考研语法

（英语二）
微博/公众号：田静 Shadow
第二部分长难句
第二章：复合句=主句+从句
第一节名词性从句
第二节定语从句
第三节状语从句

定语从句
一.定语从句的概述

Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment.

主句 定语从句

(2007, Translation)

先行词=关系词
This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head.
t t
This was the biographical tradition. Niccolo Machiavelli turned the biographical tradition
on its head.

二. 定语从句的写法

「 fijf J 先行词 n.+ 陈述句____________

定语从句
主句

先行词 关系词
事/物 which/that
人 who / whom / that
whose
人/物
（表示人或物的所有关系，“某人的/某物
的”）
时间 when
地点 where
 原因 why

1. 先行词是事/物，关系词选择 which / that

The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Dav do include a call for governments to

enact legislation to curb single-use plastics.

(2019, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

The BIO recently held a convention which included session to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for

patents.

(2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

2. 先行词是人，关系词选择 who / whom / that

… normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight.

(2014, Use of English)

... you have limited time with the person that vou want to talk with and you want to make this talk

memorable.

(2018, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

先行词是人/物，表示人或物的所有关系，
3.

关系词选择 whose
Users could select which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated

could navigate those systems.

(2011, Use of English)

On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, snems to be the natural

world.

(英语一，2013, Translation)

科 6 行词是时 Q 关系词选择 when : _

It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a

time when high-qualitv arts criticism could be found in most big-citv newspapers.

(英语一,2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

5. 先行词是地点，关系词选择 where
He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and

mechanical memorization, but practical.

(2018, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

6. 先行词是原因，关系词选择 why
… Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first

place.

(2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

关于定语从句关系词的注意事项：
•定语从句的关系词每一个都作成分，包括 that。
• whom 指人，只能作宾语使用。
•关系词在定语从句中作宾语（动宾或介宾）时，都可以省略。
••• weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate depiction of the hard work and progress I was
making in the gym.
（2019, Use of English）

三.定语从句的分类

限定性定语从句
He will call his friend who is working in London.
He will call his mother, who is working in London.

非限定性定语从句 先行词范围明确

非限定性定语从句先行词范围明确
Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald，s, which sponsors the vouth coaching scheme run bythe
Football Association.
(2011, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is available ahead of expectations.
(2010, Use of English)

类
别 限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句
区别
逗号 无逗号 有逗号
先行词 范围不明确 范围明确

作用 修饰限定先行词，不能省略，影响表意 补充说明先行词，可以省略，不影响表意
往前翻译
翻译 不用往前翻译
（译到先行词前，"……的名词”）
① 关系词可以用 that ① 关系词不能用 that ② 不可以省略
关系词 ② 作宾语可以省略 ③ 指人作宾语，只能用 whom
③ 指人作宾语，用 whom /who /that 都
行
定语从句的补充
（一）限定性定语从句与同位语从句的区别
n.+从句 同位语从句 解释说明 n. 抽象 n.后
限定性的定语从句
修饰限定 n.
任意 n.后（抽象或不抽象的 n.后都行）
区别 1：从句前若为不抽象的 n.,则可判断
是定语从句
n. + that 从句 区别 2： n. + that 从句（that 作从句的成分）

（that 不作从句的成分） 同位语从句中 关 区别 3： n. +省略关系词的从句

系词都不能省略

But anyone who docs not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return. (2010, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

Second, paper checks have the advantage that they provide receipts, something that many consumers are

unwilling to give up.

(2013, Use of English)

Fear is not real.

It is a product of thoughts you create.
(2015, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

(二) 特殊的非限定性定语从句(修饰整句话)
••• so the centres need to be well air-conditionnd, which uses even more energy.
(2011, Translation) …it takes several days before a check is cashed and funds are withdrawn from the
issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime.
(2013, Use of English)

特殊的非限定性定语从句
As Koziatek knows, there is learning in just about everything.

