quaker population since World War I
B. The similarities and differences between Quakers and Puritans
C. Ways in which Quakers today show concern for others
D. Social reforms enacted by Quakers during the American Revolution

Passage 6
Geographers say that what defines a place are four properties: soil, climate, altitude, and aspect,
or attitude to the Sun. Florida’s ancient scrub demonstrates this principle. Its soil is pure silica, so barren
it supports only lichens as ground cover. It does, however, sustain a sand-swimming lizard that cannot
live where there is moisture or plant matter the soil. Its climate, despite more than 50 inches of annual
rainfall, is blistering desert plant life it can sustain is only the xerophytic, the quintessentially dry. Its
altitude is a mere couple of hundred feet, but it is high ground on a peninsula elsewhere close to sea
level, and its drainage is so critical that a difference of inches in elevation can bring major changes in its
plant communities. Its aspect is flat, direct, brutal and subtropical. Florida’s surrounding lushness cannot
impinge on its desert scrubbiness.
This does not sound like an attractive place. It does not look much like one either; Shrubby little
oaks, clumps of scraggly bushes, prickly pear, thorns, and tangles. “It appear,” said one early naturalist,
“to desire to display the result of the misery through which it has passed and is passing.” By our narrow
standards, scrub is not beautiful; neither does it meet our selfish utilitarian needs. Even the name is an
epithet, a synonym for the stunted, the scruffy, the insignificant, what is beautiful about such a place?
The most important remaining patches of scrub lie along the Lake Wales Ridge, a chain of paleo islands
running for a hundred miles down the center of Florida, in most places less than ten miles wide. It is
relict seashore, tossed up millions of years ago when ocean levels were higher and the rest of the
peninsula was submerged. That ancient emergence is precisely what makes Lake Wales Ridge so
precious: it has remained unsubmerged, its ecosystems essentially undisturbed, since the Miocene era.
As a result, it has gathered to itself one of the largest collections of rare organisms in the world. Only
about 75 plant species survive there, but at least 30 of these are found nowhere else on Earth.
The passage probably continues with a discussion of …
A. Ancient scrub found in other areas of the country
B. Geographers who study Florida’s scrub
C. The climate of the Lake Wales Ridge
D. The unique plants found on the Lake Wales Ridge
Passage 7
This rapid transcontinental settlement and these new urban industrial circumstances of the last
half of the 19th century were accompanied by the development of a national literature of great
abundance and variety. New themes, new forms, new subjects, new regions, new authors, new
audiences all emerged in the literature of this half century. As a result, at the onset of World War I, the
spirit and substance of American literature had evolved remarkably, just as its center of production had
shifted from Boston to New York in the late 1880s and the sources of its energy to Chicago and the
Midwest. No longer was it produced, at least in its popular forms, in the main by solemn, typically
moralistic men from New England and the Old South; no longer were polite, well-dressed, grammatically
correct, middle-class young people the only central characters in its narratives; no longer were these
narratives to be set in exotic places and remote times; no longer, indeed, were fiction, poetry, drama,
and formal history the chief acceptable forms of literary expression; no longer, finally was literature read
primarily by young, middle-class women. In sum, American literature in these years fulfilled in
considerable measure the condition Walt Whitman called for in 1867 in describing Leaves of Grass: it
treats, he said of his own major work, each state and region as peers “and expands from them, and
includes the world… connecting an American citizen with the citizens of all nations.” At the same time,
these years saw the emergence of what has been designated “the literature of argument,” powerful
works in sociology, philosophy, psychology, many of them impelled by the spirit of exposure and reform.
Just as America learned to play a role in this half century as an autonomous international political,
economic, and military power, so did its literature establish itself as a producer of major works.

This passage would probably be read in which of the following academic course?
A. European history
B. American literature
C. Current events
D. International affairs

Passage 8
The Quaker, also called the Society of Friends, are a Christian group that arose in the mid-
seventeenth century in England and the American colonies. Quakerism came into being in England in or
around 1652, when George Fox began to organize converts to preach his doctrine of “God in every
man.” The Friends were silent at their meetings, waiting for the “inward light.” They believed people
should sense God inside of themselves (without church buildings, appointed preachers, written liturgy,
or many of the outward trappings associated with Christianity).
The Society of Friends is part of the left wing of the seventeenth-century English Puritan
movement; in America, Quakers were persecuted by Puritans. Quakers experienced much official
persecution, including imprisonment and execution, for their belief that the worship of God should be
very personal. The term “Quaker” may refer to their penchant for “quaking” during religious services, or
it may be a derogatory reference to supposed Quaker cowardliness and belief in pacifism.
Quakerism in the American colonies existed mainly in the Northeast. The American Quaker
population surged after 1682 when Quaker William Penn founded the state of Pennsylvania as a heaven
for Quakers and as a “holy experiment” in religious toleration. Quakers were prominent and powerful in
the Pennsylvania state government in the period before the American Revolution. During and after the
Revolution, Friends concerned themselves with the plight of Native Americans. They also worked with
escaped slaves and for the abolition of slavery. They continue to be known for their efforts in social
reform.
In which of the following publications would this passage be most likely to appear?
A. An anthology of English literature
B. An introductory American history book
C. A book about Eastern religion
D. A basic math textbook

Passage 9
The appearance and character of a hardened lave field depend on numerous factors. Among the
key variables are the chemical nature of the magma and the degree of viscosity of the liquid rock once it
begins to flow.
Since the ultimate nature of lava is influenced by chemical composition, it is possible to predict
certain aspects of the final appearance of the field from a sample of the molten fluid. The main
components of lava are silica and various oxides, including those of potassium, iron, calcium,
magnesium, sodium, and aluminum. Magnesium and iron oxides are found in high concentrations in the
dark-colored basic basalt, while silica, soda, and potash preponderate in the lighter-colored, acidic
felsite rocks.
The viscosity of the liquid rock helps to determine the appearance of the hardened field’s surface.
When it issues, the lava is redor even white-hot. It soon begins to cool, and the surface darkens and
crust over. In extremely viscous flows, the underpart may yet be in motion as the surfaces solidifies. The
crust breaks up into a mass of jagged blocks of rock that are carried as a tumbling, jostling mass on the
surface of the slowly moving stream. When the stream eventually stops and hardens, the field is
extremely rough and difficult to traverse. On the other hand, highly liquid lava may harden with much
smoother surfaces that exhibit ropy, curved, wrinkled, and wavelike forms.

This passage would most like appear in which type of publication?

A. An introductory college textbook on geography
B. The national events section of a local newspaper
C. An introductory college textbook on geology
D. A tourist brochure for a volcanic region

Passage 10
The most thoroughly studied cases of deception strategies employed by ground-nesting birds
involve plovers, small birds that typically nest on beaches or in open fields, their nests merely scrapes in
the sand or earth. Plovers also have an effective repertoire of tricks for distracting potential nest
predators from their exposed and defenseless eggs or chicks. The ever watchful plover can detect a
possible threat at a considerable distance. When she does, the nesting bird moves inconspicuously off
the nest to a spot well away from eggs or chicks. At this point she may use one of several ploys. One
technique involves first moving quietly toward an approaching animal and then setting off noisily
through the grass or brush in a low, crouching run away from the nest, while emitting rodent like
squeaks.
The effect mimics a scurrying mouse or vole, and the behavior rivets the attention of the type of
predators that would also be interested in eggs and chicks. Another deception begins with quiet
movement to an exposed and visible location well away from the nest. Once there, the bird pretends to
incubate a brood. When the predator approaches, the parent flees, leaving the false nest to be
searched. The direction in which the plover “escapes” in such that if the predator chooses to follow, it
will be led still further away from the true nest.
The plover’s most famous stratagem is the broken-wing display, actually a continuum of injury-
mimicking behaviors spanning the range from slight disability to near-complete helplessness. One or
both wings are held in an abnormal position, suggesting injury. The bird appears to be attempting
escape along an irregular route that indicates panic. In the most extreme version of the display, the bird
flaps one wing in an apparent attempt to take to the air, flops over helplessly, struggles back to its feet,
runs away a short distance, seemingly attempts once more to take off, flops over again as the “useless”
wing fails to provide any lift, and so on. Few predators fail to pursue such obviously vulnerable prey.
Needless to say, each short run between “flight attempts” is directed away from the nest.

Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

A. A description of the sequence of steps involved in plovers nest building
B. A generalization about plover behavior followed by specific examples
C. A comparison and contrast of the nesting behavior of plovers and other ground nesting birds
D. A cause-and-effect analysis of the relationship between a prey and a predator

LISTENING
1. Man : Did Chuck call before or after the class?
Woman : He called during the class.
Narrator : What did the woman say?
A. He did not call.
B. He called while the class was going on.
C. He called before the class.
D. He called after the class.

2. Man : I can’t figure out how Brenda knew how to fix the car.
Woman : She used to work in a repair shop.
Narrator : What does the woman say about Brenda?
A. She didn’t know what to do.
B. She used an auto repair manual.
C. She wishes she still had her old job.
D. She has an experience as a mechanic.

3. Woman : I’m not sure how to deal it with this. Should I tell the authorities or forget about it?
Man : How could you question it? You know there’s no choice.
Woman : You’re right. I’ll make the call in the morning.
Narrator : What is the woman’s problem?
A. She isn’t sure whether to report something.
B. She is distressed that somebody knows what she did.
C. She is angry about a contract.
D. She wanted to ask a question.

4. Man : Wouldn’t you rather take a break now? We’ve been at it for hours.
Woman : I’m beat, too. Let’s get something to eat.
Man : We’ll be able to concentrate with a little nutrition.
Narrator : What do the speakers mean?
A. They’re tired.
B. The woman is worried about the man’s anger.
C. They feel refreshed.
D. They broke their table.
5. Woman : Why won’t you let Heather find herself? You can’t make her decisions forever.
Man : I’m just not ready to let go, to admit that she’s an adult now.
Woman : Well she is, and I think she is ready to show it.
Narrator : What does the woman suggest that the man do?
A. Give Heather more freedom.
B. Give up on Heather.
C. Discipline Heather.
D. Be more involved in Heather’s life.

6. Man : I need to talk to you. I’m going into the hospital for a few days. You’ll need to take over
management.
Woman : Oh, I’m sorry. Sure, I’ll be happy to help. But I hope you will return as good as ever very
soon.
Man : I’m optimistic. But I know you‘ll take care of things one way or the other.
Narrator : What do the speakers mean?
A. The man is retiring for good.
B. The woman is pleased that the man is leaving.
C. The woman doesn’t care for the current management.
D. The man is temporarily turning things over to the woman.

7. Man : Don’t bring up the topic we discussed last night while Jeff is here. He doesn’t agree
with the decision at all.
Woman : I’d like to hear his point of view. The subject isn’t closed yet.
Man : You’ll be sorry.
Narrator : What does the man mean about Jeff?
A. He is studying.
B. He hasn’t made up his mind.
C. He is very much against the issue that the man promotes.
D. He isn’t aware of what the man and woman are discussing.

8. Man : So, did the diet help?

Woman : It was the exercise that did it. The diet wasn’t much of use.
Narrator : How did the woman lose weight?
A. She went on a diet.
B. She read some exercises on dieting.
C. She didn’t use the diet.
D. She took exercise.

9. Woman : We’ll never make the flight in time.

Man : Not at the speed you’re driving.
Narrator : What would the man advise the woman to do?
A. Drive faster.
B. Drive, not go by plane.
C. Slow down.
D. Not to worry.
10. Man : The best wine does not only depend on the amount of sunshine.
Woman : No, it also depends on whether there’s frost in the winter.
Narrator : What could be a problem for grapes?
A. If there’s too much sunshine.
B. If there’s too little sunshine.
C. If the winter is very cold.
D. If they are picked in the winter.

5TH MEETING EVALUATION TEST

GRAMMAR
A. Underline each word you identify as verbs in the following sentences!
1. I speak English every day.
2. My car is expensive.
3. Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia.
4. The question seems easy.
5. The daughter is crying now.
6. The train will arrive soon.
7. The news made her happy.
8. Who opened the door?
9. Don’t they study in Gadjah Mada University?
10. He decided to hold regular meetings.
11. He wants me to go to his house.
12. I saw him cross the road way.
13. I am looking forward to seeing you.
14. An English book is bought by Rudy.
15. My father has the car washed.
16. The director had his secretary write an important letter.
17. I don’t know where she sleeps.
18. The boy who is sitting next to me is Zainur.
19. What made him mad was that undercooked fish.
20. Where the most definitive study of a western hard-rock mining community cemetery appears
to have been done is in Silver Nevada.

B. Identify each verb in the following sentences by writing T for transitive or I for intransitive in the
bracket!
1. He killed a snake yesterday.
2. She gives her daughter a present.
3. My cat usually sleep all day long.
4. My uncle take him to school.
5. My friends and I go to school every morning.
6. We filled this situation with screams.
7. The peoples recommend the thief to be punished.
8. Goats are four legged animals.
9. We are leaving the house earlier.
10. After getting married, the man and the woman lived happily ever after.
READING
Passage 1
The Quaker, also called the Society of Friends, are a Christian group that arose in the mid-
seventeenth century in England and the American colonies. Quakerism came into being in England in or
around 1652, when George Fox began to organize converts to preach his doctrine of “God in every
man.” The Friends were silent at their meetings, waiting for the “inward light.” They believed people
should sense God inside of themselves (without church buildings, appointed preachers, written liturgy,
or many of the outward trappings associated with Christianity).
The Society of Friends is part of the left wing of the seventeenth-century English Puritan
movement; in America, Quakers were persecuted by Puritans. Quakers experienced much official
persecution, including imprisonment and execution, for their belief that the worship of God should be
very personal. The term “Quaker” may refer to their penchant for “quaking” during religious services, or
it may be a derogatory reference to supposed Quaker cowardliness and belief in pacifism.
Quakerism in the American colonies existed mainly in the Northeast. The American Quaker population
surged after 1682 when Quaker William Penn founded the state of Pennsylvania as a heaven for
Quakers and as a “holy experiment” in religious toleration. Quakers were prominent and powerful in the
Pennsylvania state government in the period before the American Revolution. During and after the
Revolution, Friends concerned themselves with the plight of Native Americans. They also worked with
escaped slaves and for the abolition of slavery. They continue to be known for their efforts in social
reform.

Why does the author mention execution in lines 9?

A. It is an example of the persecution Quakers faced.
B. It is an outward trapping of Christianity.
C. This serves as an example of William Penn’s policies.
D. Many religions were concerned with this issue.

Passage 2
The appearance and character of a hardened lava field depend on numerous factors. Among the
key variables are the chemical nature of the magma and the degree of viscosity of the liquid rock once it
begins to flow.
Since the ultimate nature of lava is influenced by chemical composition, it is possible to predict
certain aspects of the final appearance of the field from a sample of the molten fluid. The main
components of lava are silica and various oxides, including those of potassium, iron, calcium,
magnesium, sodium, and aluminum. Magnesium and iron oxides are found in high concentrations in the
dark-colored basic basalt, while silica, soda, and potash preponderate in the lighter-colored, acidic
felsite rocks.
The viscosity of the liquid rock helps to determine the appearance of the hardened field’s surface.
When it issues, the lava is redor even white-hot. It soon begins to cool, and the surface darkens and
crust over. In extremely viscous flows, the underpart may yet be in motion as the surfaces solidifies. The
crust breaks up into a mass of jagged blocks of rock that are carried as a tumbling, jostling mass on the
surface of the slowly moving stream. When the stream eventually stops and hardens, the field is
extremely rough and difficult to traverse. On the other hand, highly liquid lava may harden with much
smoother surfaces that exhibit ropy, curved, wrinkled, and wavelike forms.
The primary function of this passage is to …
A. explain the primary chemical components of lava, including silica and oxides
B. predict when volcanic lava is appear
C. warn of the limitations of viscosity and chemical analysis
D. discuss two crucial determinants of a hardened lava field’s character

Passage 3
Sapphira and the Slave Girl was the last novel of Willa Cather’s illustrious literary career. Although
the story takes place in 1856, well before her own birth, she drew heavily on both vivid childhood
memories and tales handed down by older relatives to describe life in rural northern Virginia in the
middle of the nineteenth century.
Of Cather’s novels, Sapphira and the Slave Girl is the one most concerned with providing an
overall picture of day-to-day life in a specific era. A number of the novel’s characters, it would seem, are
included in the story only because they are representative of the types of people found in 19 th century
rural Virginia; indeed, a few of them play no part whatsoever in the unfolding of the plot. For instance,
we are introduced to a poor white woman, Mandy Ringer, who is portrayed as intelligent and content,
despite the fact that she has no formal education and must toil constantly in the fields.
The title, however, accurately reflects that the novel is mainly about slavery. Cather’s attitude
toward this institution may best be summed up as somewhat ambiguous. On the one hand, she displays
almost total indifference to the legal and political aspects of slavery when she misidentifies certain
crucial dates in its growth and development. She never really offers a direct condemnation of slavery.
Yet the evil that was slavery gets through to us in her typically subtle ways. Characters like Mrs. Blake
who oppose the institution are portrayed in a sympathetic light. Furthermore, the suffering of the slaves
themselves and the petty, nasty and often cruel behavior of the slave owners are painted in stark terms.

