Geometry

Angles Complementary Angle

4
13 900
supplementary Angle 2 13 1809
vertically opposite Angle
Corresponding Angle
Alternate Angle

Te K ty 1800

74

Triangles GABC LA LB 4 1800

D D
Scalene Isosteles Equilateral
Obtuse Angled D
Acute Angled Right Angled
Exterior Angle Property A
2
4 2
x

x
I
B
Angle Bisector
Now In
24 1800 X
Y
sexy 900 A 900
y LXAD
AD is an internal angle Itn
bisector CA
of
e
Ayn
t
Internal and External D
Angle Bisectors are sexy 900

tis to each other

Theorem A

P is called the in centre DABC

of
T of 7
Bpc 900
12
B12 421
Proof C
1800
BPC
Bz E
p
At Btc Bz Ez N
9071
H BE E 2
o

g 300
p

R
LOOM 1800 LPog
1800 900 150

75
Theorem L BPC go A
Az
Proof
BPC 1800 900 902
13
B12 421
Et BIL Iggy B
1900 12 900
El
900
12
Proc is a
cyclic
Quadrilateral with 90
Pg as diameter
p
 Theorem InDABC AD is an attitude
and AM is an internal A

angle bisector of CA
Then DAM KB 24
at
Proof BAD 900 B

BAM A 2 p TI g c

NOW DAM 1900 B

B
Az Bz E
B LD
Bz
Theorem AM bisects LDAP
where AD is altitude A
and AP is a circum ACB 900
diameter of DABC
AM is internal
angle bisector of a
B

LA
Proof BAP Bep
B I Ii o
c
901C
BAP go C 1

Now LDAP 900 c 900 13

LDAP LB LC
op
SO CB C
DAM

Am also bisects LDAP

 is internal A
Theorem AD angle
bisector of CA then
21 2 24 ITS
x y A P
z are in

Solution
B I c x

Now Y H
12
I

Z Yt 2

Y Z x y 24 2 2
Congruency of Triangle
Sss Side Side Side
Sits Side Angle Side
Pet
ASA Angle Side Angle
Rts Right Angle Hypotenuse Side

I 111 C
111
B
Problem
A
In DABC angles A B C
are trisected Prove
that spar is
B
equilateral
G

9
P
By
Czo

B A
Az
c
solution
A In DAOB
32 313 37 1800 29
213 22 1800
atpty 600 I
900
2 13 2
1800
APB
1800
12 13
600 71
222 B
x 900
900
Atp
600 7
2
1200 7 I 2 300
4 7
BPM 1800 1200 S
7 Y 300 4
Go
Y 2 300 13
1295 Ty G
LPSR GO
Ytp B2
Cz
fN

PIN
In DPSO go.fi o 1800 900 13
Spo 1300 131
7 Fe
7800
se
604 13
1B F y 600

gp
DC
B A o
C
1200
7 B 300 y A2
goop C
 In ANDI and DNRIe A similarly
CHIP CHIR 600 PAPA and AR PR
PMI CRNI Z PO OR RP
NIEMI Common
AN PII DNRI ASA
LIL B
Dear is equilateral
HP NR CPC
9
In DMPS and AMRO s
NP MR Proved I
12077
Ngong Commons
p
TT
LPNS RNS o
Cz
AMPED're
SAS o

Pg Rg R
1B
IB
DC
B A o

Az
c
 Area Based Theorems
A
Theorem ABD
Ag RI
Proof ABD XBOX AN
F F F C
EX CDX AM
B

ABD
ACD BI

AMD
A
Theorem AMB CMD Bad
Proof
BEF 5 3 B Dd p
D2

DG
D D3 D
D
Dady
c
 450 131 360 AB and CD
Problem ABCD is a
rectangle with AB
are trisected Find Pars
getting

E F
A B

R p

D G H C
Solution 1 A

In DEPM O is the centroid

F C
Ef Z
B D

PAR
L CEPR
150 E 150 F 150
A B
PAR 1803075
3 2
2 180
DORI 2250 sq units
PARS 2 PAR 360
M T n o
Il EP
4500
sq units R
s