(2018, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

(三)介词提前的定语从句：介词+whom/which
… we would move quickly to the cashless society which all payments made electronically in.

… we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. (2013, Use

of English) … economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is
a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour…
(2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

定语从句-练习
Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt… (2019, Reading
Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

There' re enough people to fill the jobs at McDonalds and other places where you don' t need to have much skill.
(2017, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

Sure enough, firms' investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they
were headquartered.
(2016, Use of English)

••• realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen***
(2014, Translation)

The outbreak came to global notice in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noted an unusually large number
of hospitalizations and dea ths among healthy adults.
(2010, Use of English)

定语从句-考场攻略
攻略 1：不必纠结于从句的种类
攻略 2：非限定性定语从句可以省略不看
攻略 3：找到定语从句和先行词
••• there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.
(英语一,2005, Reading Comprehension, Part A, Text 4)

Wl J
弟二从句

I!I
s

第三节状语从句
HWJ '^9^lE&l *
状语从句
一、 状语从句的概述
(一) 状语从句的含义
(二) 状语从句的写法
When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlooking a nation' s diversity of gifts. (2018, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

(三) 状语从句的位置
In the United States, new cases seemed to fade as warmer weather arrived.

(2010, Use of English)

As warmer weather arrived, in the United States, new cases seemed to fade.

In the United States, new cases, as warmer weather arrived, seemed to fade.

二、状语从句的分类
(一)时间状语从句
when / while / as

before / after

since / until

as soon as

by the time

But as companies continue their attempts at personalized medicine, the courts will remain rather busy.

(2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

Even dairy farms, where robots do a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they' rn automated.

(2019, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end

of 1989.

(2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

…the corporate workplace will never be completely family-friendly until women「re part of senior management

decisions…

(2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to
Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through.

(2018, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

 (二) 地点状语从句
where

A Department of Health spokesperson said: "We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society

works together to get healthy and live longer. ”

(2011, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

(三) 原因状语从句
because

since

as

I' ve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, because I' m training according to

those goals, not the numbers on a scale.

(2019, Use of English)

Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to track my weight each week.

(2019, Use of English)

As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted …

(2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

(四) 结果状语从句
so…that…

such…that…

so that…

He reads so passionately that his parents have to institute a “ no reading policy '' at thn dinner table.
(2018, Translation)

Indeed, homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments can' t possibly cop。. (英语一,2006,
Use of English)

Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts.

(英语一,2008, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

(五) 目的状语从句
so that…

in order that…

When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person have in

common so that you can build the conversation from that point.

(2018, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

(六) 条件状语从句
if
once

as long as / so long as

If she didn't keep the conversation going, we'd spend the whole evening in silence.

(2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

… once you get that first word out everything else will just flow.

(2018, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide. (英语一,
2002, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

(七) 让步状语从句
although / though

even if / even though

while

however

For example, many collegiate and professional football players qualify as obese, though their percentage body fat

is low.

(2014, Use of English)

Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors

work against the disappearance of the paper system.

(2013, Use of English)

It doesn' t feel like a human or democratic relationship, even if both sides benefit.

(2018, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

(八) 比较状语从句
than

as

… teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.

(2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

The boy is convinced that if he reads enough, he can explore as many career paths as he likes. (2018,

Translation)

(九)方式状语从句
as
as if

Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please…
(2012, Reading Comprehension, Part B)
On a really good day, it no longer feels as if vou'rv “making time to read," but just reading, and making
time for everything else.
(2016, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

注意 as

状语从句-练习
••• this habit can sometimes hurt more than it helps.
(2019, Use of English)

And I felt like that again••- when people responded to the blog so well.
(2013, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

Conversely, if homework matters, it should account for a significant portion of the grade.
(2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences 一 or invent them
where they did not previously exist.
(2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

••• although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at
home.
(2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling.
(2010, Translation)

状语从句-考场攻略
攻略 1：完形填空中，选择从属连词
I' ve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, I ， m training
according to those goals, not the numbers on a scale.
(2019, Use of English)

