Discuss the significance of India's demographic dividend in her economic devt India entered the demographic dividend opportunity window in 2005-06 and will remain there till 2055-56. According to Economic Survey 2018-19, India’s Demographic Dividend will peak around 2041, when the share of working-age, i.e. 20-59 years, population is expected to hit 59%. which offers great potential for India’s economic growth. But a potential does not mean that it will be automatically achieved. It is an opportunity, which can be harnessed if the right conditions are there or created. These conditions are a healthy population, especially women and children, educated young people, especially girls, a skilled workforce, a high- performing economy that is generating required high-quality jobs, and people in gainful employment. It is time for India to harness the demographic potential of its population and look toward enabling the environment to achieve real economic growth. What is the Significance of India’s Demographic Dividend? There is a perception that a larger young population means greater human capital, greater economic growth, and better living standards.Better economic growth is brought about by increased economic activities due to higher working age population and lower dependent population. In the last seven decades, the share of the working age population has grown from 50% to 65%, resulting in a remarkable decline in the dependency ratio (number of children and elderly persons per working age population). As per the World Population Prospects 2022, India will have one of the largest workforces globally. In the next 25 years, one in five working-age group persons will be living in India What are the Challenges Associated with India’s Demographic Dividend? Low Female Labour Force Participation: India’s labour force is constrained by the absence of women from the workforce. According to the Periodic Labour Force Survey, 2018-19, the female labour force participation rates (LFPR) among women aged above 15 years are as low as 26.4% in rural areas and 20.4% in urban areas in India. High Dropout Rate: While over 95% of India’s children attend primary school, the National Family Health Surveys confirm that poor infrastructure in government schools, malnutrition, and scarcity of trained teachers have resulted in poor learning outcomes and high dropout ratios. Disparity in Demographic Dividend Window: Due to the heterogeneity of India's population, the window ofdemographic dividend is different in different states. Kerala's population is already ageing, while Bihar's workforce is projected to continue to grow until 2051. As aresult, 11 of the 22 major states will have a smaller working age population by 2031. Jobless Growth: In light of deindustrialization, deglobalization, and the industrial revolution 4.0, there is growing concern that future growth will result in joblessness. The Economic Survey 2019 highlights the gap between the projected annual increase in working age population and the available number of jobs. The informal nature of the economy in India is another hurdle in reaping the benefits of demographic transition in India. What Should be the Way Forward? Raising Education Standards: In both rural and urban settings, the public school system must ensure that every child completes high school and goes on to skilling, training, and vocational education. The modernization of school curricula along with the implementation of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCS) and the establishment of open digital universities will further contribute to India’s qualified workforce. Meeting Health-Related Requirements: There is a need to increase funds for health as well as upgrade health facilities based on modern technologies and to provide reproductive healthcare rights-based access. There is also a need to recognize that the health of people isclosely connected to the health of animals and our shared environment, therefore India must follow the One Health Approach in order to reap its democratic dividends to the fullest extent possible. Investing in Emerging Technologies: The expansion of research and development and incentivising Startups in the field of Quantum Technology , Blockchain, Internet of things can help India to take advantage of emerging technologies to its advantage and provide Indian youth with the experience and skills to become global role models. Federal Approach for Demographic Governance: For policy coordination between states on emerging population issues such as migration, ageing and urbanisation, a new federal approach to governance reforms for the demographic dividend is required. A key element of this governance arrangement should be inter-ministerial coordination for strategic planning, investment, monitoring, and course correction. Gender Budgeting: There is a need to rectify gender inequities and ensure women have access to equal socio- economic status as men. Gender responsive budgets and policies can contribute to achieving the objectives of gender equality, human development and economic efficiency.Examine the impact of globalisation on Indian tribal societies Nearly half of the world’s tribal population resides in India. India, accounts for more than 84 million tribal people. People belonging to the 698 communities of STs is 8.2% of the