D 150 G 150 H 150 C

 Solution 2
DI D3
CEPR 180 75
Ex 6750 Dc Az
D
Egp 6750 H DE 0314
AGE CAPE ESP
150 180 150 E F B
ESP A
2
13500 6750 27
CASE 6750 2 180

OR 6750 N
K
R Tp
Now M at 75
2 6750 2 16750 272
T s
m In
Math Marama
3mn m2 D G E C

3 2 2250 sq units Kors 22 4500 sq units

 Solution 3
PORS 60 75 2 4500
1
Point R is 7 5,180 sq units
Equation line DF
of 1501360 300,3607
4,3607 450,360
NDE f 150 E 150 F 150
A B
DEE Y
EH
DEE Ga 57 0

pyo 24d É
Equation of line AG
Y axis 7
360
AGE R p 150,180
6130 1

AGE 1221 54 1800 2 s

Mtg
1

12
Now t i v
o
189 1800 10,01 D 150 150 H 150 C
G
2 100 150,0 300,0 450107
4 120 51100,1203
H axis s
96100,240
Theorem A

PI BE RE I
F
E
FI BE 4 2

Prof
IB EEE EEE B
D C

ABD A CD ABC
YI YEI É PB DPD F

If GET EH and
EEE S
Now
RE PEE PE
I I
HE
1
BE
t

II BE L
 A
Problem In DABC P is an interior
point as shown in
figure
such that Atbtc 93 F
a
and d 3 Find abc
g E
P d
solution
b e
t t t d
B C

att Is I3
4 316 31 that 3 4 31 that 3 3

Gt3 6 3
3
27 6 atb to abt bit
285 P
27 9 btc
3Labtbiteatabe 414 3ptabe
855 313 414 Bp abc abe 441
 C
Problem In DABC P is an interior
point Find ABC
K D
E 84
Solution 124
34 2
4
65
Y op 35
40 30
In 260 372 34 A F B
T 42 112
34 1

Now 4
A 824 370
5
2

4 84 22 29 4 84

Gn 34 252

140 21 70
Now 2 I we
get 22

34 280 112 168 4 56

CAB D 315
Sq units
Theorem Mid Point Theorem A

In DABC M and N are the t I N

mid and AC m
points of AB
MN IBC
a

Then
respectively C
and NN LBC B

Theorem A

13937 4 22 say
F

j
E
ADB 3m ADC 32
2 2
G
AGC ACD 2K
3 B I D
C
DGC N

NOW AGB 2K BGC 2K CAG D 22

Also AGF BG F ABC

BGD KGD KGE CAGE
Theorem Thale's form BPT Basic Proportionality Theorem
to A
If a line is drawn parallel
one side of a triangle then
the other two sides are
M
divided in the same ratio
Now MN Bc C
I B

Proof AMN AM 1
CBMN I A

AMN
It xp
2
g
Lenin
Also CBMN CMN because M N
these two are
triangles on
Same base mm and btw
same
parallel E
B C
Problem Find
LIE
where

BE GEER I

2
BEI EE I

g
BM and
n MR an A
RB 32 AR I
32
Now
ARE 33
54 444

z c

Rx yap DAMP
IF in

Axa LAPD
34 3g 3 37 3 ABC

B
Axe
ELABD Xyz ABY 7
circle
3 non collinear points
Exactly one circle passes through
lentre chord bisects the chord
Perpendicular from on
any
OM LAB AM MB

I B

from centre
Equal chords are equidistant
AB D E ON ON

A Y
O
y

TN
E
Angles subtended by same chord in same
segment are

equal Pa
LAP B CARB L ABB
P

10 B
B

Angle subtended by a chord

at centre is double
the angle subtended P
by
same chord in the
segment of circle
É
LAOB 2 LAPB 93
I
 in a semi aide
Angle
is 900

