"Yarmouk University"

"Hijjawi Faculty for Engineering

Technology " "Department of Civil
Engineering"
"Environmental Engineering laboratory CE 453"

Experiment #2
Experiment Title: solid determination

Student Name: ‫نايف سلمان العازمي‬

Student Number: 2021888029

Student Group #: 2
Table of Contents
Abstract......................................................................................................................2
Introduction...............................................................................................................2
Method and material..................................................................................................3
Procedure...................................................................................................................4
Results and Discussion..............................................................................................6
Conclusion.................................................................................................................9
References...............................................................................................................10

Abstract:
In this experiment, three water samples will be tested to check if they meet
Jordan's standards for drinking water, and by using two techniques—
evaporation and ignition—we will learn about the many types of solids
present in the water, including TS, TSS, TDS, TVS, and TFS.

TS values showed around 20 mg/mL

The values did not match the Jordanian specifications

Introduction:
The term “solids” is generally used when referring to any material suspended or
dissolved in water or wastewater that can be physically isolated either through
filtration or through evaporation.
Solids can be classified as either filterable or non-filterable. Filterable solids may
either be settle able or non-settle able. Solids can also be classified as organic or
inorganic.
Total Solids is the term applied to the material residue left in the vessel after
evaporation of a sample and its subsequent drying in an oven at 105-103 Co.
Measurement of Solids can be made in different water samples (industrial,
domestic
and drinking water) and it is defined as residue upon evaporation of free
water. Thus, Total solids are nothing but summation of total dissolved solids
and total suspended solids.
The aim of this experiment is to determine the following types of solids in the
given sample: - Total Solids (TS) - Total Fixed (inorganic) Solids (TFS) - Total
Volatile (organic) Solids (TVS) - -Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) - Total Suspended
Solids (TSS)
Total Suspended Solids (TSS): are the amount of filterable solids in a water
sample.
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): are those solids that pass through a filter with a
pore size of 2.0 micron or smaller they are said to be non-filterable. After filtration
the filtrate (liquid) is dried and the remaining residue is weighed and calculated as
mg/L of Total Dissolved Solids.
Volatile solids(TVS): are a substance that can easily transform from its solid
phase to its vapor phase without going through a liquid phase. Volatile solids
normally represent the amount of organic solids in water, and have great
importance in water and wastewater treatment.
Total fixed solids (TFS):refer to the sum of suspended solids and dissolved
solids in a given mixture that contains both a liquid and an insoluble phase
component.

Method and material:

Method:
In this experiment two methods were used,
1. ignition which is the process of heating the water sample at 550℃ for 24 hours in order
to obtain TFS and TVS.
TS=TFS+TVS
2. evaporation which is the process of drying the water sample at (103-105℃) for 24 hours
in order to obtain TSS and TDS
TS=TSS+TDS
Material:
1. Evaporating Dish
2. Crucibles
3. Measuring Cylinder
4. Filter paper #42
5. Balance
6. Oven (up to 105oC)
7. Muffle furnace
8. Funnel
9. Desiccator
10.Forceps
11.Buchner filtration funnel
12.Side arm flask
13. vacuum pump

Experimental procedure:
This experiment is divided into two main parts:
Part one: to determine the TS, TFS, and TVS
Now the procedure to determine the total solid is as follows:
1. Switch on the balance
2. Note down the initial day weight of crucible (W1)
3. Take water sample in crucible (V)
4. Place the crucible inside the draying oven at 103 CO
5. After draying in the oven cool in room temperature in desiccators
6. Note down the final drying weight of crucible (W2)
7. Total Solid (TS) (g/L) = ((w2-w1)/v)
The procedure to determine the total fixed solid and total volatile solid is as
follows
1. Note down the final day weight of crucible (W2)
2. Place the crucible inside the muffle furnace at 550 C O
3. After draying in the oven cool to room temperature in desiccators
4. Note down the final drying weight of crucible (W3)
5. Total Fixed Solid (TFS) (inorganic matter) (g/mL) = ((w3-w1)/v)
6. (TVS) (Organic matter) (g/L) =((w2-w3)/v)

Part two: to determine TSS, TDS

The procedure to determine the total suspended solid is as follows:
1. Switch on the balance
2. Note down the initial dry weight of filter paper (W1)
3. Filter the water sample using whattman filter paper
4. Take the filter paper and place it of in the dish
5. Place the dish in the drying oven at 103-105 C
6. After draying in the oven cool to room temperature in desiccators
7. Note down the final dry weight of the filter paper (W2)
8. Total Suspended Solid (TSS) (filter paper) (/L) = ((w2-w1)/v)
The procedure to determine the total dissolved solid is as follows
1. Switch on the balance
2. Note down the initial dry weight of evaporating dish (W1)
3. Filter the water sample using filter paper
4. Take volume of filtered water sample in the dish
5. Place the dish in the drying oven at 103-105 C
6. After draying in the oven cool to room temperature in desiccators
7. Note down the final dry weight of dish (W2)
8. Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) (g/L) (evaporating dish) =((w2-w1/v)
 Results and discussion:
 Part 1 (Total, Volatile, & Fixed Solids)