In the second paragraph, the author mentions Mandy Ringer in order to emphasize which point?
A. The novel displays Cather’s mixed feelings about slavery.
B. The characters are based on Gather’s childhood friends.
C. One of the novel’ purposes was to paint a portrait of life in nineteenth-century rural Virginia.
D. The novel’s characters are shown in a positive light because Gather was a supporter of the Old
South.

Passage 4
The interrelationship of science, technology, and industry is taken for granted today – summed
up, not altogether accurately, as “research and development.” Yet historically this widespread faith in
the economic virtues of science is a relatively recent phenomenon, dating back in the United States
about 150 years, and in the Western world as a whole not over 300 years at most. Even in this current
era of large scale, intensive research and development, the interrelationships involved in this process
are frequently misunderstood. Until the coming of the Industrial Revolution, science and technology
evolved for the most part independently of each other. Then as industrialization became increasingly
complicated, the craft techniques of preindustrial society gradually gave way to a technology based on
the systematic application of scientific knowledge and scientific methods. This changeover started slowly
and progressed unevenly. Until late in the nineteenth century, only a few industries could use scientific
techniques or cared about using them. The list expanded noticeably after 1870, but even then much of
what passed for the application of science was “engineering science” rather than basic science.
Nevertheless, by the middle of the nineteenth century, the rapid expansion of scientific
knowledge and of public awareness – if not understanding – of it had created a belief that the advance
of science would in some unspecified manner automatically generate economic benefits. The
widespread and usually uncritical acceptance of this thesis led in turn to the assumption that the
application of science to industrial purposes was a linear process, starting with fundamental science,
then proceeding to applied science or technology, and through them to industrial use. This is probably
the most common pattern, but it is not invariable. New areas of science have been opened up and
fundamental discoveries made as a result or attempts to solve a specific technical or economic problem.
Conversely, scientists who mainly do basic research also serve as consultants on projects that apply
research in practical ways.
In sum, the science-technology-industry relationship may flow in several different ways, and the
particular channel it will follow depends on the individual situation. It may at times even be
multidirectional.

What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?

A. To show how technology influenced basic science
B. To describe the scientific base of nineteenth century American industries
C. To correct misunderstandings about the connections between science, technology, and industry
D. To argue that basic science has no practical application

Why does the author mention “consultants” in line 22?

A. To show how new areas of science have given rise to new professions
B. To distinguish between scientist who work in industry and those who do not
C. To explain the ways in which scientists find financial support for their work
D. To show how scientists who work in basic research contribute to applied science

Passage 5
Because the low latitudes of the Earth, the areas near the equator receive more heat than the
latitudes near the poles, and because the nature of heat is to expand and move. Heat is transported
from the tropics to the middle and high latitudes. Some of this heat is moved by winds and some by
ocean currents, and some gets stored in the atmosphere in the form of latent heat. The term “latent
heat” refers to the energy that has to be used to convert liquid water to water vapor. We know that if
we warm a pan of water on a stove, it will evaporate, or turn into vapor, faster than if it is allowed to sit
at room temperature. We also know that if we hang wet clothes outside in the summer time they will
dry faster than in winter, when temperature are colder. The energy used in both cases to change liquid
water to water vapor is supplied by heat – supplied by the stove in the first case and by the Sun in the
latter case. This energy is nor lost. It is stored in water vapor in the atmosphere as latent heat.
Eventually, the water stored as vapor in the atmosphere will condense to liquid again, and the energy
will be released to the atmosphere.
In the atmosphere, a large portion of the Sun’s incoming energy is used to evaporate Water,
primarily in the tropical oceans. Scientists have tried to quantify this proportion of the Sun’s energy. By
analyzing temperature, water vapor, and wind data around the globe, they have estimated the quantity
to be about 90 watts per square meter, or nearly 30 percent of the Sun’s energy. Once this latent heat is
stored within the atmosphere, it can be transported, primarily to higher latitudes, by prevailing, large-
scale winds. Or it can be transported vertically to higher levels in the atmosphere, where it forms clouds
and subsequent storms, which then release the energy back to the atmosphere.

Why does the author mention “the stove” in line 9?

A. To describe the heat of the sun
B. To illustrate how water vapor is stored
C. To show how energy is stored
D. To give an example of a heat source

Passage 6
All mammals feed their young. Beluga whale mothers for example, nurse their calves for some
twenty months, until they are about to give birth again and their young are able to find their own food.
The behavior of feeding of the young is built into the reproductive system. It is a non-elective part of
parental care and the defining feature of a mammal, the most important thing that mammals – whether
marsupials, platypuses, spiny anteaters, or placental mammals – have in common.
But not all animal parents, even those that tend their offspring to the point of hatching or birth,
feed their young. Most egg-guarding fish do not, for the simple reason that their young are so much
smaller than the parents and eat food that is also much smaller than the food eaten by adults. In
reptiles, the crocodile mother protects her young after they have hatched and takes them down to the
water, where they will find food, but she does not actually feed them. Few insects feed their young after
hatching, but some make other arrangement, provisioning their cells and nests with caterpillars and
spiders that they have paralyzed with their venom and stored in a state of suspended animation so that
their larvae might have a supply of fresh food when they hatch.
For animals other than mammals, then, feeding is not intrinsic to parental care. Animals add it to
their reproductive strategies to give them an edge in their lifelong quest for descendants. The most
vulnerable moment in any animal’s life is when it first finds itself completely on its own, when it must
forage and fend for itself. Feeding postpones that moment until a young animal has grown to such a size
that it is better able to cope. Young that are fed by their parents become nutritionally independent at a
much greater fraction of their full adult size. And in the meantime those young are shielded against the
vagaries of fluctuating of difficult-to-find supplies. Once a species does take the step of feeding its
young, the young become totally dependent on the extra effort. If both parents are removed, the young
generally do not survive.

The author lists various animals in line 5 to …

A. contrast the feeding habits of different types of mammals
B. describe the process by which mammals came to be defined
C. emphasize the point that every type of mammals feeds its own young
D. explain why a particular feature of mammals in non-elective

Passage 7
Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are
two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an image-
bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but
in reverse.
The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A.D. for applying patterns to textiles.
The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first, the artist takes a block of
wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the
image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is
inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or
with a printing press.
Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith’s art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the
middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, “to carve”). The image is
incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist
inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made
on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure being applied so the paper picks up the ink.
 Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle
modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree
of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and
dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an
edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original black or plate
begins to show signs of wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available,
at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.