overall population, which is larger than that of any random country. Tribals are an important component of the Indian society, yet they are quite extinct at the same time. The natives of a country are normally addressed as the tribal population. They are the most vulnerable people, living in a natural, pollution-free environment distant from civilization, with traditional values, rituals, and beliefs. This is despite the protection given to tribals in the Constitution of India (1950). The wave of globalisation has impacted several aspects of this multi-dimensional Indian society, including livelihood, work, socio-cultural life, ethnic and traditional practises, health, education, women, impoverished and socially backward sectors, and all in various different ways. According to one anthropological survey, India today has a total of 4,635 communities, with 732 tribal communities. The tribals of India have been severely impacted by the process ofglobalisation, and as such the tribals all over the world have been adversely impacted by globalisation... The divide between the affluent and the impoverished has widened. Globalisation usually favours people with a lot of money, skills, and opportunities. It however may not be such a great thing for the poor, especially for tribals who have been the victims of unfairness manifested through the traditional poverty and economic disparities. The impact of globalisation is the worst for the tribal communities as they have no voice and thus they are easily swept aside by the invisible hands of the market and its operators. Globalization has brought devastation to the lives of indigenous people all across the world despite the fact that the degree of oppression and marginalisation varies from region to region and from ethnic group to ethnic group. In recent days, primitive tribes of Odisha have seen tremendous socio-economic upheaval. It is quite time to understand the significance of these societal changes to understand the current state of the native communities.Tribals are typically thought of as the native inhabitants of mountainous terrains and dense woods. They are the earth’s sons who live in isolation and far away from the rest of civilization. We know relatively little about many aspects of their lives. They are sometimes also dismissed as an illiterate group. However, the tribals have been affected by these large-scale socio-economic transformations that have taken place in modern industrialised civilizations. As a result, it’s critical for us to examine the changes that have taken place as a result of the interaction with the broader culture and the process of evolution among these primitive peoples today. Because India has been stigmatised by widespread poverty, it has been necessary to adopt various poverty reduction programmes in the recent decades. These programmes included “Garibi Hatao” (poverty eradication), self employment creation (SEC), Food for Work (FFW), asset-building programmes, and wage employment creation (WEC). These programmes were primarily targeted at poor or veryoor families, the majority of whom were from tribal tribes, based on income thresholds. Most programmes, however, are funded by the government, and as a result, recurring financial shortfalls frequently result in programme termination or reduced efficacy. However, as a result of globalisation, resource allocations to these programmes have taken a significant impact in actual terms. Globalisation obliterates identities in a variety of ways. Indigenous peoples are facing a dilemma in terms of long- term development. Their communities are living examples of long term sustainability in a range of habitats. There are certain positive aspects of globalisation that should not be overlooked, such as the fact that certain dance forms and handicrafts such as timber products, stone products, and other handmaid products have become quite popular in the worldwide market. Tribals who were previously marginalised in society, are now gaining popularity. Knowledge and literacy have assisted tribes in improving their living conditions and livelihood preventing them from being exploited by these non-tribal groups as a result of globalisation. As a result of globalisation, culture has evolved both locally and worldwide. Globalization isn’t just about advancing technology and the economics. It actually represents a global exchange of culture, language, and artefacts.As a result of globalisation and because of the global marketplace - dance, handicrafts such as wood products, stone products, and other handcrafted items have become quite popular, Odisha’s tribal culture has also become quite popular. Many states tribal life and economies have improved dramatically as a result of globalisation. Many of the tribals new generations have abandoned their customary occupations in favour of selling their expertise to the new manufacturers. The new economy is being built, while the former economic system is being demolished. In addition to the traditional economy, society and culture are also changing. They are changing not because new items are available, but because the new economy necessitates the institutionalisation of a new set of motives, skills, activities, and social interactions that are inextricably tied to the larger national/international socio-economic patterns. Negative