PHYSICAL EDUCATION FITT 3

4. Ancient Greek – Greeks believed that dance was closely linked

REASONS FOR DANCING with other kinds of experiences.
• taught as an aid to military education among the boys in Athens
•To passed the course subject
and Sparta. (Peloponnesian War)
•To have fun or entertain others
• it was not just for religious and military training but also a form of
•For passion/ provides a release of tension in our body
entertainment and discipline.
•To treat emotionally disturbed people/ To help treat physically
5. Ancient Rome – erotic, sensual; fall of Rome transformed the
handicapped
history of Dance.
•Worship
- they gave lesser value to the arts as the nation grew wealthy amd
power.
DANCE – it involves a successive group of bodily
6. Early Renaissance (Dark Ages) – 14th Century
movements and steps rhythmically perform and timed to music.
- Medieval Period (Reign of Pope Gregory I)
- Is an expression of an intensified sense of life, arising from an
- start of literature, music, dance, art, entertainment
inner perception that stimulates both mind and body. It is man s
- the church were divided; uses lute and tambourine
natural and primitive means of expression.
7. Baroque – Opera singing and Ballet dances
> The rhythmical movement of the body usually with music.
Baroque -> Classical -> Romantic -> Contem. (ballet)
- to express an idea or emotions.
8. Romantic – war, people became emotional, changes in Music,
- to narrate a story
Arts, and Dance [formal History]
- to enjoy and take pleasure in the movement itself. > The most
9. America – conservatory (univ. for music and arts)
direct of the arts for it makes use of the human body as its
- part of worship, entertainment, communication
medium.
- Africa (made movements accompanied by drums)
- it springs from man s love for expressive gestures,
10. Northern Philippines – dance > harvest, worship
release of tension through rhythmic movement.
- interlacking -> communication
> It heightens the pleasure of being at the same time mirrors the
11. Southern Philippines – traditional and culture
life of society.
13. India
> It involves a successive group of bodily motions and steps
rhythmically perform and timed to music.
Adaptations through the history of Dance
> It is both an art and a form of recreation.
• communication and bonding
• ART – it may tell a story, set a mood, or express an emotion
• celebration
• FORM OF RECREATION - it provides fun, relaxation,
• ceremonies and rituals
companionship.
• healing
• way of expressing the emotions and feelings
RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES – These are rhythmic movements
using the body as means of expressing a communication.
Elements of Dance
It can either be through fundamental rhythms using locomotors or
axial movements or in higher forms of dance.
1. Body – who dances, parts of the body.
2. Action – what does the dancers do(movements).
MOVEMENT – Defined is a change of position in space. It is
> Non locomotor > Locomotor > gestures, facial expressions
governed with mechanical principles that limit the ability of
3. Space – area of space occupied by the dancer’s body.
individuals to move effectively and efficiently.
• Direction- which way a dancer faces or moves?
• Size – a magnitude of a body shape or a movement; from small to
RHYTHM – Is a measured motion or flow, characterized basically
large movement.
by recurrence of elements or features as beats, sounds or accents.
• Pathways – a pattern made as a dancer moves through the air or
- “everybody can follow”; represents the beat(music); pulse
on the floor such as curved/straight, zigzag, and random.
(beat); one part of the body that coordinates with all body
• Levels – the vertical distance from the floor (high, low, med)
parts; how fast or slow the music is(tempo); how long/short
• Shapes – strongest visual of dance (open/close)
the notes.
- the form created by the body’s position in space.
4. Time – amount of time exert, timing; relationship of one
Incorporated in Dance
movement to another.
- Tempo (1st one to consider in rhythm)
• Pulse – regular, compels motion.
- Accent > stress, emphasis in the notes, 121212
• Tempo – fast(excitement – upbeat),
- Time Signature > meter (²/⁴, ¾, ⁴/⁴)
Med(steadiness – calm-flow),
- Phrasing
Slow(elegant – soft-feeling)
- Beat > indefinite/definite – no instrument/pulse of music; what
• Duration – fast tempo (shorter D) = fast transition
holds everything together.
• Syncopation – temporary accenting(waltz) splitting
5. Energy – effort, how a dancer moves
MOVEMENT+RHYTHM=DANCE
• Dynamics – slow then fast
• Flow – continuity of a movement, fluidity
The word dance comes from the Greek word danson which
• Weight – light to heavy dancers
means to drag, to stretch. Thus, simple analysis of term sayaw
which easily lead to one, that it must have derived from the word
Significance of Dance Education
saya which means happy.
1. Social Aspects
Brief History of Dance > teamwork and cooperation (group) – one goal; done easily,
smooth practice, execution.
Dance – communication and bonding, celebration, ceremony and
> acceptance of different culture (univ. language) – Tinikling,
rituals, healing, way of expression
Curacha, Int’l : [Tango, Salsa, Breakdance]
Req. of Dance: music, movements, steps, energy > Respect – to partner, member, self, choreographer
1. Pre-Historic of Dance (Origins of Antiquity) - goal is to build mentality to ensure each.
- A form of religious ritual and social expression within primitive > Relationship – dance is a way of communication.
cultures, “man danced originally to supplicate the Gods on all
important occasions of life.” Kraus and Gaufman (1981). 2. Emotional Aspect
• gesture to communicate > It can eliminate depression.
• expressing and reinforcing tribal unity and strength > Reduces stress – way to be relaxed.
• courtship and mating > Having a sharper mind – memorization
• appease the forces of nature > Teaches healthy self-expression – emotion, gesture
• celebrations of the wine God Dionysus > It builds empathy – empathize or feel what is it.
• pleasure, seduction, and entertainment
2. Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Civilization 3. Cognitive Aspect
- belly dancing (women, sensual reputation) > Increase memory, order, and sequencing skills.
- Real knowledge of dance come out > Creativity – artistic, understand contemporary context,
• to gain more deep knowledge about dancing. contribution, culture, costumes creation.
3. Ancient Egypt – It is reflected in their wall paintings, relief, and > Communication – expresses emotion, coordination
in the literacy records of hieroglyphs. > Critical thinking – mental alertness, attention, observance, how
• medium of religious expression. you interpret the dance.
4. Ancient Greek – Greeks believed that dance was closely linked
 4. Physical Aspect
> Helps develop muscles (pasa doble, strength)
> Tone the body – weight loss, burn fats and calories
> Improves circulation – heart, more oxygen
> Improves posture
> Balance – more aware of center gravity
> Coordination and promote greater flexibility
DANCE FORMS

