ESC201T : Introduction to

Electronics

Lecture Notes 18: Two Port Network

B. Mazhari
Dept. of EE, IIT Kanpur
Techniques for Coping With Complexity: ABSTRACTION

An abstract representation is a simplified representation that has appropriate level

of detail for the problem being addressed.

Rt1

Vt1
Circuit Transformation allows us to apply results derived for simple circuits to more
complicated circuits as well.
Maximum Power Transfer for dc circuits

RL  R

V S2
VS RL PL m ax 
4 RL

Rt
Resistors and
RL Vt RL
Sources

Maximum power is delivered to the load when RL = Rt

 t=0
R t


v C ( t )  v C (  )  { v C (0 )  v C (  )} e RC

+
VS C vC
-

Rt

Vt C
Linear Circuit C

t


x ( t )  x (  )  { x (0 )  x (  )} e 
Thevenin’s or Norton’s Theorem are not Sufficient.

How do we build a simplified representation of only this portion of the circuit?

How do we analyze circuits containing new components?

RC RL
RB

vS
 RS=1K V0
Amplifier

RL=8
VS

How do we specify amplifiers parameters?

Two-Port Networks

+ +
I1 Two-Port I2
V1 V2
Network
- -
I1 I2
Port: A pair of terminals through which a signal can enter/leave the network

Constraints on analysis:

1. Linear elements only (R,L,C, dependent sources,..)

2. No independent sources or stored energy inside the network

No matter how complicated is the circuit inside the two-port network, it can be
represented by only four elements !
How do we analyze circuits containing new components?

RC RL
RB

vS

Two port network allows the transistor to be represented in terms of familiar

elements.

b c
+
gmvbe
r vbe rO

e
 RS=1K V0

RL=8
VS

Two port network How do we specify amplifiers parameters?

+12V
Ro1 RE2
RE3
RC
+ + Q2 Q3
Q4
+ Q1a Q1b
Vin Rin1 V1 Av1oV1
- Vin1 RC3
10K
- - 0.1mA 10mA

-12V
Z or Impedance Parameters

+ +
I1 Two-Port I2
V1 V2
Network
- -

V1  z11 I1  z12 I 2 V2  z21 I1  z22 I 2

 V1   z11 z12   I1 
   
 V2   z21 z22   I 2 

+ Z11 Z22 +
I1 I2
V1 + + V2
z12I2 z21I1
- -
- -
 V1  z11 I1  z12 I 2 V2  z21 I1  z22 I 2

+ + V1 V2
I1 V1
Two-Port I2=0 V z11  z21 
Network 2
I1 I1 I2 0
- - I2 0

+
Two-Port
+ V2 V1
I1=0 V V2 I2 z22  z12 
-
1 Network
- I2 I1  0
I2 I1  0
+ +
I1 Two-Port I2
V1 V2
Network
- -
Example: Z representation
+ +
I1 Two-Port I2
V1 V2
Network
- -

V1 10
z11   6
 3.1  10 4
  39.2
I1 I2 0
32.117 10   140.79  180
 + +
I1 Two-Port I2
V1 V2
Network
- -

V2 0.485  74.74
z21    1.5  10 4
  114
I1 I 2 0
32.117 106 39.21
 + +
I1 Two-Port I2
V1 V2
Network
- -

V2 10
z22   6
 1.8  10 4
  71.9
I2 I1  0
54.24  10   108.1  180

V1 0.82  42
z12   6
 1.5 104   114
I2 I1  0
54.24 10 71.9
 + Z11 Z22 +
I1 I2
V1 + + V2
z12I2 z21I1
- -
- -

z11  3.1104   39.2 z22  1.8  104   71.9

z21  1.5 104   114

z12  1.5 10   114
4

In general if there are no dependent sources in the network then: z21 = z12
Reciprocal Networks

Reciprocal
V I
Network

Reciprocal
I Network V
 21.38160  A

10

21.38160 A
10
Reciprocal Networks

It can be shown that two port networks with no dependent sources are reciprocal

4i 4i
i i

   


0.5A 0.1A  1V
1V

For reciprocal networks: z12  z21

Y or Admittance Parameters Z11 Z22
+ +
I1 I2
V1 + + V2
z12I2 z21I1
- -
+ + - -
I1 Two-Port I2
V1 V2
Network
- -

I1  y11V1  y12V2 I 2  y21V1  y22V2

 I1   y11 y12   V1 
   
 I 2   y21 y22   V2 

+ +
I1 y12V2 y21V1 I2
V1 y11 y22 V2

- -
+ +
V1 I1 Two-Port I2 V2 I1  y11V1  y12V2
Network
- -
I 2  y21V1  y22V2
H or Hybrid Parameters

+ +
I1 Two-Port I2
V1 V2
Network
- -

V1  h11 I1  h12V2 I 2  h21 I1  h22V2

 V1   h11 h12   I1 
   
 I 2   h21 h22   V2 

+ h11 +
I1 h21I1 I2
V1 + h22 V2
h12V2
-
- -
G or Inverse Hybrid Parameters

+ +
I1 Two-Port I2
V1 V2
Network
- -

I1  g11V1  g12 I 2 V2  g 21V1  g 22 I 2

 I1   g11 g12   V1 
   
 V2   g 21 g 22   I 2 

+ g22 +
I1 g12I2 I2
V1 g11 + V2
g21V1
-
- -
Z parameter representation for Reciprocal Networks