Description Sample #1 Sample Sample

#2 #3
Initial weight of crucible
46.6489 46.2929 46.9463
(W1) g
Weight of crucible @103-105 Co
46.9513 46.5906 47.2368
(W2) g
Weight of crucible @550 Co
46.6698 46.3122 46.9635
(W3) g
Volume of sample 15 15 15
(V) ml
 Sample Calculations
Total Solid (TS) (mg/mL) = 𝑊2−𝑊1
𝑉

 Sample #1
(w2-w1/v)= ((46.9513-46.6489)/15)*103= 20.16 mg/mL
 Sample #2
(w2-w1/v)= 19.84 mg/mL
 Sample #3
(w2-w1/v)= 19.36 mg/mL

Total Volatile Solid (TVS) (organic matter) (mg/mL) = 𝑊2−𝑊3

𝑉

 Sample #1
(w2-w3/v)= ((46.9513-46.6698)/15)*103= 18.7 mg/mL
 Sample #2
= 18.56 mg/mL
  Sample #3
= 18.22 mg/mL

Total Fixed Solid (TFS) (inorganic matter) (mg/mL) = 𝑊3−𝑊1

𝑉

 Sample #1
(w3-w1/v)= ((46.6689-46.6489)/15)*103= 1.39 mg/mL
 Sample #2
=1.28 mg/ml
 Sample #3
= 1.14 mg/mL

 Part #2 (Total Suspended & Total Dissolved Solids)

Description Sample #1 Sample #2 Sample #3

Initial weight of
evaporating dish (W1) g 38.3642 32.7474 38.4347
Final weight of evaporating
dish @103-105 Co (W2) g 38.5523 32.9382 38.6198
Initial weight of filter paper
(W1) g 0.3285 0.3229 0.3209
Final weight of filter paper
@103-105 Co (W2) g 0.4428 0.4298 0.4263
Volume of sample
(V) ml 15 15 15

 Sample Calculations
Total Suspended Solid (TSS) (filter paper) (mg/mL) = 𝑊2−𝑊1
𝑉

 Sample #1
(w2-w1/v)= ((0.4428-0.3285)/15)*103= 7.62 mg/mL
 Sample #2
 =7.12 mg/mL
 Sample #3
= 7.02 mg/mL

Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) (mg/mL) (evaporating dish) = 𝑊2−𝑊1

𝑉

 Sample #1
(w2-w1/v)= ((38.5523-38.3642)/15)*103= 12.54 mg/mL
 Sample #2
= 12.72 mg/mL
 Sample #3
= 12.34 mg/mL

 Discussion:

1. The term "total solids" refers to matter suspended or dissolved in water or

wastewater, and is related to both specific conductance and turbidity.

2. The typical values for TS is (350-1200)Mg/l for TDS(250-850)Mg/l and

for TSS(100-350)Mg/l

3. Human activities can add dissolved solids to recharging groundwater.

Detergents, water softeners, road salt, and animal and human waste Sources

of total solids include industrial discharges, sewage, fertilizers, road runoff,

and soil erosion all are sources of TS,TSS and TDS.

4. Solid determination for sanitary engineering is important because it helps in

controlling the biological and physical wastewater treatment processes and

 for assessing compliance with regulatory agency wastewater effluent

limitations

5. Water can be classified according to TDS amount into three groups which

are.

A. Brackish water: TDS = 1,000 to 10,000 ppm.

B. Saline water: TDS = 10,000 to 35,000 ppm.

C. Hypersaline:TDS greater than 35,000 ppm

6.surface water usually has higher suspended solids this is due to increased

water flow and increased sediment from runoff. Rain can also directly increase

the level of total suspended solids through runoff. As water flows over a

surface, it can pick up particles and deposit them in a body of water. But

Groundwater usually has higher levels of TDS than surface water, since it has a

longer contact time with the underlying rocks and sediments.

Conclusion .
 In conclusion, the experiment highlights the importance of regularly
testing and monitoring the quality of drinking water to ensure its safety
for human consumption. It also demonstrates the significance of
understanding the different types of solids present in water and the
methods used for their measurement.
 We see that some values are very far from the rest of the samples, and
the reason for this may be a measurement error, an error in taking a
correct sample, or an error in the measurement scale.
  Based on the results obtained from the experiment, it can be concluded
that the three water samples tested did not meet the requirements for
drinking water set by Jordan. The TS values measured were around 20
mg/mL, which exceeded the limit set by Jordan. This suggests that the
water samples contain a high concentration of solids, which can be
detrimental to human health.
 The tested samples are NOT acceptable as drinking water in Jordan,
because they did not achieve the drinking water standard in the region

References:
 https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/6284/total-fixed-solids
 https://www.cefns.nau.edu/~teb/ambl/sop/SOP_AMBL_105E_FixedVolatileSolids.pdf
 http://bcn.boulder.co.us/basin/data/NEW/info/TSS.html
 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13201-012-0042-5
 https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/water-
quality/turbidity-total-suspended-solids-water-clarity/