Impact of Globalisation on Tribals Globalisation has had a significant influence on the tribals livelihood all over the globe, yet the degree of oppression and discriminaion differs by region and ethnic group.Development initiatives have uprooted tribals from the forests, estranged them from their soil and livelihoods, violations of rights of the ecological resources, and risks to their survival, tribals have faced the adverse consequences of globalisation led development across India. Local manufacturing and market collapse are being exacerbated by globalisation. Almost all of India’s big dam projects are inextricably related to global capitalism and their obedient national stooges. This is worth noting that the area encompassing Rayagada and Kalahandi districts in Odisha, where three large corporations will mine bauxite, is primarily populated by tribal people. Only a tiny proportion of individuals who have been displaced will be assimilated by the advanced mines that will be developed there in the coming years. According to tribals, thousands of tribals dwell in Rayagada’s Kashipur area and Kalahandi’s Lanjigarh area. They are afraid that if the projects are approved, their agricultural and forest-based livelihoods would be lost. People are concerned about losing access to life-sustaining natural resources. The villagers in Odisha who are being displaced by mining operations have been fighting back.The anti-mining movement is led by the Prakritik Suraksha Sampada Parishad, the local peoples organisation. In December 2000, three tribals were killed and many others were injured in the village of Maikanch in the Kashipur block of Rayagada district as a result of police shooting. The mining would also harm streams and groundwater sources, rendering the forest uninhabitable for the foreseeable future. After the bauxite ores are exhausted, it will turn the entire region into a desert and barren land. The KBK regions are home to aluminium and bauxite mining, which are important mineral supplies for many industries. Over one-third of India’s bauxite deposits are found in the Rayagada region of Odisha, which was originally a part of the Koraput District. The mining mafia and multinational corporations are progressively encroaching on this territory in order to exploit the region's enormous bauxite reserves. UAIL (Utkal Alumina International Limited), Vedanta Alumina Limited, and Aditya Aluminium Limited are among the MNCs and significant Indian private enterprises fighting for the region's bauxite reserves.Tribal communities are well-represented in each of the districts. In the current model of development, tribals see no other option but to support Naxalism, because the State is forcibly acquiring land and displacing thousands of people. Tribals saw this as a chance to get out of the alienation, dislocation, and land scarcity that successive governments have brought upon them. The tribals of the KBK areas are gradually shifting, cultivating thousands of square kilometres of forestland. These territories, which have been cultivated by indigenous people for many centuries, but through out time as also now they have been labelled as government land or as a forest land. As a result, cultivators without patta (title deeds) are always in the risk of being evicted by the State as forest encroachers. The threat has grown as a recent legal interpretation of the term “forest” was expanded to include revenue regions with tree cover.Write a note on the feminization of labour in India The feminization of the labour force is taking place in India since independence- first it was slow to begin with, but it surged after economic reforms in 1991. Even though employment opportunities may have increased, but weak immobile labour class has been left to the mercy of mobile and powerful capital. Currant form of the labour welfare legislations and implementation is with the capitalism and appropriation. Evidently bargaining power of labour, irrespective of gender is on the decline. Traditionally, women workers have found themselves at even a greater disadvantage position. This ‘greater disadvantage’ can be explained through a patriarchal structure, formed with the status of identities and their bearing on society. The bargaining power of lower caste, lower class women workers in this structure is much lesser, not only from upper caste and upper-class men but also than that of men with similar socio-economic backgrounds as them. Globalization has escalated the social and economic marginalization of women particularly contributed in forming this new form of lower rungs. Their bargaining power in the society reflects their status. Since women were barred from the sectors that was notconsidered essentially fit for employment particularly in the pre-reform era, but skepticism remains. Even meaningful economic contribution made by women workers is not recognized. The perception that women workers are inferior has perpetuated companies to secure command over them. But on the contrary, women are found to be efficient and less demanding as a worker and better than men. Manufacturing shops are in orders to cut down on labour costs, replaces man workers with women. Men have lost jobs to women; but women are no winners considering the dismal working conditions. Women are exploited in both at home and