Yarmouk University

Al-Hijjawi Faculty for Engineering Technology

Civil Engineering Department

Materials of Construction Laboratory CE 326

Experiment #7: Mechanical Properties of Steel

Student Name: ‫علي جاسم‬

Student Number: 2021888149

Group Number:

Submitted to: Eng Salman Banat

Submission Date:
*Introduction

The mechanical properties of steel have long fascinated scientists and

engineers due to its outstanding strength, resilience, and versatility. This
lab report provides a thorough exploration of steel's mechanical behavior,
shedding light on its response to different forces and stresses. By
subjecting steel specimens to rigorous tests and measurements, we aim to
unravel the underlying mechanisms that contribute to its remarkable
performance. Through careful analysis and examination, we hope to gain
valuable insights into steel's ability to withstand tension, compression,
and other forms of mechanical loading. This study not only deepens our
understanding of steel but also paves the way for future advancements in
engineering, construction, and industrial applications.

*Objectives
To calculate the change in length,diamterre, Pfailure and Modulus of
Elasticity of Steel, Esteel.

*Materials

steel bar with 13.9mm diameter and 600mm length.

*Apparatus

- Universal Testing Machine

- Dial Gauge / Extensometer

*Procedure

1. Insert a steel bar with a 600 mm" length between the clamps of the testing
equipment.
2. Install the dial gauge and set it to zero.
3. Apply pressure gradually and in increments.

4. Record the applied load and the change in bar length (read from the gauge) at
each load stage.
5. Increase the load continuously until failure.
 *Data and Results
The Following are the load and deformation results were recorded from testing a steel bar with an original
diameter = 13.9 mm and an original length = 600 mm using The Universal Testing Machine.
The steel bar diameter at failure = 11.1 mm,

Load, P Deformation, ∆ Stress, σ (P/Ao) Strain, Ԑ (∆/Lo)

(KN) (mm) (MPa)
0 0 0 0
0 0.2 0 0.000333
38 0.5 250.5442 0.000833
44 0.8 290.1038 0.001333
45.8 1 301.9717 0.001667
46.4 1.2 305.9276 0.002
45.8 1.35 301.9717 0.00225
45.8 1.43 301.9717 0.002383
45.8 1.92 301.9717 0.0032
46.4 2.1 305.9276 0.0035
47 2.43 309.8836 0.00405
47 2.65 309.8836 0.004417
47.6 2.93 313.8396 0.004883
48.6 3.45 320.4328 0.00575
50.6 3.9 333.6194 0.0065
53.6 4.3 353.3992 0.007167
56.6 5 373.179 0.008333
59 6.5 389.0028 0.010833
61 7.7 402.1894 0.012833
62.6 8.3 412.7386 0.013833
63.8 9.4 420.6505 0.015667
66.2 11.4 436.4744 0.019
68 13.6 448.3422 0.022667
69.2 14.8 456.2542 0.024667
69.8 17.2 460.2101 0.028667
70.7 19.3 466.1441 0.032167
70.7 21.7 466.1441 0.036167
71 24.3 468.122 0.0405
71 27.9 468.122 0.0465
71 29.6 468.122 0.049333
71 32.1 468.122 0.0535
71 35.4 468.122 0.059
69.8 38 460.2101 0.063333

Steps:
1. Use excel sheet to find (σ and Ԑ) (check units)

P(N )
σ=
A o(mm 2)
 ∆ (mm)
Ԑ=
L o(mm)

π 2
A o= d o
4

2. Draw the Engineering Stress-Strain curve for this steel bar (Manually).

Chart Title
600

500

400

300
Stress (MPa)

200

100

0
0 1 2 12 16 2 1
00 00 0. 0. 0. 00
0 0 0
0 00 0 00 0 00
0 0 00
00 00 0
0 00 0 00 0 00
40 80 24
0.
0
0.
0 0.

