TAPER USED FOR

 EASY ASSEMBLY AND DISASSEMBLY

 GIVING SELF ALIGNMENTS
 TRANSMITTING THE DRIVE
TAPER AND ANGLE WORK
- defines as the gradual and uniform increase or
decrease toward one end in diameter or thickness
of work piece
-this method is quickest and surest for holding tools
rigidly and accurately

INTERNAL TAPERS
-socket used to hold taper shank is either use of
taper attachment or taper reamers
-conventional methods excepting b/n centers
-the hole is drilled the same as boring

CHECKING TAPERS
- accuracy of tapers is commonly checked by
means of either a taper ring gage for external
tapers, or by means of a plug gage for internal
tapers
- TAPER RING GAGE = EXTERNAL TAPER
-PLUG GAGE = INTERNAL TAPER
-blueprint calls for grind, the important thing is to
see that the shape of the taper is sufficiently like
the gage and has enough stock to make grinding
possible.
-checking an external tapers is to secure a ring or
female taper gage of the proper size, and apply a
very light coating of Prussian blue to its gaging
surface
-gage should be in slight twisting motion
-taper is to steep compared in gage a blue ring will
show at the large end of taper
- taper is not steep enough blue spot will indicate
that gage bearing at the small end.
- INTERNAL TAPER can be check similarly in
external taper = taper plug gage

PROCEDURE ON HOW TO PERFORM

INTERNAL TAPER ON THE LATHE.
1. Clamp the work piece in a chuck
2. True the center of the work piece with a surface
gauge.
3. Set the compound rest to the required angle
a. Loosen the compound rest lock screws
b. Swivel the compound rest to half of the included
angle desired.
4. Set-up the appropriate spindle speed on what is
required by the materials
to be turned. Use the speed setting on the machine
data plate which is closest to the
required(computed) speed. Set the speed with the
lathe controls.
5. Select and set-up the cutting tool
6.Turn the taper to specifications
Wk 11 KNURLING & PARTING

KNURLING
- process of scoring diamond shape/ straight lined
pattern
-providing surface will not readily slip when
gripped of fingers or hands
-STRAIGHT KNURLING used to increase the
work piece diameter when press fit

DIAMOND & STRAIGHT PATTERN ROLL

AVAIL IN THREE STYLE
- fine
-medium
-course

KNURLING TOOL
-tool post type tool pair of hardened steel roll
mounted
Knurling Tool w/ ONE SET ROLL self centering
head
-advantage( self centering and knuckle or joint has
ample bearing both ends and side thrust)
-disadvantage( both knurls tend to push work away
from tool distorting the center hole in work)
Knurling Tool with THREE SET of roll in

revolving head:

PARTING OFF/ CUTTING OFF

-sepaerating a finished work from the bar stock
from w/c the piece is machined
-parting off tool tends to break in too much
pressure then vibration occur
-difficulty can be overcome when parting tool with
less rake angle, narrower at the back cutting edge
w/ clearance all around
-size should be b/n 3 to 8 mm
-the speed should be reduce in 1/2
- parting off usually done in cylindrical wp
WK12
THREADS & THREAD CUTTING

SCREW THREAD
-ridge of uniform section in the form of a helix cut
around the circumference of a cylinder and
advancing along its axis.

SEVERAL PURPOSE
-fasten devices such as nuts, bolts,screws
-accurate measurement ( micrometer)
-transmit motion
-increase force

EXTERNAL THREAD
- outside part i.e. machine bolt
INTERNAL THREAD
-inside part i.e. nuts
RIGHT HAND SCREW THREADS
-assemble in fixed mating thread , turned in
clockwise direction
LEFT HAND SCREW THREADS
- assemble in fixed mating thread , turned in
counter clockwise direction
SINGLE THREAD
-thread that lead equal to pitch
MULTIPLE THREAD
-lead is integral multiple of the pitch

PARTS OF THREADS
A. Major Diameter (outside diameter) - largest
diameter
B. Minor Diameter ( root diameter)- smallest
diameter
C. Pitch Diameter- imaginary cylinder
D. Pitch- distance from point on the screw thread
E. Lead- distance of the screw thread axially in one
turn
F. Helix Angle- angle made by helix with plane
perpendicular to the axis
G. Crest- top surface joining two sides
H. Root- bottom surface joining the sides of two

adjacent thread
I. Depth of Thread- distance b/n the crest and base
measured perpendicular to the axis
J. Angle of Thread- angle included b/n sides of the
thread measured in axial plane