V1  z11 I1  z12 I 2 V1  ( z11  z12 ) I1  z12 ( I1  I 2 )

V2  z12 I1  z22 I 2 V2  z12 ( I1  I 2 )  ( z22  z12 ) I 2

+ Z11 Z22 +
I1 I2
V1 + + V2
z12I2 z12I1
- -
- -

+ Z11-z12 Z22-z12 +
I1 I2
V1 Z12 V2
T-network
- -
Y parameter Representation for Reciprocal networks

I1  y11V1  y12V2 I1  ( y11  y12 )V1  y12 (V2  V1 )

I 2  y12V1  y22V2 I 2   y12 (V2  V1 )  ( y22  y12 )V2

+ +
I1 y12V2 y21V1 I2
V1 y11 y22 V2

- -

+ -y12 +
I1 I2
-network
V1 y11+y12 y22+y12 V2

- -
Relationships between Parameters

V1  z11 I1  z12 I 2 I1  y11V1  y12V2

V2  z21I1  z22 I 2 I 2  y21V1  y22V2

z22 z12 z21 z11

I1  V1  V2 I 2   V1  V2  z  z11 z22  z12 z21
z z z z

z22 z12 z11 z21

y11  ; y12   ; y22  ; y21  
z z z z

y22 y12 y11 y21

z11  ; z12   ; z22  ; z21    y  y11 y22  y12 y21
y y y y
Series Two port Networks
 zA  I2
+ +
+ V1A I1A Network-A I2A V +
I1 2A
- -

V1 V2

+ +
- V1B I1B Network-B I2B V
2B -
- -

 zB 
 z    z A    zB 
z11  z11a  z11b
Parallel Two port Networks
 yA 
+ +
V1A I1A Network-A I2A V
I1 2A
- -
I2
+
+
V1
V2
-
-
+ +
V1B I1B Network-B I2B V
2B
- -

 yB 
 y    y A    yB 
y11  y11a  y11b
Example BJT Transistor Circuit

vO
h11  1K  ; h12  0; h21  100; h22  105 S
1K 1K
+ h11 +
10K
I1 h21I1 I2
vS
V1 + h22 V2
h12V2
-
- -

i1
vO
100i1
100K vo
10K 1K 1K 1K  50
vS vs
Which parameters should one use?

+ Z11 Z22 + + +
I1 I2 I1 y12V2 y21V1 I2
V1 + + V2 V1 y11 y22 V2
z12I2 z12I1
- -
- - - -

+ h11 + g22
I2 + +
I1 h21I1 I1 g12I2 I2
V1 + h22 V2 +
h12V2 V1 g11 g21V1 V2
- -
- - - -

Inherent nature of the system and nature of problem being addressed often
determine the choice
Nature of the system + +
I1 Two-Port I2
V1 V2
Network
- -

Suppose there is a system which when viewed from port-2 looks very much like a
ideal dependent current source

+
0.1V1 I2 Modeling this system with either z or g parameters
6
10 V2 can be problematic

+ Z11 Z22 +
I1 I2
V1
V1 z12I2
+ +
z12I1 V2 z11 
- - I1 I2 0
- -

If we apply V1 = 1V, V2 = 105 V which is obviously not possible !

 + g22 +  I1   g11 g12   V1 
I1 g12I2 I2
   
V1 g11 +
-
g21V1 V2  V2   g 21 g 22   I 2 
- -

I1
g11 
V1 I2 0

+
0.1V1 I2
6
10 V2

Same problem occurs here as well. If we make I2 zero then V2 tends to make very
large !
 + +
I1 y12V2 y21V1 I2
V1 y11 y22 V2

- -

+
0.1V1
6
10 V2=0

Determination of Y parameters requires V2 and not I2 to be made zero and thus causes
no problems. Same is true for h parameters.

+ h11 +
I1 h21I1 I2
V1 + h22 V2
h12V2
-
- -
Our choice reduces to :

+ + + h11 +
I1 y12V2 y21V1 I2 I1 h21I1 I2
V1 y11 y22 V2 V1 + h22 V2
h12V2
-
- - - -

+ +
I1 Two-Port I2
V1 V2
Network
- -

Suppose our system which when viewed from port-1 looks very much like a
ideal dependent voltage source

+ 0.1
I1
V1 +
10V2
-
-
Can we directly determine Y parameters?

+ +
I1 y12V2 y21V1 I2
V1 y11 y22 V2

- -

To determine y12 or y22, we have to short the input voltage

+ 0.1

V1=0 + If V2 = 1V, current flowing would be 100A which would again cause problems
10V2
-
-

+ h11 +
I1 h21I1 I2
V1 + h22 V2
h12V2
-
- -
Summary : 2-port parameters

+ Z11 Z22 + + +
I1 I2 I1 y12V2 y21V1 I2
V1 + + V2 V1 y11 y22 V2
z12I2 z12I1
- -
- - - -

+ h11 + g22
I2 + +
I1 h21I1 I1 g12I2 I2
V1 + h22 V2 +
h12V2 V1 g11 g21V1 V2
- -
- - - -