Introduction to Valves -

Control Valves

Presented by,
Shino Antony
Why Control Valves are used?
 Process plants consist of hundreds, or even thousands, of control
loops all networked together to produce a product to be offered
for sale. Each of these control loops is designed to keep some
important process variable such as pressure, flow, level,
temperature, etc. within a required operating range to ensure the
quality of the end product. Each of these loops receives and
internally creates disturbances that detrimentally affect the process
variable, and interaction from other loops in the network provides
disturbances that influence the process variable.
 To reduce the effect of these load disturbances, sensors and
transmitters collect information about the process variable and its
relationship to some desired set point. A controller then processes
this information and decides what must be done to get the process
variable back to where it should be after a load disturbance occurs.
When all the measuring, comparing, and calculating are done, some
type of final control element must implement the strategy selected
by the controller.

For Training purpose only-Shino Antony

What is a Control Valve?

 Control valves automatically regulate pressure

and/or flow rate, and are available for any
pressure
 Depending on their type of supply, the disk/Plug
is moved by a hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical or
mechanical actuator. The valve modulates flow
through movement of a valve plug in relation to
the port(s) located within the valve body. The
valve plug is attached to a valve stem, which, in
turn, is connected to the actuator.

For Training purpose only-Shino Antony

Definition of a control valve
A control valve is defined as a mechanical
device that fits in a pipeline creating an
externally adjustable variable restriction.
This throttles the flow for any given
pressure drop or it raises the pressure drop
for any given flow.

For Training purpose only-Shino Antony

 Control Valve Arrangement
The image below shows how a control valve can be used to control rate of flow
in a line. The "controller" receives the pressure signals, compares them with
pressure drop for the desired flow and if the actual flow is different, adjusts the
control valve to increase or decrease the flow.

For Training purpose only-Shino Antony

Typical control valve applications
Typically the control valve is required to
behave as a means of adjusting flow or
pressure conditions in a process plant or in an
item of plant equipment such as a compressor.
It is fundamental to control valve sizing and
selection that full consideration must always be
given to the overall performance requirements
of the combined valve and process. Some of
the most commonly encountered applications
are outlined here so that we can see what is
typically required for the sizing and selection
process.

For Training purpose only-Shino Antony

 Flow control
A typical flow control loop has the control valve as its final element designed
to provide a controlled flow rate in the pipeline. Ideally the flow rate should
change in a fixed proportion to the control signal delivered from the flow
controller system as depicted in below Figure

For Training purpose only-Shino Antony

Level control
In level control applications the control
valve may operate in a similar mode to the
flow control situation and it provides flow in
proportion to the level control deviation.

For Training purpose only-Shino Antony

Temperature control-By adjusting
steam flow rate to a load
In a typical temperature control application, steam flow to a heat exchanger is
modulated by a steam control valve to maintain a consistent secondary fluid
outlet temperature. This can be achieved by using a control valve on the inlet
to the primary side of the heat exchanger

For Training purpose only-Shino Antony

Need for the training
 Having a basic understanding of valve capacity and how it can be calculated
 Understanding how the control valve changes the process flow and pressure conditions in
any particular installation. This implies understanding the interaction between flow
through the valve and pressure drops in the piping system.
 Knowing how to manipulate the basic valve sizing equations to arrive at the capacity
versus flow values for any given situation.
 Knowing how to make use of valve sizing software to quickly explore sizing options and
then arrive at a sufficiently accurate solution to make the sizing decision.
 Understand the causes and conditions of choked flow, cavitation and noise in outline
sufficiently to discuss and understand solutions offered by vendors. i.e it is not necessary
to be an expert in the field when specialist companies have the knowledge and experience
in house.
 Be aware of the principal types of control valve and the factors influencing the choice for
an application.
 Be able to understand the meaning of the catalog data available from major suppliers of
control valves and be able to discuss selection choice with the vendor.
 Be aware of the important roles of actuators and positioners in providing an integrated
package for final control of the process.

For Training purpose only-Shino Antony

Do your best and keep learning ..

THANK YOU.

For Training purpose only-Shino Antony