AB is a diameter APB 900 q B

A

cyclic Quadrilateral
opposite angles are supplementary A
Exterior is to the
angle equal D
interior opposite angle L
18019
d
B
e

D
C T
D B
Ia a

B TA

A 5
 secant of circle
Tangent and

Tangent and radius at the o

contact are t's
point of
Tangent

Two
tangents
to a circle from an
external are A
point equal
P 11 I
a PA PB a
yr
by op bisects LAPD 9
L
o
4 Sina AM r
Ip It 4
p x r

AM 8 op 2,2 B
op Y E chord of contact
of 1
writ circle
 Alternate segment Theorem
BAX L ACB

LAY ABC

APC 180 B
Now
B p
CAY CCPA 1800
B
p X
YC A

Examples
C
CAX 600

CAB 1 600
D B
AD 1 1200
A
XC
 Power of a
point
Power
I
of point P t
a w r

circle is
to
op
p

Power P iG
of point Op v2 may be
positive negative zero
or
depending on

P is outside inside or on the circle

respectively

Intersecting chord Theorem

PA PB
it B
PC PD
B
q P
D
D e
E
 Tangent Secant Theorem

PA PB PTI To 24 22

Proof In DPAT and D PTB r

a
PTA PBT 2 Say
CAPT TPB Common P 4
n
1 B
A PAT D PTB s
y

YI YI BI PA PB PT

I B
p
 Radical Axis
P
A n t B
W r t w and wz P

0
o p2r 2
02172 82 I

RA 10,02
Y't a
re
O
2
w p
I i
Radical
Axis Wz
Radical Axis Cat
P
02 of w and wz
9
p
822
wi we 021
put 0,128,2

0,120,2 02128 7122 2

8,8
 O M
P
V
I
02M V22
M
Now
Oz
PMI o p 2,2 02112 822

Wi
43
wz WZ
a 123
A

B
E
W
3
WZ
W
42
Problem Prove that AM DM and XY are concurrent where w and
we are two circles with AC and BD as diameter
Z IMO 1995
P is XY other than
some point on

M
Y
x

C
A 130 2 C D

Y
W
Wz
 Solution In W we can
say that PC PM px py
In
say that PB
wz we can PN PX PY 2

PC PM PB PN 3 R
wz
let MAC L
M
MCA 9024 Y
CBN Nz 900 4 I Ea 900

F C MN 1800 4
p
MAD MIND 1800 o
C o o
ADMM is A B Z C D
conlyclic
RA of w and wa is
XY
X
RA of w and
Wa
is AM RA W
of Wa and wz
V4 is ND
AM xx ND must be wt
concurrent
Problem let AB be a chord with mid point at P
Also MN and OR are any two chords Usa no Question
P let at the
through tangents at
ends and or meet
of MN
and Cz
respectively Prove
C
that Cicz is parallel to AB

Solution OF
PE is cyclic 0 M

LOEF LOPE D say R

LF PK 900 0
COPIAB Fa at
LF KP O A o
k

LOEF LOKA 2
og
to z
M g

C2 C
 In DONG
MF
104
OF OG OM'd
In DORE
RE 1012 O N
Ofa OCz OR R
I TF 09 052.012 I
Fa Lot
Scaff is
A o
k
cyclic Quadrilateral so
to

LF GG
P B
LOEF 7
M S
LOKA OGG
AB lacz

C2 o
f C
Important A AD D BD
concept AD AC AB
CD Che 6132

D
F

B C
 length of Common Tangents
2k
GM r

AB
22
A A B
GM B et L
El
I
Id 18 8212 m M a
y
AB is called sa y
r

d
Direct common g 22
Tangent C M 8
82
T
i Cz 22
MN GP AB GM Y 212 4 27
yep
d tray o E AB 21T
MN called
is A 2
Transverse
Common Tangent
8
 A C
MCz N DEM Cz
L
T
22 82 83 I
82 21 83 22 t IN D
By Componendo q2 E
and Dividendo we
WI
get WZ
Wz