outside. Even though some time being at the upper end of the job hierarchy with relatively higher paying jobs, but women are seldom exploited if one considers worldwide evidence. Women constraints by socio-economic restrictions are often succumb to the exploitation. But existing opportunities has not changed the situation of women as much expected, absurdly it has sustained the feminization of poverty to the greater extent. Market economy has been calling the shots in quest of manipulating the system of subordination to their advantage; as SEZs workers in general and women happens to be latest casualty. The gender socialization and the unequal power relationship that men and women share is largely dominated by women's self-perception and how they perceive their male counterparts. They feel they deserve less because men deserve more. Socio-economic-political equality can be considered imaginary under prevailingidentities and experiences of the women. In a broad sense, the approach and actions of the state and the employers towards the worker (women), socio-economic circumstances and poor working conditions remained the same. Thus, it is easy to identify identical characteristics of workers’ plight and exploitation practices in sweatshops across the region and time. Economic reforms have opened a new form of paid work opportunity for women. For long, women have remained marginalised and only represented overwhelmingly in the informal sector, domestic work and other casual work. Industrialisation and emergence of new formal enterprises provided impetus to the position of the poor working women. This stems from earning wage provide opportunity to take decisions, greater say in the family and community and relishing greater movement. Nevertheless, despite of new prospects, most of the women workers still live in precarious conditions with considerable insecurity in terms of the dependency on the western MNCs and import policy. Competitive global environment increases the race to the bottom among the developing economies. Women are often among the last to be included into the labour force, but in case of recession first to be terminated. Industries tend to employ women from poverty ridden rural areas in order to leverage on availability of surplus labour andlower cost. Whole design is to create more capital in the process of exploitation and taking advantage of vulnerability of poor women. The poor socio-economic condition discourages women from protesting and tend to form allegiance with the management despite being exploited. The massive employment of women workers in SEZ contributes to the stagnation of labour movements in globalization processes. The industrial zones have witnessed surge in employment of large number of women in last few decades. It has been beneficial for women in terms of paid employment opportunity, but the quality of work is in question. On positive note SEZs has provided opportunity to earn in the formal sector, thereby enhances their position in the family and society. Companies in these economic enclaves hire young women workers only to reduce production cost as they lack bargaining power and considered docile in nature. Women worker’s related welfare measures are entirely absent in most of SEZ units. It must be noted that SEZ and other forms of economic enclaves has been designed to overlook welfare of workers and to concentrate only on investment, export, and creation of employment. Absence of labour welfare measures has critical impact on women workers. Women are exploited as workers and as women, and manytimes, both issues are mixed in such a way that they cannot be treated separately. So far findings suggest that SEZ symbolises lackluster approach of judicial and administrative affairs, and it has several provisions which are highly undemocratic. Given some of these concerns, SEZs cannot be the only strategy for industrialisation, and even within a broader strategy, the specific features of this policy need a systematic re- examination.Highlight the ideas of nationalism of Gandhi and Tagore in the context of Indian freedom struggle Introduction As widely accepted, Nationalism, as Wikipedia defines is an idea and movement that promotes the interests of a particular nation (as in a group of people), especially to gain and maintain the nation’s sovereignty (self-governance) over its homeland. The modes or approaches of contemplating Nationalism may vary from one person to another, one community to another and one nation to another. An exciting variation is found in the ideologies of Gandhi and Tagore on Nationalism. What is the difference between Gandhi and Tagore on Nationalism? About Mahatma Gandhi The definition of Nationalism of Gandhiji differed from the European Nationalism concept post-Westphalian peace treaties. According to him, Nationalism was a wide concept that was inclusive, considering nobody as an enemy.He believed that the nation was not above people, so people should not sacrifice themselves for the nation, rather than practice common brotherhood and other social friendliness to live happily together and improve their lifestyles. It was not based on imperialist ideals. He believed that the nation should rather serve the people. About Rabindranath Tagore The great of poet of all times, Rabindranath Tagore, in his writing “Modern