The author’s purposes in paragraph 2 is to describe …

A. the woodcuts found in China in the fifth century
B. the use of woodcuts in the textiles industry
C. the process involved in creating a woodcut
D. the introduction of woodcuts to Europe

Passage 8
The first people to inhabit what today is the southeastern United States sustained themselves as
hunters and gathers. Sometimes early in the first millennium A.D., however, they began to cultivate corn
and other crops. Gradually, as they became more skilled at gardening, they settled into permanent
villages and developed a rich culture, characterized by the great earthen mounds they erected as
monuments to their gods and as tombs for their distinguished dead. Most of these early mound builders
were part of the Adena-Hopewell culture, which had its beginnings near the Ohio River and takes its
name from sites in Ohio. The culture spread southward into the present-day states of Louisiana,
Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Its people became great traders, bartering jewelry, pottery, animal pelts,
tools, and other goods along extensive trading networks that stretched up and down eastern North
America and as far west as the Rocky Mountains.
About A.D. 400, the Hopewell culture fell into decay. Over the next centuries, it was supplanted
by another culture, the Mississippians, named after the river along which many of its earliest villages
were located. This complex civilization dominated the Southeast from about A.D. 700 until shortly
before the Europeans began arriving in the sixteenth century. At the peak of its strength, about the year
1200, it was the most advanced culture in North America. Like their Hopewell predecessors, the
Mississippians became highly skilled at growing food, although on a grander scale. They developed an
improved strain of corn, which could survive in wet soil and a relatively cool climate, and also learned to
cultivate beans. Indeed, agriculture became so important to the Mississippians that it became closely
associated with the Sun – the guarantor of good crops. Many tribes called themselves “children of the
Sun” and believed their omnipotent priest-chiefs were descendants of the great sun god.
Although most Mississippians lived in small villages, many others inhabited large town. Most of
these towns boasted at least one major flat-topped mound on which stood a temple that contained a
sacred flame. Only priests and those charged with guarding the flame could enter the temples. The
mounds also served as ceremonial and trading sites, and at times they were used as burial grounds.

Why does the author mention that many Mississippians tribes called themselves “children of the Sun”?
A. to explain why they were obedient to their priest-chiefs
B. to argue about the importance of religion in their culture
C. to illustrate the great importance they placed on agriculture
D. to provide an example of their religious rituals

Passage 9
 In Death Valley, California, one of the hottest, most arid places in North America, there is much
salt, and salt can damage rocks impressively. Inhabitants of areas elsewhere, where streets and
highways are salted to control ice, are familiar with the resulting rust and deterioration on cars. The
attests to the chemically corrosive nature of salt, but it is not the way salt destroys rocks. Salt breaks
rocks apart principally by a process called crystal prying and wedging. This happens not by soaking the
rocks in salt water, but by moistening their bottoms with salt water. Such conditions exist in many areas
along the eastern edge of central Death Valley. There, salty water rises from the groundwater table by
capillary action through tiny spaces in sediment until it reaches the surface.
Most stones have capillary passages that suck salt water from the wet ground. Death Valley
provides an ultra-dry atmosphere and high daily temperatures, which promote evaporation and the
formation of salt crystals along the cracks or other openings within stones. These crystal grow as long as
salt water is available. Like tree roots breaking up a sidewalk, the growing crystals exert pressure on the
rock and eventually pry the rock apart along planes of weakness, such as banding in metamorphic rocks,
bedding in sedimentary rocks, or preexisting or incipient fractions, and along boundaries between
individual mineral crystals or grains. Besides crystal growth, the expansion of halite crystals (the same as
everyday table salt) by heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration can contribute additional
stresses. A rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions for a very long time in other areas
could probably be shattered into small pieces by salt weathering within a few generations.
The dominant salt in Death Valley is halite, or sodium chloride, but other salts, mostly carbonates
and sulfates, also cause prying and wedging, as does ordinary ice. Weathering by a variety of salts,
though often subtle, is a worldwide phenomenon. Not restricted to arid regions, intense salt weathering
occurs mostly in salt-rich places like the seashore, near the large saline lakes in the Dry Valleys of
Antarctica, and in desert sections of Australia, New Zealand, and Central Asia.

In line 15, the author mentions the “expansion of halite crystals…by heating and of sulfates and similar
salts by hydration” in order to …
A. present an alternative theory about crystal growth
B. explain how some rocks are not affected by salt
C. simplify the explanation of crystal prying and wedging
D. introduce additional means by which crystals destroy rocks

LISTENING

1. Woman : Where is David? I thought he was going to be here.

Man : He was chosen to lead the committee, and it is meeting tonight.
Narrator : What does the man mean about David?
A. He will be here soon.
B. He chose the committee members.
C. He has been appointed as the leader of the committee.
D. He chose not to serve on the committee.

2. Woman : Have you seen the report on changes in the university administration?
Man : I looked it over briefly, but I didn’t have time to study it.
Woman : I can leave it for you to review later if you’d like.
Narrator : What does the man say about the report?
A. He wasn’t impressed by it.
B. He hasn’t seen it yet.
 C. He thinks it’s worth studying by the whole class.
D. He hasn’t been able to review it in detail yet.

3. Man : What happened to your car? It didn’t have that huge dent yesterday, did it?
Woman : You wouldn’t believe it. It was hit by a school bus. I saw it, but the driver denied it. My
paint was on its bumper.
Man : What are you going to do? The school’s insurance should pay for it.
Narrator : What does the woman say about her car?
A. She just had it painted.
B. The school bus damaged it.
C. She struck a bus while driving the car.
D. She had her bumper replaced.

4. Man : We’re going to have a new teacher in astronomy – Mr. Adams. Know anything about
him?
Woman : A graduate student in physics, and quite sure of himself, but he’s never taught before.
Man : Oh, great. I guess it’s going from bad to worse.
Narrator : What does the woman imply about Mr. Adams?
A. He is a skillful instructor.
B. He has years of experience but doesn’t explain things well.
C. He is very knowledgeable.
D. He is arrogant and has no teaching experience.

5. Woman : Did you see Thalia singing last night on Univision? She did the theme song from her new
soap. I know you really like to watch her.
Man : No, I would have if I had known about it. When does the new soap start?
Woman : Aha! I knew you couldn’t resist.
Narrator : What do the speakers imply about Thalia?
A. The man admires her looks.
B. The man dislikes her.
C. She doesn’t sing well.
D. She is an excellent actress.

6. Man : If I had only prepared more, I could have done better on the exam.
Woman : I thought you had done well.
Man : Yeah, I did, but not well enough.
Narrator : What does the man imply about the exam?
A. He thought it was unfair.
B. He didn’t prepare as well as he could have.
C. He studied very hard but didn’t pass the exam.
D. He couldn’t have done better on the exam.

7. Woman : I wish Jane hadn’t heard about the surprise. I tried so hard to carry it off.
Man : She was very grateful anyway. It was a nice thing to do.
Woman : I know, but it would have been even more fun if she hadn’t found out.
Narrator : What does the woman imply about Jane?
A. Jane wishes she had known about the surprise.
B. The surprise was a bad idea.
 C. Jane was aware of the surprise beforehand.
D. Jane didn’t like being surprised.

8. Man : What did Rafael tell the officer about the accident?
Woman : He said the car was struck by the truck.
Narrator : What was the woman mean?
A. The car avoided being hit.
B. The truck hit the car.
C. The car hit the truck.
D. The car took evasive action.

9. Woman : Do you know anything about the three students who are making the video display?
Man : An excellent photographer, Gary Smith will carry the weight.
Woman : You don’t know the others?
Narrator : What does the man imply about the video producers?
A. One person will make it successful.
B. The group is made up of great photographers.
C. There is no hope for the video display.
D. Gary will load the equipment.

10. Woman : Are you planning to go on the trip?

Man : I may be able to.
Narrator : What does the man mean?
A. He is not sure whether he will go on the trip.
B. He will definitely go on the trip.
C. He will definitely not go on the trip.
D. He plans to go on the trip.

