ESC201T : Introduction to

Electronics

Lecture 16: Bode Plots and Filters

B. Mazhari
Dept. of EE, IIT Kanpur
Frequency Response

R R
vO(t) VO

vS VS 0 1/jC
C

VO ( )
H ( ) 
vS (t )  vSoCos (t ) VS ( ) 1
H ( ) 
1  jCR

1
H ( ) 
1   2C 2 R 2

 ( )   tan 1 (CR )
 10 1
Sketching of Transfer function H ( ) 



1 j 1 j
103 104

 
20Log10 ( H ( ) )  20  10 Log10 (1  ( 3 ) )  10 Log10 (1  ( 4 ) 2 )
2

10 10

40

20

0
20 log(H())

-20dB/decade
-20 -20dB/decade
-40

-60
-40dB/decade
-80

-100
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

 (rad/s)
 0

 50

100
Phase Plot

 20

 40
)
 60

 80

 100
3 4 5 6 7
10 100 110 110 110 110 110

 10 1 1
Sketching of Transfer function H ( )   
  
1 j 1 j 1 j
103 104 105

  
20Log10 ( H ( ) )  20  10 Log10 (1  ( 3 ) 2 )  10 Log10 (1  ( 4 ) 2 )  10 Log10 (1  ( 5 ) 2 )
10 10 10

40

20

0
20log(H())

-20 -40dB/decade
-20dB/decade
-40

-60 -60dB/decade

-80

-100
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

 (rad/s)
Phase Plot

 50

) 100

 150

 200
3 4 5 6 7
10 100 110 110 110 110 110
 H ( )  ( j ) N

20Log10 ( H ( ) )  20 N  Log10 ( )

H ( ) (dB )

20N dB/decade

1 
Example
C 1
jC
vO(t) VO ( )
H ( ) 
vS R VS ( )

jCR j ( / 3dB )
H ( )  H ( ) 
1  jCR 1  j ( / 3dB )

1 1
3dB = ; f3dB =
RC 2 RC

  2
20Log10 ( H ( ) )  20log10 ( )  10log10 (1  ( ) )
3dB 3dB

 ( )  90  tan 1 (CR )
   2
20Log10 ( H ( ) )  20log10 ( )  10log10 (1  ( ) )
3dB 3dB

H ( ) (dB )

20 dB/decade

3dB

-20 dB/decade

High Pass Filter

 1
f 3dB   103 Hz
2 RC
Bode Plot segments
1 1
H ( )  K  j ( / o ) n   {1  j ( /  )}t

j ( / 1 ) r {1  j ( / 2 )}m
3

H ( ) (dB)

20log(K)

2 3
20t dB/decade

o 1
20n dB/decade -20m dB/decade
20r dB/decade
Example:
1 1 1 1
H ( )  200  j   𝐻(𝜔) = 0.2 × 𝑗𝜔 × 𝜔 × 𝜔
10  j 100  j 1+𝑗
10
1+𝑗
100

40

-14dB/decade 20

0
20 log(H())

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

 (rad/s)
40

50

100
100
Filter -pass a band of frequency and reject the remaining

Low pass High pass

|H(f)| |H(f)|

f f
Band pass
Band Stop
|H(f)| |H(f)|

f f
 R =1K
vO

vS C 1F

C
vO(t)

vS R
3dB Frequency of single capacitor filters

R =1K
vO
1
vS C 1F
3dB =  103 rad / s
RC

R1 =1K
vO 1
3dB =
vS C 1F R2 =1K R1 R 2 C

1 1
Linear Circuit C 3dB = 
 R eq C
One can often tell the type of filter by looking at behavior at very low and very high frequencies and
keeping in mind that capacitor offers very high impedance at low frequencies and very low impedance
at high frequencies
R =1K |H(f)| |H(f)|
vO

vS C 1F
f f

|H(f)| |H(f)|

f f

Low f High f

Vo ~VS Vo ~0
 |H(f)| |H(f)|

f f

|H(f)| |H(f)|

f f

Low f High f

Vo ~0
Vo ~0
Bandpass Filter |H(f)| |H(f)|

f f

|H(f)| |H(f)|

f f

f2 f1>f2

C1 R2
vO(t)

vS R1 C2

1 1
f2  ; f1 
2 R1C1 2 R2C2
Example: Band Pass filter 1 1
f2  ; f1 
2 R1C1 2 R2C2
Band-Stop Filter |H(f)| |H(f)|

f f

|H(f)| |H(f)|

f f

f1 f2>f1

Will this work?

What kind of filter is this?

Low f
High f

Vo ~Vin Vo ~Vin
What does this circuit do?

Bandstop or Notch Filter

R-L Circuits (Filters)

R
vO(t) VO ( )
H ( ) 
vS L j L VS ( )

j L j ( / 3dB ) R
H ( )   3dB 
R  j L 1  j ( / 3dB ) L

High pass filter

R-L Circuits
j L
vO(t)
L VO ( )
vS R H ( ) 
VS ( )

R
H ( ) 
R

1 3dB 
R  j L 1  j ( / 3dB ) L

Low pass filter