1.CLASSICAL DANCE – Dances with standardized rules and restrictions. It can be religious related dance or for court and royal
entertainment.

2.MODERN CONTEMPORARY BALLET – Contemporary ballet is a form of dance which incorporates elements of both classical ballet
and modern dance. It takes its technique and use of point work from classical ballet, although it permits a greater range of movement that
may not adhere to the strict body lines set forth by schools of ballet technique. Many of its concepts come from the ideas and innovations
of 20th century modern dance, including floor work, balletic movements and turn-in of the leg

- Classical Ballet is a dance of supreme standards learned from an academe. This originated from Italy from the word ballo meaning to
dance and flourished in the royal court of France.

3.FOLKDANCE – A cultural art form handed down from generation to generations. It can communicates the customs, beliefs and rituals
occupation of a region or country.

• FRANCISCA REYES AQUINO – she was considered as the Mother of Philippine Folk Dances for her untiring efforts in collecting,
compiling, and propagating folk dances, and for her outstanding contribution to the advancement of Filipino culture in the field of dance In
1973, President Marcos gave Dr. Reyes Aquino the National Artist for Dance Award.

4.ETHNIC AND TRIBAL DANCE – A dance particularly found in a group of people living together in a locality with common beliefs and
customs.

5.NATIONAL DANCE – Refers to the type of folkdance found most widely done through a specific country. Good examples are Tinikling
or Cariñosa from Philippines.

6.NATURAL DANCING – refers to the type of dance, which makes use of the basic movement, the locomotors movement and the axial
movement; no dance steps/ freestyle, non-choreographed.

7.CREATIVE DANCE – The highest form of dance for the purpose of entertainment.

8.SOCIAL AND BALLROOM DANCE – Dance set in a social gathering with more formal atmosphere than the simple and informal
parties in which the recreational dances are the usual forms.