6TH MEETING EVALUATION TEST

GRAMMAR
A. Choose the most proper verbs which suit the tenses!
1. She (is/was/is being/will be/has been/had been) the winner if she concentrate well tomorrow.
2. The bride in last wedding party (is/was/is being/will be/has been/had been) very beautiful with
the diamond necklace.
3. The baby (is/was/is being/will be/has been/had been) cranky today.
4. We (are/were/are being/will be/have been/had been) grateful in every conditions, thick or
thin.
5. They (are/were/are being/will be/have been/had been) here since 5 am.
6. The sun always (rise/rose/rises/has risen/is rising/will rise) in the east.
7. I (read/reads/am reading/will read/had read/have read) the book already before he came this
morning.
8. My mother often (boiled/boils/is boiling/has boiled/had boiled/will boil) us some eggs for
breakfast.
9. We (travels/travel/travelled/is travelling/will travel/have travelled/had travelled) to Mecca next
month.
10. The customer (come/comes/came/will come/are coming/has come/had come) to this bank
since 7 am.
 11. Thomas Alva Edison (invent/invents/is inventing/invented/has invented/had invented/will
invent) the first electric light bulb in 1879.
12. They (graduated/graduate/graduates/are graduating/will graduate/have graduated/had
graduated) for five years but they never come back in this village.
13. Hanum (watch/watches/is watching/will watch/watched/has watched) a television now.
14. The president and companions (leave/leaves/left/will leave/are leaving/have left/had left) for
Makassar today.
15. You (study/studies/studied/are studying/will study/have studied/had studied) English for five
years.
16. We (go/goes/went/will go/are going/have gone/had gone) to the mart yesterday.
17. She (send/sends/sent/will sent/is sending/has sent/had sent) the message two days ago.
18. He (fall/falls/fell/is falling/has fallen/had fallen/will fall) before I could help him.
19. Alika and Raisa regularly (play/plays/played/will play/have played/had played) tennis every
Sunday afternoon.
20. The employees (receive/receives/received/will receive/are receiving/have received/had
received) extra payment tomorrow morning.

READING
Passage 1
A distinctively American architecture began with Frank Lloyd Wright, who had taken to heart the
admonition that form should follow function and who thought of buildings not as separate architectural
entities but as parts of an organic whole that included the land, the community, and the society. In a
very real way the houses of colonial New England and some of the southern plantations had been
functional, but Wright was the first architect to make functionalism the authoritative principle for public
as well as for domestic buildings. As early as 1906 he built the Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois, the first
of those churches that did so much to revolutionize ecclesiastical architecture in the United States.
Thereafter he turned his genius to such miscellaneous structures as houses, schools, office buildings,
and factories, among them the famous Larkin Building in Buffalo, New York, and the Johnson Wax
Company building in Racine, Wisconsin.
The author mentions the Unity Temple because, it …
A. was Wright’s first building
B. influenced the architecture of subsequent churches
C. demonstrated traditional ecclesiastical architecture
D. was the largest church Wright ever designed

Passage 2
In the mid-nineteenth century, the United States had tremendous natural resources that could be
exploited in order to develop heavy industry. Most of the raw materials that are valuable in the
manufacture of machinery, transportation facilities, and consumer goods lay ready to be worked into
wealth, iron, coal, and oil – the basic ingredients of the industrial growth – were plentiful and needed
only the application of technical expertise, organizational skill, and labor.
One crucial development in this movement toward industrialization was the growth of the
railroads. The railway network expanded rapidly until the railroad map of the United States looked like a
spider’s web, with the steel filaments connecting all important sources of raw materials, their places of
manufacture, and their centers of distribution. The railroads contributed to the industrial growth not
only by connecting these major centers, but also by themselves consuming enormous amounts of fuel,
iron, and coal.
Many factors influenced emerging modes of production. For example, machine tools, the tools
used to make goods, were steadily improved in the latter part of the nineteenth century – always with
an eye to speedier production and lower unit costs. The products of the factories were rapidly absorbed
by the growing cities that sheltered the workers and the distributors. The increased urban population
was nourished by the increased farm production that, in turn, was made more productive by the use of
the new farm machinery. American agricultural production kept up with the urban demand and still had
surplus for sale to the industrial centers of Europe.
The labor that ran the factories and built the railways was recruited in part from American farm
areas where people were being displaced by farm machinery, in part from Asia, and in part from Europe.
Europe now began to send tides of immigrants from eastern and southern Europe – most of whom were
originally poor farmers but who settled in American industrial cities. The money to finance this
tremendous expansion of the American economy still came from European financiers for the most part,
but the Americans were approaching the day when their expansion could be financed in their own
“money market”.
Why does the author mention “a spider’s web” in line 8?
A. To emphasize the railroad’s consumption of oil and coal.
B. To describe the complex structure of the railway system.
C. To explain the problems brought on by railway expansion.
D. To describe the difficulties involved in the distribution of raw materials.

Passage 3
Staggering tasks confronted the people of the United States, North and South, when the Civil War
ended. About a million and a half soldiers from both sides had to be demobilized, readjusted to civilian
life, and reabsorbed by the devastated economy. Civil government also had to be put back on a
peacetime basis and interference from the military had to be stopped.
The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be undertaken
also in the North, though less spectacularly. Industries had to adjust to peacetime conditions; factories
had to be retooled for civilian needs.
Financial problems loomed large in both in the North and the South. The national debt had shot
up from a modest $65 million in 1861, the year the war started, to nearly $3 billion in 1865, the year the
war ended. This was a colossal sum for those days but one that a prudent government could pay. At the
same time, war taxes had to be reduced to less burdensome levels.
Physical devastation caused by invading armies, chiefly in South and border states, had to be
repaired. This herculean task was ultimately completed but with discouraging slowness.
Other important questions need answering. What would be the future of the four million Black
people who were freed from slavery? On what basis were the Southern states to be brought back into
the union?
What of the Southern leaders, all of whom were liable to charges of treason? One of these
leaders, Jefferson Davis, president of the Southern Confederacy, was the subject of an insulting popular
Northern song, “Hang Jeff Davis from a Sour Apple Tree,” and even children sang it. Davis was
temporarily chained in his prison cell during the early days of his two-year imprisonment. But he and the
other Southern leaders were finally released, partly because it was unlikely that a jury from Virginia, a
Southern Confederate state, would convict them. All the leaders were finally pardoned by President
Johnson in 1868 in an effort to help reconstruction efforts proceed with as little bitterness as possible.
Why does the author mention a popular song in lines 18-20?
A. To give an example of a Northern attitude towards the South.
B. To illustrate the Northern love of music.
C. To emphasize the cultural differences between the North and the South.
D. To compare the Northern and Southern presidents.

Passage 4
The ocean bottom – a region nearly 2.5 times greater than the total land area of the Earth – is a
vast frontier that even today is largely unexplored and uncharted. Until about a century ago, the deep-
ocean floor was completely inaccessible, hidden beneath waters averaging over 3,600 meters deep.
Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s
surface, the deep-ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans, in some ways as forbidding and
remote as the void of outer space.
Although researchers have taken samples of deep-ocean rocks and sediments for over a century,
the first detailed global investigation of the ocean bottom did not actually start until 1968, with the
beginning of the National Science Foundation’s Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP). Using techniques first
developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDP’s drill ship, the Glomar Challenger, was able to
maintain a steady position on the ocean’s surface and drill in very deep waters, extracting samples of
sediments and rock from the ocean floor.
The Gicunar Challenger completed 96 voyages in a 15-year research program that ended in
November 1983. During this time, the vessel logged 600,000 kilometers and took almost 20,000 core
samples of seabed sediments and rocks at 624 drilling sites around the world. The Glomar Challenger’s
core samples have allowed geologists to reconstruct what the planet looked like hundreds of millions of
years ago and to calculate what it will probably look like millions of years in the future. Today, largely on
the strength of evidence gathered during the Glomar Challenger’s voyages, nearly all earth scientists
agree on the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift that explain many of the geological
processes that shape the Earth.
The cores of sediment drilled by the Glomar Challenger have also yielded information critical to
understanding the world’s past climates. Deep-ocean sediments provide a climatic record stretching
back hundreds of million years because they are largely isolated from the mechanical erosion and the
intense chemical and biological activity that rapidly destroy much land-based evidence of past climates.
This record has already provided insights into the patterns and causes of past climatic change –
information that may be used to predict future climates.
The author mentions outer space in line 6 because …
A. the Earth’s climate millions of years ago was similar to conditions in outer space
B. it is similar to the ocean floor in being alien to the human environment
C. rock formations in outer space are similar to those found on the ocean floor
D. techniques used by scientists to explore outer space were similar to those used in ocean
exploration