E 3 E
Problem D e

As a B
Solution
let radius be ri D 2K Spc afar C
Now 4 Far a
1bar at

ng

As a B
 Problem Find the radii circles
of all three

DC 36 Me 213672 R P C
I I
82 Oz
w
52 x

Low t
1 L
212 72 22

R 36 36 56
16 56 82
30
36 72
00 8
Y
O IN
R 16
W
WZ
A
36 FI 104 on 58 r B
C
64 3
Now 21362 1 64 8
I 1245 64 8 Put F m
t 12m 64 m2
Mati 2m 64 0 m 16 M 41 0 m 4 r 16
 Now RP 02W 116 2212156 2212
Ik 213072 R P
12 DC 36
24116 8212156 312 48 I I
C
y
Wz
12 t Low
2 L
14422 2880 48 1

12 t 36 5
2
12,182 20 48 36 16 56 82
72
36
at 1520 4 o
O IX y

Fat A 12 1520 R
4 W

152 Wa
15 20 A
36 FI 104 on 58 r B
y

e
64
Nz I20 5 2

Now
2452 9
NEE I 82
4
 Sine law
A
In DADB AD C SinB

ID C
b
BD CCosB SinB csinB
bsine
CosBa BD Cosa l
y TT C
C WSB D a
B
In DADG AD bsine
D base
A
Csinb bsine
Im Ine b
e R
Ent Int n
2R
D C
9
gook
Proof B

sinBey Ip 2R b 2RsinB
R E
a 2RsinA b 2RsinB I 2Rsine
 A
Cosine law

BD a base
b
Now c la host t lbsinit e
bsine
Ce alt brose zaboose thsink
To a
c at b zabcose B Dc base se
e a s
b a E Zai WSB
at b c
COSA bye at
2becosa
Ibc

CosB Italy
219

coset a't b CZ
Zab
Projection law

a base t e WSB A
b c cosa tacos c
c acosB t bas A
e b
b sine

7 To
B CCOSB D C C
base s C
e a s
Problem In ABCD diagnols meet at
cyclic quadrilateral
a

right angle at E If EA't EB't Eet ED XR

point
where the circum radius ABID then find X
R is
of
Solution
Also 2
A
2 CAD I

13 2 ADB 2

2 2 CAD 1800
13 ADB 3
R
NOW p
LEAHEBY LECTER O
E
AB CDS
R
21222122053 2122 2122052 R Rd
4122 2122 Cosa B HE D
Wsp
4122 Cosa cost cos 1800 2
cosp
O
Ans X g
 Angle Bisector of a
Triangle
IP IO IR In radius
r
of DABY
A Ah
b settle a a
btc an a n In
an btl a
If red.É
In beta 29 5
22 25
LA I y
29
o
sees a
2
1B
Be To
AS bl sp 421
AR s a
e k e
BP BR S b a
b se
CP lg se
Also In DASI

tant Ia Ia 8 75 altan
8 S a tan S b
tanBz IS 1
tang
Now
tank and tank
j I
Bp and CP
Ez Ey
now
Etat
r
Enka a

sin 3 8 a

singsing
T.WS 2RsinA
sinBsing

4RSinAzcosA r
4Rsin
SinBzsing
Problem Prove that the distance between the incentre and the
circumcentre of any triangle is RZ2Rr where R
and r denote the circum radius and the in radius
of triangle
 Algebra Polynomials an n t an an t taint 90 Get non

an an 1 An 9 Ao f Reals
negative
2
integer
anto
Theory of Equations
Polynomial Equation and tan pen tan 22h 2t ain't 90 0
where an to is
and
n non
negative integer
net

ansitan int an tain't

Ii

tan t ao o

sum the roots

of 1 11 weft an r
taken r at a time of
coff of 27

Er n toes
aft
to t thn

Enz 1 1129
92ns
Quadratic Equation m2

d
9222 9,2 90 0 9 13 912 and 43 92
a a ITD sp
292
1 912 4 9092
s a b Ifb Gac
Cubic Equation n 3 29