9.RECREATIONAL DANCE – Includes dance mixer, square dancing and round and round and couple dances.
10. POPULAR DANCE – Highly recognized as a dance form in television and other dance centers like disco houses and social
gatherings.

FUNDAMENTAL DANCE POSITION AND STEPS

Characteristics

#1 – Feet are closed and parallel touching toes at 45º.

- Arms are encircled in front chest level, relaxed fingers slightly apart.
#2 – Feet are open parallel stride sideward.
- Arms then raised sideway a little below should level.
#3 – Feet are closed-crossed, heel in-step touching knees locked.
- One arm encircle overhead other raised sideways.
#4 – Feet are open-crossed.
- One arm encircle overhead other arm on first position.
#5 – Feet are close-crossed, heel-toe touching knees locked.
- Both arms are encircled overhead, fingers apart.

FINANCIAL ANALYSIS – LIQUIDITY DECISIONS

LIQUIDITY
• Liquidity describes the degree to which an asset or security can be quickly bought or sold in the market without affecting the
asset’s price. In simpler terms, it is how quickly you can get cash in your hand whenever you need it.

LIQUIDITY DECISION
• Liquidity decisions is concerned with the management of current assets, which is a pre-requisite to long term success of any
business firm. This is also called as working capital decision.

WORKING CAPITAL
• It is a measure of the company’s efficiency and short-term financial health. It is part of the company’s capital, which is required for
financing short-term or current assets such a cash marketable securities, debtors and inventories.

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

• It refers to all the strategies adopted by the company to manage the relationship between its short-term assets and short-term
liabilities with the objective to ensure that it continues with its operations and meet its debt obligations when they fall due. Efficient
management of working capital is a fundamental part of the overall corporate strategy.
• The primary purpose of working capital management is to make sure the company always maintains sufficient cash flow to meet
its short-term operating costs and short-term debt obligations. It is also to ensure the liquidity of the company. The key objective is
profitability. Hence, a company with a high level of working capital may fail to achieve the return on capital employed expected by
its investors.
. NEEDS FOR FINANCING OF CURRENT ASSETS
CONCEPTS OF WORKING CAPITAL
• Gross working capital – is the capital invested in total current assets of
the enterprise. Examples of current assets are: cash in hand and bank
balances, Bills Receivable, Short term loans and advances, prepaid
expenses, Accrued Incomes etc. The gross working capital is financial
or going concern concept.
• Net working capital – is the excess of Current Assets over Current
liabilities.
Net Working Capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities
CURRENT ASSETS
• The word ‘current’ means circulating, and the word ‘assets’ means
valuables. These are assets or valuables of a business which keep
circulating in a year. Its components include cash, accounts
receivable/debtors and inventories. The key features are: quickly
convertible into cash, it has short-lived existence and the decisions are
quick. The current asset is also known as working capital in financial
analyst’s perspective.
• CASH – is the most liquid assets a company can own. It is also used
to exchange goods, debt and services
• ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE – which include an allowance for bad
debts to determine their collection value
• INVENTORIES – raw materials, goods in progress, or finished goods
NATURE OF CURRENT ASSETS
Permanent Current Assets and Temporary Current Assets
• Short-term debt (maturities in less than 12 months) is always used to
finance current assets.
Temporary or Variable Current Assets
Temporary current assets are an increase in current assets due to a
temporary event or seasonal or cyclical demand. Example, unexpected
increase in sales or Christmas season.
Permanent or Fixed Current Assets
The amount of current assets required to meet a firm’s long-term
minimum needs. Non-current assets and permanent current assets
should be financed long-term and temporary current assets should be
financed short-term.
Working Capital requirements are for a short period of time as
Current Assets are self-liquidating:
1. Inventory purchased on credit. Accounts Payable
2. Inventory stocked in the Warehouse. Merchandise Inventory
3. Goods are sold on credit. Accounts Receivable.
4. Cash is collected. Cash
CALCULATING THE ACCEPTABLE LEVEL OF CURRENT
ASSETS
• Liquidity ratios are measurements used to examine the ability of
an organization to pay off its short-term obligations. Liquidity ratios
are commonly used by prospective creditors and lenders to decide
whether to extend credit or debt, respectively, to companies.
These ratios compare various combinations of relatively liquid
assets to the amount of current liabilities stated on an
organization’s most recent balance sheet. The higher the ratio, the
better the ability of a firm of pay off its obligations in a timely
manner. Examples of liquidity ratios are:
• Current ratio. This ratio compares current assets to current
liabilities. Its main flaw is that it includes inventory as a current
asset. Inventory may not be that easy to convert into cash, and so
may not be a good indicator of liquidity. It helps investors and
creditors understand the liquidity of a company and how easily that
company will be able to pay off its current liabilities. It is also known
as “working capital ratio”
Current Ratio = Current Assets/ Current Liabilities
• Quick ratio. This is the same as the current ratio, but excludes
inventory. Consequently, most remaining assets should be readily
convertible into cash within a short period of time. It measures the
liquidity of a company by showing its ability to pay off its current
liabilities with liabilities.