Review” titled The Cult of the Charkha, has strongly repudiated the Nationalism’s ideologies Gandhiji during the Non-Cooperation Movement. According to him, nationalism was a concept of Maya or mirage. We should not relentlessly run after it. We should rather practise spiritualism. He never considered Swaraj as our objective. He believed that a nation which takes an isolated view of one’s own country cannot have a harmonious living with the modern aged countries and will lag. He termed Gandhi's concept of nationalism as pugnacious. Difference between Gandhi and Tagore on Nationalism Parameters Mahatma Gandhi Rabindranath Tagore Nationalism on the context of own nation or Western NationsHe believed in a Nationalism that was grounded to the Indian based tradition and culture. The Nationalism should tend more towards the Indian philosophies, instead of being influenced by the Western Countries. Tagore: He believed in nationalism till World War 1 in 1914-18. Nationalism on humanitarian skils Gandhi: He was a staunch advocate of truth and non- violence. He believed that the freedom fighter’s steps to promote nationalism were very violent; thus, killing humanity should not be accepted. Tagore: He believed it as a way to accumulate money and property of their countries by depleting the humanity. Nationalism whether an inclusive or exclusive concept Gandhi : He believed that there should be a common language (lingua franca) that would unite India’s diverse people in their languages. Tagore: He believed that contemporary nationalism could not do more good, rather harm and destroy civilization, hence improving the concept. Whether Nationalism should favour internationalismGandhi: It was based on self-sufficiency at every level. Tagore: His ideology of Nationalism was based on social love and affection among people. Also, he believed in internationalism. Tagore : His Ideology about Nationalism and want of it Gandhi: In the “Hind Swaraj” book, he repudiated both extremists or moderates’ kinds of freedom fighters. Because according to him, none of their ideologies could foster nationalism. Tagore said that Nationalism was just a way to appropriate wealth and territory, violating humanity’s basic ideals. Similarities between Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore Feelings of nationalism drove both Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore. Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore had different ways of dealing with their oppressors, but, they were united by aim and Ideologies. Gandhi fought with the British with non-violence and started the Civil Disobedience Movement and other movements toshow that Indian commended this oppression. Meanwhile, Tagore took to literature and propagated nationalist Ideas to young minds. He also surrendered his Knighthood in the act of support the Indian freedom struggle.Explain the significance of Charter Act 1833 in the history of colonial India.(150 words) Introduction: Charter Act of 1833 was significant for consolidation of British power in India Body: Charter Act of 1833 was significant in many aspects It recognized Governor General of Bengal as Governor General of India thereby expanding power to whole India. It deprived the legislative powers of Governor of Bombay and Madras and made them subordinate to Governor General of India It paved the way for British Parliamentary control over India. It made the British East India Company as the administrative body. Company’s territories were held in trust of Monarchy of Britain It attempted to introduce open competition for civil services for Indians as well. It paved the way for longer British rule in India.Lord William Bentinck became the first Governor General of India Conclusion: Thus in political, administrative and economic aspect Charter Act of 1833 was a milestone in British rule of IndiaAssess the role of Government of India in biodiversity protection. (150 words) Introduction: Biodiversity is protected through various Acts, Regulations and Executive orders in India. Body: Biodiversity Protection is one of the Directive Principles of Indian Constitution. Therefore series of Acts and Regulations have been passed in the past years. Wild Life (Protection )Act, 1972 is the first step towards it under which wild lives have been scheduled under six categories and given differential protection Environment Protection Act, 1986 is step towards overall protection of environments under which Air, Water etc. are included. Forest Conservation Act 1980, for protection of forest areas. Biological Diversity Act 2002, for preserving diversity under UNFCCC Apart from it various policies have been adopted for biodiversity conservation, like:National Policy on Water National Environment Policy 2006 National Climate Action Plan National Clean Air Program Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan etc Conclusion: Apart from these there are many regulations in different aspects of biodiversity conservation in India which are ensuring biodiversity protection in India.Highlight the underlying geographical factors that influence the distribution of India’s population (150 words) Introduction: Population of a country is highly influenced by geographical factors like climate, weather, terrain, rivers, mountains, soil etc. Body: Indian population distribution can be attributed