93213 922 9 set 90 0 p

y
Ea dtpty Gg and 437 9,1
Exp Lptp Ya
9g
Bi Quadratic Equation n 41
L
4 P
94 9323 922 9,2 90 0

Ex 8 93 94
apt
Exp ay Espy i apys
9g 9g
Now
Zap apt PHILIPS
Iap aptystytplets
Also EARY xp Bystysat Sap
Iapy ants Ys atp
 AM GM HM
Inequality
let a bert then
AM GM Tab i HM
atty
y If
let 21,212,23 Nn f Rt then

AM R that thn GM
n
Genz mn i

HM n

tht th
AM GM
at tab atb stab Ha 15
70
for a bert 2 2

AM GM Equality holds if a b

I AM GM HM
Equality holds if a b
 let 9,82 Nn E Rt then
H that thn n
n
Gina mn z

that tan
holds iff
Equality
area an inn

Example let a b c ert find the minimum value of

Catbts attttt
solution AM HM
at
bye z 3 ath a Itt g
Etsy
Example let MY zERt which 2 24 32 1 Then find
satisfy
value
the maximum of 2,24324

Solution Ht
24 32 1

2 22 23 23 23 38 39 34
24,123.3343 14.24
9
9
z 224324 23 34
22.33.44

221,324 221324
Ig I 4 32,1g
Problem Find all real values of a for which the equation
a 2am't n takao has all its roots real

Solution 24 2am't a takao

a anti ate'tato
a 22 1 I in't 1m71 424 42
2
a 222 1 I
Gu 1 9 222 22 or 9 22222 2
2 2
2

a Ata or a meet

Ca six a Ata D o

E AEE a

1 4970 I 1 44 a o

a AND 3 4930
Ans a 3

4 9734 4
Problem let PEN 22
22 tb and 9Gt n'tentd be two

coefficients such that

polynomials with real
Find all
PG OLD 9 Pti for all real values of N
possible real roots of Pasco o

2
Solution Palden b n't contd
22
n't
t a3 Cbt d a't Get set by
Also 9 PG 2

42 td
b b
22 te 22
24 b'ta't abn tbetd
23
but
after
n't n't btc a2t bt n b bet d
tf
AT's Ct 1
btetd 2b
tatty beta btl and
bd b'tbetd
I
From can write
bteztd zbtett.ae
d btt
bt tde 2b
It
Now
b
bd b'tbetd becomes b btt b
bet tf
b
btbz btbztb.tt btt o
td
c
t PGI

22 and 96 2 Auf 2
2 2 1
22 I 12

41171 1 0
Now Place 0
3 3
m
m

Mtm 2 0
m me
22
3 2 OR 2722 1
f or 1
2m tm 1 0 222 2 1 0 OR 222 21 2 0

Em 1 Mti 0 2 112 2 1 To
 which
Problem Find all non zero real numbers x y z
satisfy
the system of equations
22
Utsey y
2 42 42 22 2 2 xyz
24 2222 24 23 323
44 2242 44 44 1,22 24
Solution 24 2242 4 24 2242 4 22,2
y
62 4212 Gy
2
Way y
2
Gtayty
Now
dividing 2nd equation by ist equation aye 0

G my y
2
242 22 22221 2,2 24222 1

NOW 22
42 152,2 22 4272141
Any y 27 2141 ay
se my 427 141 2
Same way 227 1421
y 242 3

222mn27 Kal
 Ge nyty2 yztz2 2224 42 my 1421124

242 22 22221 42 224222 5

Gray 42

42 141 22 2222 22 1224

any 4212 1421
42
L s
Enyty ay
4y z
2

AnytyEny 22 42 0
R2nytyZ 2 4 2

ME
say
FEET.no I 2726 23
2
23 127 3

Aus KY 2
3
 Problem Let a y z ER be such that nty 2 0
and
ay yz 22 3 Find the value of the expression
Gy y3z 23m

Guts for all positive

equation Y
n 8m
Problem Solve the
n and y
integers