IMPORTANCE AND ADVANTAGES OF ADEQUATE WORKING

CAPITAL - working capital is the life blood and nerve center of a QR = Cash + Cash Equivalents + Short-term Investments +
business. It is very essential to maintain smooth running of a business. Current Receivables
1.) Solvency of the Business – Adequate working capital helps in
maintaining solvency of business by providing uninterrupted flow of = Total Current Assets – Inventory – Prepaid Expenses/
production. Current Liabilities
2.) Goodwill – Sufficient working capital enables a business concern to
make prompt payments and hence helps in creating and maintaining • Cash ratio. This ratio compares just cash and readily convertible
goodwill. investments to current liabilities. As such, it is the most
3.) Easy Loans – A concern having adequate working capital, high conservative of all the liquidity ratios, and so is useful in situations
solvency and good credit standing can arrange loans from banks and where current liabilities are coming due for payment in the very
others on easy and favorable terms. short term.
4.) Cash Discounts – Adequate working capital also enables a concern Cash Ratio = Cash + Cash Equivalents/ Current Liabilities
to avail cash discounts on purchases and hence it reduces cost.
5.) Regular Supply of Raw Material – Sufficient working capital ensure
regular supply of raw materials and continuous production.
6.) Regular payment of salaries, wages and other day-to-day
commitments – A company which has ample working capital can make
regular payment of salaries, wages and other day to day commitments
which raises morale of its employees, increases their efficiency, reduces
costs and wastages.
7.) Ability to face crisis – Adequate working capital enables a concern to
face business crisis in emergencies such as depression.
8.) Quick and regular return on investments – Every investor wants a
quick and regular return on his investments. Sufficiency of working
capital enables a concern to pay quick and regular dividends to is
investor as there may not be much pressure to plough back profits
which gains the confidence of investors and creates a favorable market
to raise additional funds in future.

Summary: Levels of Current Asset

WORKING CAPITAL APPROACHES
• Conservative Approach – under this policy, the company holds a
relatively large proportion of its total assets in the form of current assets.
Because the rate of return on current assets is normally assumed to be
less than the rate of return on fixed assets, this policy results in a lower
expected profitability as measured by the rate of return on the
company’s total assets. Assuming that current liabilities remain
constant, this type of policy also increases the company’s net working
capital position, resulting in a lower risk that the firm will encounter
financial difficulties.
• Aggressive Approach – under this policy, the company holds a
relatively small proportion of its total assets in the form of lower-yielding
current assets and thus has relatively less net working capital. As a
result, this policy yields a higher expected profitability and a higher risk
that the company will encounter financial difficulties.
• Moderate Approach – with this policy, expected profitability and risk
levels fall between those conservative and aggressive approach.