THREAD SERES:
 ISO METRIC
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
THREAD
*Divide into four main series
1. National coarse (NC)
2. National Fine (NF)
3. National Special(NS)
4. National Pipe (NPT)
 British Standard Whitworth (BSW) thread
 Unified Thread
 American National Acme Thread
 Square Thread
 Brown & Sharpe Worm Thread
 International Metric Thread

Threads Fits & Classification

FIT
-relationship n/n two mating parts
-Determined by amount of clearance or interference
when they are assembled

NOMINAL SIZE
-Designation used to identify size of part

ACTUAL SIZE
-Measured size of thread or part
-Basic size: size from which tolerances are set

ISO Metric Tolerances and Allowances

-provide allowance & tolerance defined tolerances
grades,position & classes

ALLOWANCE
• Permissible difference between largest external
thread and smallest internal thread
• Difference produces tightest fit acceptable for any
given classification

ALLOWANCE SYMBOL
• For External Threads:
e indicates a large allowance
g indicates a small allowance
h indicates no allowance15
• For internal threads:
G indicates a small allowance
H indicates no allowance

TOLERANCE
• Variation permitted in part size
• Total tolerance is sum of plus and minus
tolerances

TOLERANCE GRADES SPECIFIED

NUMERICALLY
Medium tolerance indicated by number 6, number
below 6 indicates finer tolerance
and number above 6 indicates greater tolerance

THREAD CLASSES:
- refers to the amount of deviation in tolerance and
allowance from the basic pitch diameter dimension

1. LOOSE FIT- small tapped holes such as number

size made by mass production method
2. FREE FIT- usually found in bolts & nuts of
medium size ,thread gage should more rotate freely
in such a fit, without being loose.
3. MEDIUM FIT- thread gage should rotate w/
little effort but neither freely or tightly
4. CLOSE FIT- only for larger size of custom made
threads for aircarft work

CLASSES OF UNIFIED THREAD FITS

-External threads (1A,2A,3A)
-Internal threads (1B,2B,3B)
Classes 1A & 1B
- threads for work must assemble
-loosest fit
Classes 2A & 2B
-used for commercial fasteners
-medium or free fit
Classes 3A & 3B
- used more accurate fit & lead required
-no allowance provided
THREAD DESIGNATIONS;

ENGLISH: ¼ - 20 UNC 2A
Thread Class
Thread Series
No. of threads per inch
Nominal Diameter

¼-28 UNF 3B
In this case the class of fit would be a 3. The
symbol B indicates an internal thread.
METRIC:
M 6 x 0.75 – 5g
Tolerance
Pitch
Nominal Size
Metric

METHODS OF PRODUCING THREADS

- by hand with hand taps or dies
-lathe w/ a specially shaped cutting tool

tap is a cylindrical bar of steel with threads formed

around it and grooves or flutes. It is used for
making external threads.
die is like a nut that has a thread formed which is
use for making internal threads.
CUTTING A THREAD ON A LATHE USING A
SINGLE POINT CUTTING TOOL
-single point cutting tool, on lathes not equipped
with a chasing dial, it is necessary to leave the split
or half-nut engaged
-lathes that are equipped with chasing
dials, it is possible to disengage the half-nuts at the
end of the cut thread and to run the carriage back to
the starting point by hand feed, thus saving much
time.

SPLIT- NUT

ENGAGEMENT RULES FOR

THREAD CUTTING
THREAD CHASING DIAL
-works off the lead screw and is used as a tracking
device.
-dial tells the operator when to engage the half nut
lever, so the tool follows the same thread groove
every time. It allows the operator to choose the
starting point of a threading operation

CUTTING A LEFT-HAND THREAD

-right-hand thread is cut, the cutting tool travels
from right to left.
-left-hand thread, the lead screw is reversed so that
the cutting tool travels from left to right
-compound slide 30⁰ to the left when cutting left-
hand threads.

MULTIPLE THREADS
-either double,triple,quadruple depends on the
number start around periphery work
Pitch: distance from point on one thread to
corresponding point on next thread
Lead: distance nut advances lengthwise in one
complete revolution
• Single start: pitch and lead equal
• Double-start: lead twice the pitch
• Triple-start: lead three times pitch
Double Thread has two threads and two grooves
starting on opposites sides of the screw, twice that
of a single thread having the same pitch.

Triple Thread has three threads and three grooves.

The lead of a triple thread is three times that of a
single thread of the same pitch.

Three methods of checking the number of threads

per unit length.
1. Thread pitch gauge
2. Rule
3. Thread center gauge

Tap Drill Size Calculations:

The following formula gives the size of drill that

will leave enough stock so that the tap can cut
approximately a 75% thread:
d = D – (0.97 / N)
where,
d is the tap drill size
D is the major diameter of the screw or tap
N is the number of threads per inch of the screw