to following factors: In the North High Himalayan States (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jammu and Kashmir etc) have lesser population due to cold and sloppy terrain. In the alluvial plains of Ganga and Yamuna population density is high in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal etc. In the west due to the presence of hot Thar desert population density is low in western part of Rajasthan, however high density in eastern and northern part due to growth of crops like Jowar, Bajra, Rapeseed etc. and allied food processing industries. In Central India due to presence of rivers like Narmada, Taptiand hills like Vindhya, Satpura there is a significant population density. Population is highly concentrated in south western India due to conducive climatic condition and monsoon rain which is suitable for seasonal crop production. In Deccan the Black soil is suitable for cotton production and there is growth of textile industries In the mineral rich eastern and central Indian states population is concentrated to cities due to Industrial growth In south India due to Industrial development and port cities migration from North and East is a visible scenario. In North Eastern states due to hilly terrain population density is low but in plain due to heavy rainfall condition is suitable for crop production like Rice, Wheat. Conclusion: Like any other country geographical factors influence India to a great extent and population dynamics can be analysed according to it.Social, economic and cultural background of emergence of Indian nationalism in 19th century Introduction: Emergence of nationalism in 19th century leading to independence of India is an important chapter of Indian history. Body: Various forces acted behind rise of Indian nationalism. For example- Social background: Racial discrimination against Indians by British administration Interference in social issues like ban on Sati practice, legality to widow remarriage and women’s education Interference in religious affairs like Religious Disabilities Act 1856 Economic background: Destruction of indigenous industries and flooding marketswith imported goods Economic hardship of peasantry due to over taxation Unemployment of educated class and poverty with increased price Cultural background: Destruction of indigenous culture with conversion to Christianity Ban on practices like Devadasi performance Cultural wakening like Hindu reformation movements with penetration of western science Conclusion: Along with these factors various other factors worked together like politico-administrative causes that led to rise of nationalism in 19th century which got a concrete shape in early 20th centuryOrigins, evolution and salient features of Sattriya Dance of Assam Introduction: Sattriya Dance is one of the eight classical dance forms of India. Body: Origins: The root of the Sattriya Dance can be traced back to Bharat Muni’s Natya Shastra. Mahapurush Srimanta Sankardev institutionalized the dance form in Assam and became part of his Bhakti Movement. As the dance form got the present form in Sattras of Assam it is known as Sattriya Dance. The dance is primarily attributed to Hindu God Vishnu as a devotion with mixture of Nritta and Nritya. The monks of the Sattra primarily performed it originally. Evolution:Originally the dance was performed by male monks but now female also become part of it. Earlier it was part of only Sattras and Namghars but now it came to the stage. Many renowned personalities contributed to the evolution of Sattriya dance to bring it to world stage. Few names are Indira P P Borah, Ghanakanta Borah, Rasheswar Saikai Borbayan etc. Salient Features: Rhythmic in nature with assistance of Khol and Taal Nritta, Nritya and Natya all are part of it Significant hand gesture and foot posture Express storied of Puranas, Ramayana and Mahabharata with facial expression and dance Costumes like Ghuri, Paguri, dhoti etc are used Dance is accompanied by Borgeet, Khol and Taal There are various styles like Sutradhar, Jnumura etc Conclusion: Sattriya dance is an important part of socio-cultural existence of Assamese people which is also a depiction of rich heritage of the state.Highlight the major themes of the prehistoric paintings of India Prehistoric Paintings are artistic manifestation of the primitive people inscribed on rock. Body: In India prehistoric paintings can be dated back to Mesolithic period. These paintings are found in various places like Bhimbetka ( Madhya Pradesh), Bagor ( Rajasthan), Adamgarh ( Madhya Pradesh), Chhotanagpur region etc. Major themese of these paintings: Depiction of domestication of animals Mass gathering for group hunting Use of primitive hunting stone tools Depiction of variety of animal Absence of snakes in the painting is a notable thing People riding on animals Linear procession for hunting and gathering Use of natural color dominated by redEvaluation: Mesolithic paintings are great source of knowing the life of people at that time and later period evolution and continuity. From these paintings we get to know about the artistic and creative development of human being and expressiveness to a great extent Conclusion: Prehistoric paintings are important part of our knowledge about development of Homo sapiens in Indian subcontinent and its evolution in later phase.