Sex is …
❖ biological characteristics of being a female or male.
❖ Physical attributes pertaining to a person’s body contours,
features, hormones, genes, chromosomes and reproductive
organs.
❖ generally permanent
❖ universal
❖ attributes are equally valued
Primary Sex Characteristics
- refers to the sexual and reproductive organs.
WOMEN
Uterus, ovary (estrogen and
progesterone), ovum,
fallopian tubes cervix,
vagina, clitoris, etc. Women
can become pregnant.
✔ development of the breast
✔ pelvic widens & hips
broaden
✔ voice deepens slightly
✔ hair grown under the
arms & in the pelvic region
✔ ovaries start to function
✔ regular menstruation
What is Sex Roles ?
MEN
Penis, testes (androgen and
testosterone), scrotum,
sperm, vas deferens, etc.
✔ the body become more
muscular
✔ shoulder & chest become
broader
✔ Adam’s apple grows
✔ vocal cord enlarge
✔underarm, pubic hair &
hair on the face, chest &
shoulders start to grow
✔ penis & testes enlarge
✔ testes begin to make
sperm
Verbal Appellation: Words used to boys and girls to tell them what they
are and what are expected of them.
Activity Exposure: Children are exposed to gender-appropriate tasks.
School: schools can magnify or diminish gender differences by
providing environments that promote within-gender similarity and
between-gender differences or the inverse. Encyclopedia of Early
Childhood Development.
Religion: religion is a powerful social institution shape the concept of
gender in society.
Mass Media: mass media projects social expectations and promotes
gender stereotypes.
Society: culture, traditions and even language shape expectations
among women and men as well as people’s gender Ideology.
Gender ideology affects the way people view gender. The end goal is
for people to reshape gender perspectives and realize that gender
norms may be transformed.
• What is expected of us?
• What is allowed of us?
• What is in us?
UNITED NATIONS RESOLUTION - June 30, 2016
“Protection Against Violence and Discrimination among SOGIE” PH –
House Bill No. 4982 - “An Act Prohibiting Discrimination on the Basis of
Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity or Expression (SOGIE) and
Providing Penalties Thereof
SOGIESC - not only intended for LGBTQ+ people but for each
individual . It covers a spectrum of sexuality and orientation for each
human being.
What is SEX?
• Sex is biologically determined. It is “the physical structure of one’s
reproductive organs that is used to assign sex at birth.” To determine
sex one must assay the physical conditions: chromosomes, external
genitalia, internal gonads, secondary hormonal states and sex
characteristics.

A function in which a male or female assumes because of the SEX CHARACTERISTICS refers to a person’s inner reproductive
basic physiological or anatomical difference between the characteristics and outer sex and such as genitals, chromosomal and
sexes. hormonal structure, and other characteristics emerging from puberty.