Strain

3. Draw the Engineering Stress-Strain Curve for this steel bar (Using Excel).

Stress - Strain curve

500

450

400

350

300
Stress

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07

Strain
4. Find the following (from the graph drawn by Excel)
1. Yield Stress (MPa) (σy)
301 MPa
2. Ultimate Stress (MPa) (σu)

468 MPa

3. Stress at fracture "Failure" (MPa) (σf)

460 MPa
4. Yield Strain (Ԑy)

0.006

5. Strain at ultimate stress (Ԑu)

0.54
6. Strain at failure (Ԑf)

0.63
7. Modulus of elasticity (GPa) (E)
79.88
8. Steel Bar final length (lf)

634 mm
9. Ductility "percent elongation"(EL%)
 l f −l o
EL %= X 100 % = 6.34%
lo

10. Area after necking (Af)

π 2
A f = df
4

96.2 mm2

11. Ductility "Percent area reduction" (AR%)

A − Af
AR %= o X 100 %
Ao
20.14%
12. Modulus of Resilience (J/m3)
Modulus of Resilience= Area under linear Part

Modulus of Resilience= 320 * 0.006 * 0.5 = 0.93

13. Toughness (J/m3) (Note: Assume each rectangle in the graph drawn manually represents 5*10-6 N/mm2)

Toughness = Area under the curve

617 * 5*10-6 = 3.08*10^-3
*Discussion

1) What is the definition of the following terms:

Young's modulus, bulk modulus, shear modulus, and elastic modulus are all terms for the modulus of *
.elasticity, which is also referred to as the elastic modulus

Ductility: A metal's physical characteristic that causes it to stretch rather than break when pulled. In other *
words, a material's ductile qualities are its capacity to experience significant plastic deformation under
.tensile stress prior to rapture

Resilience: The capacity to adjust to challenging circumstances. You still feel wrath, grief, and anguish *
.when stress, hardship, or tragedy occurs, but you are still able to function physically and mentally

Toughness: Toughness refers to a metal's capacity for plastic deformation and energy absorption prior to *
fracture. This formulation should emphasize the capacity to absorb energy prior to fracture

Yield Strength is a material characteristic that refers to the stress at which a material starts to deform
.plastically

Necking

is a type of tensile deformation where excessively high levels of strain localize in a tiny area of the
.material
2) what are the reasons which made the steel the best material to be used with concrete?

Steel supplements concrete's compressive strength in columns and walls and gives additional shear strength
where concrete is in tension, such as in beams and slabs. It also supplies all of the tensile strength where
concrete is in tension, such as in beams and slabs.

3) what is the method used for determining the yielding strength for nonlinear elastic region of steel?
draw a sketch.

Usually, the offset method or the 0.2% proof stress method are used to calculate the yielding strength of
steel in the nonlinear elastic zone. With this technique, a steel specimen is subjected to a tensile load, and
the resulting stress and strain are then measured.

4) what is the difference between engineering and true stress and strain?

By dividing the applied force (F) by the specimen's initial cross-sectional area (A0), engineering stress () is
:calculated

σ = F / A₀

The engineering strain () is calculated by dividing the specimen's changed length (L) by its initial length
:(L0)

ε = ΔL / L₀

5) What are the methods used for finding the modulus of elasticity for some materials when the
initial portion of the curve is nonlinear

 Secant Modulus
 Tangent Modulus
 Chord Modulus

6) What are the ductility measurement methods?

 Elongation
 Reduction in Area
 Strain at Fracture
 Charpy and Izod Impact Tests
 Cupping Test

*Conclusion
Tensile testing and stress-strain curve analysis were used to ascertain the mechanical characteristics of the
steel specimen. The material's capacity to endure applied stresses and deform plastically without fracture is
revealed by its tensile strength, yield strength, and ductility. Designing and assessing steel structures
requires an understanding of these characteristics. The acquired results benefit in the selection and use of
steel in a variety of engineering domains by providing a better understanding of the mechanical behavior of
steel.