Passage 5
Composers today use a wider variety of sounds than ever before, including many that were once
considered undesirable noises. Composer Edgard Varese (1883-1965) called thus the “liberation of
sound … the right to make music with any and all sounds.” Electronic music, for example – made with
the aid of computers, synthesizers, and electronic instruments may include sounds that in the past
would not have been considered musical. Environmental sounds, such as thunder, and electronically
generated hisses and blips can be recorded, manipulated, and then incorporated into a musical
composition. But composers also draw novel sounds from voices and non-electronic instruments.
Singers may be asked to scream, laugh, groan, sneeze, or to sing phonetic sounds rather than words.
Wind and string players may lap or scrape their instruments.
A brass or woodwind player may hum while playing, to produce two pitches at one; a pianist may
reach inside the piano to pluck a string and then run a metal blade along it. In the music of the Western
world, the greatest expansion and experimentation have involved percussion instruments, which
outnumber strings and winds in many recent compositions. Traditional percussion instruments are
struck with new types of beaters; and instruments that used to be couriered unconventional in Western
music – tom-toms, bongos, slapsticks, maracas – are widely used.
In the search for novel sounds, increased use has been made in Western music of Microtones.
Non-Western music typically divides and interval between two pitches more finely than Western music
does, thereby producing a greater number of distinct tones, or micro tones, within the same interval.
Composers such as Krzysztof Pmderecki create sound that borders on electronic noise through tone
clusters – closely spaced tones played together and heard as a mass, block, or band of sound. The
directional aspect of sound has taken on new importance as well Loudspeakers or groups of instruments
may be placed at opposite ends of the stage, in the balcony, or at the back and sides of the auditorium.
Because standard music notation makes no provision for many of these innovations, recent music scores
may contain graph like diagrams, new note shapes and symbols, and novel ways of arranging notation
on the page.
In paragraph 3, the author mentions diagrams as an example of a new way to ...
A. chart the history of innovation in musical notation
B. explain the logic of standard musical notation
C. design and develop electronic instruments
D. indicate how particular sounds should be produced

Passage 6
What unusual or unique biological train led to the remarkable diversification and unchallenged
success of the ants for every 50 million years? The answer appears to be that they were the first group
of predatory unsocial insects that both lived and foraged primarily in the soil and in rotting vegetation
on the ground. Eusocial refers to a form of insect society characterized by specialization of tasks and
cooperative care of the young; it is rare among insects. Richly organized colonies of the land made
possible by eusociality enjoy several key advantages over solitary individuals.
Under most circumstances groups of workers are better able to forage for food and defend the
nest, because they can switch from individual to group response and back again swiftly and according to
need. When a food object or nest intruder is too large for one individual to handle, nest mates can be
quickly assembled by alarm or recruitment signals. Equally important is the fact that the execution of
multiple-step tasks is accomplished in a series-parallel sequence. That is, individual ants can specialize in
particular steps, moving from one object (such as larva to be fed) to another (a second larva to be fed).
They do not need to carry each task to completion from start to finish – for example, to check the larva
first, then collect the food, then feed the larva. Hence, if each link in the chain has many workers in
attendance, a sense directed at any particular object is less likely to fail. Moreover, ants specializing in
particular labor categories typically constitute a caste specialized by age or body form or both. There has
been some documentation of the superiority in performance and net energetic yield of various castes
for their modal tasks, although careful experimental studies are still relatively few.
What makes ants unusual in the company of eusocial insects is the fact that they are the only
eusocial predators (predators are animals that capture and feed on other animals) occupying the soil
and ground litter. The eusocial termites live in the same places as ants and also have wingless workers
but they feed almost exclusively on dead vegetation.
The author uses the word “Hence” in line 14 to indicate …
A. a logical conclusion
B. the next step in a sense of steps
C. a reason for further study
D. the relationship among ants

Passage 7
Industrialization came to the United States after 1760 as North American entrepreneurs increased
productivity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations in manufacturing boosted
output and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the average per capita wealth increased by
nearly 1 percent per year – 30 percent over the course of a generation. Goods that had once been luxury
items became part of everyday life.
The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods,
since the 1790’s, North American entrepreneurs – even without technological improvements – had
broadened the scope of the outwork system that mace manufacturing more efficient by distributing
materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process. For
example, during the 1820’s and 1830’s the shoe industry greatly expanded the scale and extended the
outwork system. Tens of thousands of rural women, paid according to the amount they produced,
fabricated the “uppers” of shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning journeymen
shoemakers in dozens of Massachusetts towns, whereas previously journeymen would have made the
endure shoe. This system of production made the employer a powerful “shoe boss” and eroded
workers’ control over the pace and conditions of labor. However, it also dramatically increased the
output of shoes while cutting their price.
For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even more
important new organization, the modern factory, which used power-driven machines and assembly-line
techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early as 1782 the prolific Delaware
inventor Oliver Evans had built a highly automated, laborsaving flour mill driven by water power. His
machinery lifted the grain to the top of the mill, cleaned it as it fell into containers known as hoppers,
ground the grain into flour, and then conveyed the flour back to the top of the mill to allow it to cool as
it descended into barrels. Subsequently, manufactures made use of new improved stationary steam
engines to power their mills. This new technology enabled them to build factories in the nation’s largest
cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations of inexpensive labor, good transportation networks,
and eager customers.
The author mentions the shoe industry in the second paragraph to provide an example of how …
A. entrepreneurs increased output by using an extended outwork system
B. entrepreneurs used technological improvements to increase output
C. rural workers responded to “shoe bosses”
D. changes in the outwork system improved the quality of shoes

Passage 8
The mineral particles found in soil range in size from microscopic clay particles to large boulders.
The most abundant particles – sand, silt, and clay – are the focus of examination in studies of soil
texture. Texture is the term used to describe the composite sizes of particles in a soil sample, typically
several representative handrails. To measure soil texture, the sand, silt, and clay particles are sorted out
by size and weight. The weights of each size are then expressed as a percentage of the sample weight.
 In the field, soil texture can be estimated by extracting a handful of sod and squeezing the damp
soil into three basic shapes; (1) cast, a lump formed by squeezing a sample in a clenched fist; (2) thread a
pencil shape formed by rolling soil between the palms; and (3) ribbon, a flatfish shape formed by
squeezing a small sample between the thumb and index finger. The behavioral characteristics of the soil
when molded into each of these shapes if they can be formed at all, provides the basis for a general
textural classification. The behavior of the soil in the hand test is determined by the amount of clay in
the sample. Clay particles are highly cohesive, and when dampened, behave as a plastic. Therefore the
higher the clay content in a sample, the more refined and durable the shapes into which it can be
molded.
Another method of determining soil texture involves the use of devices called sediment sieves,
screens built with a specified mesh size. When the soil is filtered through a group of sieves, each with a
different mesh size, the particles become grouped in corresponding size categories. Each category can
be weighed to make a textural determination. Although sieves work well for silt, sand, and larger
particles, they are not appropriate for clay particles. Clay is far too small to sieve accurately; therefore,
in soils with a high proportion of clay, the fine particles are measured on the basis of their settling
velocity when suspended in water. Since clays settle so slowly, they are easily segregated from sand and
silt. The water can be drawn off and evaporated, leaving a residue of clay, which can be weighed.
The author mentions “several representative handrails” in line 4 in order to show …
A. the range of soil samples
B. the process by which soil is weighed
C. the requirements for an adequate soil sample
D. how small soil particles are

Passage 9
The first flying vertebrates were true reptiles in which one of the fingers of the front limbs
became very elongated, providing support for a flap of stretched skin that served as a wing. These were
the pterosaurs, literally the “winged lizards.” The earliest pterosaurs arose near the end of the Triassic
period of the Mesozoic era, some 70 million years before the first known fossils of true birds occur, and
they presumably dominated the skies until they were eventually displaced by birds. Like the dinosaurs,
some the pterosaurs became gigantic; the largest fossil discovered is of an individual that had a
wingspan of 50 feet or more, larger than many airplanes. These flying reptiles had large, tooth-filled
jaws, but their bodies were small and probably without the necessary powerful muscles for sustained
wing movement. They must have been expert gliders, not skillful fliers, relying on wind power for their
locomotion.
Birds, despite sharing common reptilian ancestors with pterosaurs, evolved quite separately and
have been much more successful in their dominance of the air. They are an example of a common
theme in evolution, the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and
function for the same reason – in this case, for flight. Although the fossil record, as always, is not
complete enough to determine definitively the evolutionary lineage of the birds or in as much detail as
one would like, it is better in this case than for many other animal groups. That is because of the unusual
preservation in a limestone quarry in southern Germany of Archaeopteryx, a fossil that many have called
the link between dinosaurs and birds. Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these
fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs. They have the skull and teeth of a reptile as
well as a bony tail, but in the line-grained limestone in which these fossils occur there are delicate
impressions of feathers and fine details of bone structure that make it clear that Archaeopteryx was a
bird. All birds living today, from the great condors of the Andes to the tiniest wrens, race their origin
back to the Mesozoic dinosaurs.
The author mentions airplanes in line 7 in order to …
A. illustrate the size of wingspans in some pterosaurs
B. compare the energy needs of dinosaurs with those of modern machines
C. demonstrate the differences between mechanized flight and animal flight
D. establish the practical applications of the study of fossils