Sex Roles Male - A person born with XY chromosomes and has male reproductive
and sex organs.
Female Male Female - A person with XX chromosomes and has female reproductive
and sex organs.
Intersex - A general term used for a variety of conditions in which a
■ Child-bearing ■ Produces spermatozoa person is born with a reproduction and sexual anatomy that doesn’t fit
■ Lactation which determine child’s sex the definitions of male and female.
■ Gestation
SEXUAL ORIENTATION - refers to each person’s capacity for profound
■ Ovum fertilization
emotional, affectional and sexual attraction to, and intimate and sexual
What is gender?
SEXUAL
relationsORIENTATION
with individuals of a different gender or the same gender or
Gender refers to .. more than one gender.
• It is the expression of desire/attraction.
• assigned by culture and society to women and men. In Short, ‘kanino ka nahuhumaling bes!, “Sino ba bet mo?”
• differentiated roles, attitudes and values.
• expectation held about the characteristics, aptitudes, • GAY or LESBIAN - It refers to a person who is emotionally, physically,
• likely behaviors of both women and men. and sexually attracted to those of the same sex.
• BISEXUAL
Refers to each-person’s
It refers to a person
capacity for who is emotionally, physically , and
Gender is….. sexually attracted to the same or opposite sex/ gender.
• sociologically constructed. • PANSEXUAL – it refers to a person who is emotionally, physically and
• changing, time and place bound. sexually attracted to anyone regardless of their sex or gender identity.
Profound emotional, affectional and
• present in both women and men. • ASEXUAL – it refers to a person who is not physically and sexually
• categorize as feminine and masculine. attracted to anyone but has the same emotional needs as everybody.
• attributes are marked by inequality. • HETEROSEXUAL – it refers to a person who is emotionally, physically,
▪ it is a learned behaviors in a given society or community of Sexual attraction
and sexually to, andtointimate
attracted those ofand
the opposite sex.
social groups and,
▪ influenced by perceptions and expectations. What is Gender? (Notions on Gender)
• arising from cultural, economic, environmental, social and A.
What socially
is constructed
Gender? roles and relationships, personality traits,
Sexual relations with(Notions
individualson Gender)
of a
religious factors. attitudes, behaviors, values, relative
A. socially constructed roles and relationships, power and influence thattraits,
personality society
ascribes
attitudes,tobehaviors,
the two sexes values,on relative
a differential
powerbasis.
and influence that society
Women Men B.
ascribessocialtorelations,
the two sexesincluding
on apower relations,
differential basis.between women and men
Sex Roles Different
“gender gender
roles andor the
characteristics
same gender doornot exist inbetween
isolation,women
but areand
defined
B. social relations, including power relations, men
■ Cooking ■ Leader in relation to one another and through the relationships between women
WOMEN
■ Childcare MEN
■ Providing income for “gender roles and characteristics do not exist in isolation, but are defined
and men, girls
in relation and
to one boys.” and through the relationships between women
another
■ Housekeeping the family
•and Gender
men, definitions
girls and are learned, fluid and diverse. They are not
boys.”
More than one gender.
permanent. They canare
• Gender definitions and do change
learned, fluid over time. They
and diverse. Theyalsoarevary
notacross
■ Cooking ■ Leader cultures.
permanent. They can and do change over time. They also vary across
■ Childcare ■ Providing income for •Gender
cultures. can be transformed towards equality and women’s
■ Housekeeping the family Itempowerment.
is the expression of
•Gender can be transformed towards equality and women’s
•empowerment.
Gender definitions maybe based on stereotypes.
Institutions that Affect Gender Role Socialization • Gender definitions maybe based on stereotypes.
GENDER IDENTITY - refers to each person’s deeply felt internal and
Desire/attraction is your SEXUAL
Family: child-rearing as mechanism of gender role individual
GENDER experience
IDENTITY -ofrefers gender, which
to each may or deeply
person’s may notfelt
correspond
internal andwith
socialization.
Family School the sex assigned at birth, including the personal sense
individual experience of gender, which may or may not correspond with of the body
Manipulation: boys and girls are treated and handled (which
the sexmay be involve,
assigned at birth,if freely chosen,
including modification
the personal of of
sense bodily
the body
differently. appearance
ORIENTATION.
(which may be or involve,
function ifbyfreely
medical, surgical
chosen, or other of
modification means)
bodilyand other
Canalization: Children’s attention is focused on gender- expressions
appearance or of gender
functionincluding
by medical,dress, speech
surgical and mannerisms.
or other means) and other
Church Mass
appropriate Media
objects. •expressions
It refers to aofperson’s internal experiences and identification of gender,
gender including dress, speech and mannerisms.
which may or may not corresponds to the sex assigned at
• It refers to a person’s internal experiences and identification of gender, birth
which may or may not corresponds to the sex assigned at birth
 including the personal sense of the body (which may be involve, if
freely chosen, modification of bodily appearance or function by
medical, surgical or other means) and other expressions of gender
including dress, speech and mannerisms.
• It refers to a person’s internal experiences and identification of
gender, which may or may not corresponds to the sex assigned at
birth
~ How do you identity yourself?
~ Do you identify yourself as a male of female?
~ It’s only YOU who can identify your gender and no other person
can do that.
CISGENDER - who identifies herself/himself as the sex they were
born with, a person who was born with penis identifies himself as a
man is a (cisgender male), if a person was born with vagina and
identifies herself as a woman is a (cisgender female).
GENDER QUEER – it refers to a person who does not identify
themselves belong to conventional binary categories (Male or
Female).
TRANSGENDER (Transwomen, Transmen) are individuals that
identify themselves differently from the sex s/he was born with. For
example, a person who was born biologically as a male (has a
penis) and identifies himself as a female (TRANSWOMAN), a
person who was born biologically as a female (has a vagina) and
identifies herself as a male (TRANSMAN).
•Gender Identity cannot be seen by others. Some go through the
process of transitioning, it includes personal feelings regarding the
body which can also, if freely chosen, involve the modification of
bodily appearance or functions through medical means (such as
hormone therapy), surgery and other means.
•A transgender who has undergone sex change surgery (or is
going to and is in process of physical change) in order to match
their gender identity is called a TRANSEXUAL.
Gender Expression
Masculine - a person who has qualities and characteristics which