攻略 2：根据从属连词，判断上下文
But if your work is your "passion," you' II be more likely to devote yourself to it, even if that means going home
for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bed.
(2015, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

When we travel down a well-known route, because we don' t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more
quickly.
(2015, Translation)

第二部分长难句 第三章：特殊句式 第一节虚拟 第二节倒装 第三节强调

虚拟
一、 虚拟的概述
1 什么是虚拟？
2 如何表达虚拟？

二、 if 虚拟条件句

If 虚拟条件句假设现在
If 从句 主句
一般过去时 could+do
did would
(were) should
might
“If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes-by
setting strict limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sport events, ” he said.
(2011, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

If 虚拟条件句 假设过去
if 从句 主句
过去完成时 could+have done
had done would
should
might

If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. (英语一，2008, Reading Comprehension,
Part A Text 3)

If 虚拟条件句假设将来
主句
could+do
if 从句 did(were) were to do would
should do should
might

Dr Kroo and his team modelled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los
Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas were to assemble over Utah...
(2010, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

if 虚拟条件句

时间范围 if 从句 主句

假设过去 had done would could + have done

假设现在 did/were should might + do

did/were + do

假设将来 were to do

should do

三、名词性从句的虚拟
This year, it was proposed that the system be changed: …
(英语一,2013, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be
representative of all parts of the community to the state level.
(2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

第二部分长难句 第三章：特殊句式 第一节虚拟

第二节倒装
第三节强调

倒装

一、全部倒装
Of even greater concern is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define.

(2014, Use of English)

Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.

(英语一,2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

There be 句型： There be + n.

There is a girl.

There be 句型： There be + n. + 介词短语

There is a book on the table.

••• there was significant flu activity in almost every state...

(2010, Use of English)

There will always be change — new jobs, new products, new services.

(2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

•,•but there have been controversial views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications.
(英语一,2002, Use of English)

There may be more matches in the database...

(英语一,2004, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

二、部分倒装
(一) 否定副词或词组位于句首
… it has never served so much to connect different peoples and nations before…

… never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations...

… and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent

events in Europe.
(英语一，2005, Reading Comprehension, Part C)

They developed not only such a device…

Not only did they develop such a device...

Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it
in a worldwide system...

(英语一,2012, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

(二) only 位于句首

They have come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon only recently. Only

recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. (2019, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

They will be useful servants and not Frankenstein' s out-of-control monster only then. Only then will they

be useful servants and not Frankenstein' s out-of-control monster. (英语一,2019, Reading Comprehension,

Part A kxt 3)

(三) 虚拟条件句省略 if
]f Entergy had kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.

But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.

(英语一,2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

… you would have to complete an extra year if you were to switch to the nursing school*** … you would have

to complete an extra year were you to switch to the nursing school***

At Boston College, for example, you would have to complete an extra year were you to switch to the nursing

school from another department.

(2017, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

第二部分长难句
第三章：特殊句式
第一节虚拟
第二节倒装

BxSwC's wt J
强调

一、强调句的构成
It is…that…

… the masses beneath them are left behind.

… it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.

(2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

二、强调句的变化
It is/was・・・ that/who***

… it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. (2010, Reading
Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

It was only after "toddler" became a common shoppers' term that it evolved into a broadly accepted

developmental stage.
(2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

判断：是不是强调句？
It is men, not women, who report being happi er at home t h an at work.

(2015, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

It is quite possible that the homework helped.

(2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

特殊句式-练习
First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one.
(英语一,2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

••• there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.

(英语一,2013, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

It was during the same time that the communications revolution speeded up ...

(英语一,2002, Use of English)

However; only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities.

(英语一，2007, Reading Comprehension, Part C)

We believe that if animals ran the labs, they would test us to determine the limits of our patience, our

faithfulness, our memory for locations.

(英语一,2009, Use of English)

特殊句式-考场攻略
攻略：特殊句式看懂即可