Passage 10
Pennsylvania’s colonial ironmasters forged iron and a revolution that had both industrial and
political implications. The colonists in North America wanted the right to the profits gained from their
manufacturing. However, England wanted all of the colonies’ rich ores and raw materials to feed its own
factories, and also wanted the colonies to be a market for its finished goods. England passes legislation
in 1750 to prohibit colonists from making finished iron products, but by 1771, when entrepreneur Mark
Bird established the Hopewell blast furnace in Pennsylvania, iron making had become the backbone of
American industry. It also had become one of the major issues that fomented the revolutionary break
between England and the British colonies. By the time the War of Independence broke out in 1776, Bird,
angered and determined, was manufacturing cannons and shot at Hopewell to be used by the
Continental Army.
After the war, Hopewell, along with hundreds of other “iron plantations,” continued to form the
new nation’s industrial foundation well into the nineteenth century. The rural landscape became dotted
with tall stone pyramids that breathed flames and smoke, charcoal-fueled iron furnaces that produced
the versatile metal so crucial to the nation’s growth. Generations of ironmasters, craftspeople, and
workers produced goods during war and peace-ranging from cannons and shot to domestic items such
as cast-iron stoves, pots, and sash weights for windows.
The region around Hopewell had everything needed for iron production: a wealth of iron ore near
the surface, limestone for removing impurities from the iron, hardwood forests to supply the charcoal
used for fuel, rushing water to power the bellows that pumped blasts of air into the furnace fires, and
workers to supply the labor. By the 1830’s, Hopewell had developed a reputation for producing high
quality cast-iron stoves, for which there was a steady market. As Pennsylvania added more links to its
transportation system of roads, canals, and railroads, it became easier to ship parts made by Hopewell
workers to sites all over the east coast. There they were assembled into stoves and sold from Rhode
Island to Maryland as the “Hopewell stove”. By the time the last fires burned out at Hopewell ironworks
in 1883, the community had produced some 80,000 cast-iron stoves.
The passage mentions “roads, canals, and railroads” in line 22 in order to explain …
A. improvements in transportation benefited the Hopewell ironworks
B. iron was used in the construction of various types of transportation
C. the transportation system of Pennsylvania was superior to that of other states
D. Hopewell never became a major transportation center

LISTENING
1. A. She has already completed the forms.
B. She doesn’t feel like completing the forms.
C. She intends to complete the forms.
D. She feels like she should refuse to complete the forms.

2. A. She doesn’t intend to take the papers to the Dean’s office.

B. She saw the papers.
C. She went to the office.
 D. She will take the papers to the Dean.

3. A. The companies are negotiating the merger.

B. One chairman broke his word.
C. The chairman discontinued discussing a merger.
D. One company revoked its merger agreement.

4. A. John will attend the cruise.

B. John is changing his arrangements.
C. John still has to make his plans.
D. John is not attending the cruise.

5. A. Betty is coming to the meeting.

B. Betty did not go the meeting.
C. Betty might not come to the meeting.
D. Betty is on the bus.

6. A. Brenda hasn’t decided whether to change majors.

B. Stephen is investigating the alternatives.
C. Brenda isn’t going to change her major.
D. Stephen is looking for a list of option.

7. A. Finish his research.

B. Start planning the writing before finishing the research.
C. Give up on the project.
D. Don’t use research.

8. A. He forgot to take the exam.

B. He made a mistake, which cost him a number of answers.
C. He turned in his paper too late, so it didn’t get scored.
D. He is angry about the testing format.

9. A. It was overrated.
B. It was boring.
C. It was extremely interesting.
D. They missed it.

10. A. The children got through it okay.

B. The speakers have forgotten about it.
C. The speakers don’t like thinking about it.
D. The speakers are grateful that nobody was seriously hurt.
7TH MEETING EVALUATION TEST
GRAMMAR
Choose the most appropriate verb by considering the tenses!
1. Alissya (have/has/is having/are having/had/will have/has had/had had) a long black hair.
2. I (am/is/are/was/is being/are being/were/will be/have been/had been/had been) in Jakarta before
great earthquake struck Palu in 2018.
3. All mammals (feed/feeds/is feeding /are feeding/ fed will feed/have fed/had fed) their babies.
4. The highest mountain in the world (am/is/are/was/were/will be/have been/has been/had been)
Everest. b
5. The grandpa (cry/cries/cried/will cry/has cried/have cried/had cried) for five hours. b
6. We (am/is/are/is being/are being/ was/were/will be/have been/has been/had been) in Banggai
since 4 years ago. b
7. She (realize/realizes/is realizing/are realizing/realized/will realize/have realized/had realized) later
that her decision is wrong.
8. Rasya and Arumi (go/goes/went/will go/have gone/had gone) to school before she woke up this
morning.
9. The airplane (take off/takes off/took off/will take off/have taken off/had taken off) before they
arrived in Bandara yesterday. b
10. The chef (cook/cooks/cooked/is cooking/are cooking/will cook/have cooked/has cooked/had
cooked) a lot of snacks at this moment.
11. Once upon a time, there (is/are/was/were/is being/are being/will be/have been/has been/had
been) a princess who lived alone in the forest. b
12. Cabbage (is/are/was/were/is being/are being/will be/have been/has been/had been) a common
vegetable native to England and northwestern France but now grown in many parts of Europe, Asia,
and the American continents.
13. Water projects in the United States (gain/gains/is gaining/are gaining/gained/will gain/has gained/
have gained/had gained) a new rationale in the 1930’s.
14. Hermit crabs (grab/grabs/is grabbing/are grabbing/grabbed/will grab/has grabbed/have
grabbed/had grabbed) sea anemones with their claws.
15. Ambar ((am/is/are/is being/are being/ was/were/will be/have been/has been/had been) ready
before he (pick/picks/is picking/are picking/picked/will pick/have picked/has picked/had picked)
her up this morning.

READING
Passage 1
Robert Moog was an American inventor who developed the Moog Synthesizer. It was one of the
first synthesizers to gain widespread use as a musical instrument. Moog’s synthesizer were an important
part of musical innovation in rock and jazz music in the 1960s and 1970s. Robert Arthur Moog was born
in Queens, a borough of New York City 75 years ago. He became fascinated with electronics as a
teenager, particularly an early electronic music instrument called the theremin. Moog studied physic
and electrical engineering at Queens College and Columbia University, both in New York City, and later
received Ph.D. in engineering physics Cornel University in Ithaca, New York. In 1954, while still an
undergraduate student, Moog formed his own company to sell theremins and theremin kits.
Soon after, Moog began working on a keyboard instrument that could replicate the sound of any
musical instrument electronically. Working with American composer Herbert Deutsch, Moog introduced
the prototype Moog Synthesizer at a convention in 1964. The device represented a significant advance
over previous electronic synthesizer because of its use of new semiconductor technology, which made it
smaller and considerably cheaper than earlier machines. The Moog, as it was known, was soon in
demand by musician all over the world.
In 1964, Moog began a collaboration with American composer and organist Walter Carlos (now
Wendy Carlos), who released the bestselling electronic music album Switched-On-Beach in 1968. Rock
groups such as the Beatles and Yes and jazz musicians such as Herbie Hancock and Chick Corea began
incorporating Moog Synthesizer into their recordings, a trend that increased when the company
introduced the compact and portable Minimoog in 1970. Moog Synthesizer was also prominently
featured on the soundtrack to the movie A Clockwork Orange in 1971. Encyclopedia of World Biography,
2008.