are traditionally associated with men.
Feminine - a person who has qualities and characteristics which
are traditionally associated with a woman.
Gender Neutral - A person whose qualities and characteristics
differ from those which are traditionally associated with a man or a
woman.
Androgynous - A person whose qualities and characteristics are a
combination of those traditionally associated with a man and a
woman Transgender will normally express herself/himself
according to their gender identity, not their biological sex.
Transgender will normally express herself/himself according to
their gender identity, not their biological sex. Hence it is more
respectful and acceptable to greet them based on their gender
identity and expression rather than their biological sex.
Key Words
❑ Sexual Orientation - To whom you are attracted with?
❑ Gender Identity - How do you identify yourself?
❑ Gender Expression - How do you express yourself to the world?
Terms Definitions:
MSM (men who have emphasizes sexual intercourse
sex w/ men) between two men
Asexual Refers to the lack of sexual attraction
or absence of arousal or desire for
sex.
Transvestite Is an individual who wears clothes of
the opposite gender for various
reasons and do not have any
intention of changing or making any
modifications to their bodies.
Transition Is the process of an individuals
gender presentation to match their
gender identity.
Heteronormative Refers to the social and cultural
practices when men and women are
made to believe that heterosexuality
is the only sexuality that may exist.
Nature of Gender Violence
• The term “gender violence” reflects the Idea that violence often serves
to maintain structural gender inequalities, and includes all types of
violence against men, women, children, adolescents, gay, transgender
people and gender non-conforming. This type of violence in some way
influences or is influenced by gender relations.
• These includes rape, sexual assault, intimate partner violence in
heterosexual and same sex partnerships, sexual harassment, stalking,
prostitution and sex trafficking.
• It highlights toxic masculinity patterned violence: a prevalent violence
motivated by aggression, revenge, competition, and entitlement, and
includes sexual and other violence against men, women, partners and
children.
Toxic Masculinity - is a term often used to describe the negative
aspects of exaggerated masculine traits. The term has evolved over
time and has a place both in academia and everyday speech. In
modern society, people often use the term toxic masculinity to describe
exaggerated masculine traits that many cultures have widely accepted
or glorified.
• This harmful concept of masculinity also places significant importance
on ‘manliness’ based on:
1. Strength 2. Lack of emotion 3. Self-sufficiency
4. Dominance 5. Sexual virility
According to traditional toxic masculine values, a male who does not
display enough of these traits may fall short of being a ‘real man.’
OVEREMPHASIS OF THESE TRAITS MAY LEAD TO HARMFUL
IMBALANCES IN SOMEONE TRYING TO LIVE UP TO THESE
EXPECTATIONS. SOME EXAMPLES INCLUDE:
1.Aggression
2.Sexual aggression or control
3.Showing no emotion or suppressing emotions
4.Hyper-competitiveness
5.Needing to dominate or control others
6.A tendency towards or glorification of violence
7.Isolation
8.Low empathy
9.Entitlement
10.Chauvinism and sexism
SEXISM - is prejudice or discrimination based on one’s sex or gender.
Sexism can affect anyone, but it primarily affects women and girls. It
has been linked to stereotypes and gender roles and may include the
belief that one sex or gender is intrinsically superior to another.
HOSTILE SEXISM
• This refers to beliefs and behaviors that are openly hostile toward a
group of people based on their sex or gender. Misogyny, or the hatred
of women, is an example of hostile sexism. People who hold views that
are hostile and sexist may view women as:
1.Manipulative
2. Deceitful
3. Capable of using seduction to control men
4. Needing to be kept in their place
• Examples of hostile sexism include:
1.Using sexist language or insults
2.Making threatening or aggressive comments based on a person’s
gender or sex
3.Harassing or threatening someone for defying gender norms, online
or offline
4.Treating people as subordinates based on their sex or gender and
punishing them when they “step out of line”
5.Believing that some victims of sexual assault “ask for it”
due to their behavior or clothing.
6.Engaging in physical or sexual assault
BENEVOLENT SEXISM
• Benevolent sexism includes views and behaviors that frame
women as:
1.Innocent
2.Pure
3.Caring and nurturing
4.Fragile and in need of protection
5.Beautiful
In comparison to hostile sexism, benevolent sexism can be less
obvious. It is a more socially accepted form and is much more likely
to be endorsed by men and women. However, despite its name, this
type of sexism is not truly benevolent.
While benevolent sexism applies some positive traits to women and
femininity, it still frames one sex or gender as weaker than another.
These ideas can lead to policies and behaviors that limit a person’s
agency, or the ability of someone to make their own choices.
• For example, the 2020 study found that men who endorsed
benevolent sexism were more likely to support policies that limit the
freedoms of pregnant women. Benevolent sexism also undermines
girls’ confidence in themselves and their abilities.
Some examples of benevolent sexism include:
1.Basing a woman’s value on her role as a mother, wife, or girlfriend
2.Focusing attention and praise on someone’s appearance rather
than their other attributes.
3.Believing that people should not do things for themselves, such as
manage money or drive a car, because of their gender.
4.Assuming that a person is a nurse, assistant, or secretary — not a
doctor, executive, or manager — based on their gender.
5.Supporting policies that make it difficult for women to work, have
independence, or deviate from traditional gender roles
HOSTILE SEXISM
• Most women fail to appreciate fully all the men do for them.
• Women exaggerate problems they have at work.
• Men should be willing to sacrifice their own well-being in order to
provide financially for the women in their lives.
• Many women are actually seeking special favors, such as hiring
policies that favor them over men, under the guise of asking for
“equality”.
• When women lose to men in a fair competition, they typically
complain about being discriminated against.
• Women are too easily offended.
• Once a woman gets a man to commit to her, she usually tries to
put him on a tight leash.
• No matter how accomplished he is, a man is not try complete as a
person unless he has the love of a woman.
• Most women interpret innocent remarks or acts as being sexist.
• Women seek to gain power by getting control over men.
• There are actually very few women who get a kick out of teasing
men by seeming sexually available and then refusing male
advances.
• A good woman should be set on a pedestal by her man.
BENEVOLENT SEXISM
• Women, as compared to men, tend to have a more refined sense
of culture and good taste.

What is gender-based violence? is a phenomenon deeply rooted • Every man ought to have a woman whom he adores.
in gender inequality and continues to be one of the most notable
human rights violations within all societies. • Many women have a quality of purity that few men possess.
• It is violence directed against a person because of their gender.
• Women, compared to men, tend to have a superior moral
Both women and men experience gender-based violence but the
sensibility.
majority of victims are women and girls.
• Women should be cherished and protected by men at all times.
• Gender-based violence and violence against women are terms that
are often used interchangeably as it has been widely acknowledged
that most gender-based violence is inflicted on women and girls, by
men. NOT SEXISM

THE VULNERABLE • Doing household chores is a duty any person can and should do
no matter what gender they have.
• It is also important to recognize that gender-based violence reflects
the idea that violence often serves to maintain structural gender • Men are complete without women.
inequalities, and includes the victimization of women, girls, men,
boys, adolescents, and lesbian, gay, transgender, and gender non- • Feminists are not seeking for women to have more power than
conforming people. men.

FORMS OF VIOLENCE • People are often truly happy in life without being romantically
involved with a member of the other sex.
• Physical Violence – acts that include physical and bodily harm
bruises, cuts or broken bones

• Sexual Violence – use of sexual acts wherein the abuser forces or

coerces the woman to engage in sex or any sexual activity she finds
unacceptable.

• Economic Abuse- acts that make or attempt to make a woman

financially dependent, withdrawal of financial support, preventing
women from engaging in any legitimate profession.

• Psychological Abuses -acts or omission or causing or likely to

cause mental or emotional suffering of the victim but not limited to …
intimidation, harassment, stalking, damage to property, public
ridicule, or humiliation, repeated verbal abuse and marital infidelity.