The passage describes theremin as a/an …

A. prototype of Moog Synthesizer
B. initial electronic music instrument
C. musical instrument to replicate the sound
D. instrument of electronic tool
According to the passage, all of the following are true about The Moog, EXCEPT …
A. it was invented by Robert Moog
B. it was first introduced n 1964
C. it initiated new technology which was smaller and cheaper than previous machines
D. it was the first synthesizer in the world

Passage 2
Throughout history, people have been the victim of pickpockets. Today, pick pocketing is the one
of the most rapidly increasing crimes. Pickpockets are increasing in number and developing better
methods to practice their skill. Approximately one million Americans lose money to pickpockets every
year, and none is really safe from a skilled pickpockets. His victims, or ‘marks’ as they are called, can be
rich or poor, young or old.
During the eighteenth century, pickpockets were hanged in England, large crowds of people
would gather watch the hanging, which was supposed to be a warning to other pickpockets. However, in
time the practice was discontinued. The reason: while people were attentively watching the hanging of a
pickpocket, other pickpockets skillfully stole the money of spectators.
Police official say that the most efficient pickpockets come from South America. Many of these
expert pickpockets are trained in special school called ‘Jingle Bell Schools’. A pickpocket’s graduate from
J.B.S when he is able to steal a wallet from a dresses dummy (mannequin) that has bells inside its
pockets.
Even the most well dressed, respectable person may be a pickpocket. Some of the favorite places
of pickpockets are banks, airports, racetrack, supermarkets, elevators, and train and bus stations.
Oftentimes a pickpocket will work with another pickpockets as his partner. Another kind of pickpockets
work outside or inside bars and specialize in stealing from women is called a ‘purse snatcher.’ To avoid
being the victim of a pickpocket, it’s important to be very cautious and alert when being in the midst of
large gathering of the people.
The hanging of pickpockets were not continued because …
A. they were large crowd of people
B. it was against humanity
C. the police were not at the hanging
D. it was not effective to stop pick pocketing

Pick pocketing is … crime

A. an old
B. a modern
C. a temporary
D. a contemporary

South American pickpockets are the most efficient because

A. they are well-trained
B. they are handsome
C. they are well-dress
D. they are respectable

Passage 3
The cause of tooth decay is acid, which is produced by bacteria in the mouth. The acid removes
minerals from tooth enamel, allowing tooth decay to begin; the saliva in your mouth encourages
remineralization and neutralizes the acid. The rate at which bacteria in the mouth produce acid depends
on the amount of plaque on the teeth, the composition of the microbial flora, and whether the bacteria
of the plaque have been “primed” by frequent exposure to sugar. To keep your teeth healthy, a regular
dental hygiene program should be followed.
Removing plaque with a toothbrush and dental floss temporarily reduces the numbers of bacteria
in the mouth and thus reduces tooth decay. It also makes the surfaces of the teeth more accessible,
enabling saliva to neutralize acid and remineralize lesions. If fluoride is present in drinking water when
teeth are forming, some fluoride is incorporated into the enamel of the teeth, making them more
resistant to attack by acid. Fluoride toothpaste seems to act in another way, by promoting the
remineralization of early carious lesions.
In addition to a regular dental hygiene program, a good way to keep your teeth healthy is to
reduce your intake of sweet food. The least cavity-causing way to eat sweets is to have them with meals
and not between. The number of times you eat sweets rather than the total amount determines how
much harmful acid the bacteria in your saliva produce. However, the amount of sweet influences the
quality of your saliva. Avoid, if you can, the sticky sweets that stay in your mouth for a long time. Also try
to brush and floss your teeth after eating sugary foods. Even rinsing your mouth with water is also
effective. Whenever possible, eat food with fiber, such as raw carrot sticks, apples, celery sticks, etc. that
scrape off plaque like a toothbrush. Cavities can be greatly reduced if these rules are followed when
eating sweets.

According to the passage, all of the following statements about plaque are true EXCEPT …
A. it consists of acid producing bacteria
B. it is not affected by eating sweets
C. it can be removed from teeth by brushing and flossing
D. it reduced the positive effect of saliva

According to the passage, the value of eating foods with fiber is that …
A. they contain vitamin A
B. they are less expensive than a toothbrush
C. they are able to remove the plaque from your teeth
D. they contain no sugar

The author of the passage states that the amount of acid produced by the bacteria in your saliva
increases …
A. with the amount of sweets you eat
B. with the number of times you eat sweets
C. if you eat sweets with your meals
D. if you eat sticky sweets

Passage 4
Scientist do not yet thoroughly understand just how the body of an individual becomes sensitive
to a substance that is harmless or even whole some for the average person. Milk, wheat, and egg, for
example, rank among the most healthful and widely used foods. Yet these foods can cause person
sensitive to them to suffer greatly. At first, the body of the individual is not harmed by coming into
contact with the substance. After a varying interval of time, usually longer than a few weeks, the body
becomes sensitive to it, and an allergy has begun to develop. Sometimes it’s hard to figure out if you
have a food allergy, since it can show up so many different ways.
Your symptoms could be caused by many other problems. You may have rashes, hives, joint pains
mimicking arthritis, headaches, irritability, or depression. The most common food allergies are to milk,
eggs, seafood, wheat, nuts, seeds, chocolate, oranges, and tomatoes. Many of these allergies will not
develop if these foods are not fed to an infant until her or his intestines mature at around seven months.
Breast milk also tends to be protective. Migraines can be set off by foods containing tyramine,
phenethylamine, monosodium glutamate, or sodium nitrate. Common foods which contain these are
chocolate, aged cheeses, sour cream, red wine, pickled herring, chicken livers, avocados, ripe bananas,
cured meats, many Oriental and prepared foods (read the labels!). Some people have been successful in
treating their migraines with supplements of B-vitamins, particularly B6 and niacin.
Children who are hyperactive may benefit from eliminating food additives, especially colorings,
and foods high in salicylates from their diets. A few of these are almonds, green peppers, peaches, tea,
grapes. This is the diet made popular by Benjamin Feingold, who was written the book Why your Child is
30 Hyperactive. Other researchers have had mixed results when testing whether the diet is effective.
*
According to the passage, the difficulty in diagnosing allergies to foods is due to …
A. the vast number of different foods we eat
B. lack of a proper treatment plan
C. the similarity of symptoms of the allergy to other problems
D. the use of prepared formula to feed babies

The author states that the reason that infants need to avoid certain foods related to allergies had to do
with the infant’s …
A. lack of teeth
B. poor metabolism
C. underdeveloped intestinal tract
D. inability to swallow solid foods

LISTENING

1. A. He makes a lot of money.

B. He has just been left some money.
C. He doesn’t believe three hundred dollars is enough.
D. He can’t afford to spend that much.

2. A. He knows what is wrong with the watch.

B. The woman doesn’t need to buy another battery.
C. The woman should get a new watch.
D. The jewelry store can probably repair the woman’s watch.

3. A. He has another meeting to attend on that day.

B. He’s available either day.
C. He can’t attend a two-day conference.
D. Not everybody will go to the same meeting.

4. A. Go the beach with her friends.

B. Postpone her meeting with Professor Jones.
C. See Professor Jones after class.
D. Give a speech in Professor’s Jones class.

5. A. She isn’t a very good student.

B. She hasn’t gotten her grades yet.
C. She shouldn’t worry about her grades.
D. She doesn’t like to talk about her grades.

6. A. The classes have improved his health.

B. His new glasses fit better than the old ones.
C. He’s thinking of taking exercise classes.
D. He’s unhappy about his life.

7. A. She also found the book difficult.

B. She has learned a lot about names.
C. She doesn’t remember the title of the novel.
D. She read a different book.

8. A. They’ll have to go to a later show.

B. The people in line all have tickets.
C. She doesn’t want to go to the second show.
D. They won’t have to wait much longer.

9. A. If it’s too late for her to drop the course.

B. If she sympathizes with him.
 C. If she apologized for what she did.
D. If she regrets taking the course.

10. A. She’ll be travelling during winter break.

B. She’ll be working during vacation.
C. She’s looking forward to going home.
D. She wants to hire another research assistant.