ESC201T : Introduction to

Electronics

Lecture 30: Operational Amplifier Circuits-2

B. Mazhari
Dept. of EE, IIT Kanpur
Important properties for analyzing ideal opamp circuits under negative feedback

+12V R
2R
v1
vo R
v2 R
R
-12V 2V VO1
VO
1V

1. v1 = v2
One stage does not load the preceding stage
2. i1 = i2 = 0 due to very small output impedance of the
opamp
 Adder/Subtractor

Rf
R2

VS2 R1

R3 VO
VS1

VS3 R4 R5
RP = R3 R4 R5
VS4

Rf Rf R Rf
vo = − ( )vs1 + −( ) vs 2 + vs 3 P  (1 + )
R1 R2 R3 R1 R2

R Rf
+ vs 4 P  (1 + )
R4 R1 R2
Integrator
vs / R
C

vs / R
+VCC

VS
R VO

-VCC

VS dVO 1
R
= −C
dt
 VO (t ) = −
RC  VS dt
Differentiator
dvS
C
dt
R

dvS
C
dt C +VCC

VS

VO

-VCC

VO dVS dVS
− = C  VO (t ) = − RC
R dt dt
Log Amplifier V
V
vs / R I = I S (e T
− 1)
D

vs / R
+VCC

VS
R VO

-VCC

VO
VS − VS VS
= I S (e VT
− 1)  −VO = VT  ln(1 + )  VT  ln( )
R RI S RI S
Temperature Sensor ?
D

+VCC
VS k BT
VS VO = −VT  ln( ); VT =
R VO
RI S q

-VCC

But IS is a function of temperature as well.

D

+VCC
VS
VS VO = −VT  ln( )
R2 VO R2 I S
-VCC
 D
VS
VO1 = −VT  ln( )
+VCC R1 I S
VS Rf
R1 VO1

-VCC R

VO
D
R
Rf
+VCC
VS Rf R2
R2 VO2 VO = VT  ln( )
V R R1
-VCC VO 2 = −VT  ln( S )
R2 I S

Output voltage is directly proportional to temperature

AntiLog Amplifier V
S

V
V
S
I = I S (e T
− 1)
V R
I = I S (e T
− 1)

D +VCC

VS

VO

-VCC

VS VS VS
VO
− = I S (e − 1)  VO = − RI S (e − 1)  − RI S  e
VT VT VT

R
Multiplier VX V
VO1 = VT  (ln( ) + ln( Y ))
D
RI S RI S
VX
VOX = −VT  ln( )
RI S VX VY
+VCC VO1 = VT  ln( )
VX R 2 I S2
R VOX
R
-VCC R
R
D +VCC
R VO1
D VO

-VCC
+VCC
VY
R VO
-VCC
VY
VOY = −VT  ln( ) VO1
RI S VX VY
VO  − RI S  e VT
=−
RI S
Solving Differential Equations?

dy
+ y = f (t ) y = f (t ) −
dy
dt dt

dy
y dt
Differentiator Subtractor
dy
f (t ) −
dt
What do we do next?
f (t )
Where do we get y from?
Integrators are preferred over Differentiators because they
are less sensitive to noise

dy dy y =  f (t ) − y dt
+ y = f (t ) = f (t ) − y 
dt dt

f (t ) − y
y
Subtractor Integrator

 f (t ) − y dt
f (t )
Comparator: Opamp under open Loop condition

+VCC R0
VS1 vS1 vo
+
Ri vi +
VO - -AOL vi
-
VS2 vS2
-VCC

VO
VCC

VS2 -VS1
-VCC
 +12V
5.5V
VO=? ~ -12V
5V
-12V

+12V

VO=? ~ +12V
5mV
-12V
Example
vin = 1V Sin(2 ft ); f = 1KHz 1F

+5V
1K +5V

VIN vo1 VO
-5V
VO1 = +5V if vin  0 -5V

= − 5V if vin  0
VIN

1V

1
VO
0.5 time (ms)
VO1
5V

time (ms)

-5V
Example D

+12V

1V
1K VO

-12V

+12V +12V

1V 1V
1K
VO VO ~ -12V

-12V -12V
Difference Amplifier
R3
Rf
R2 Rf Rf
vo = vs 2 (1 + ) − ( )vs1
RIN = R1 R3
(1 + ) R1 R1
R1 R2

VO
VS1
R2
VS2 R3 R3 R f
Rf
Choose = vo = (vs 2 − vs1 )
R2 R1 R1

A drawback is that input resistance is relatively Lower

To change gain, we have to change two resistors and a slight mismatch can
drastically reduce common mode rejection ratio
Solving Differential Equations?

dy
+ y = f (t )
dt

Let us try and solve this equation using opamp circuit blocks that we
are familiar with
dy
dy
dt +y
y dt
Differentiator Summer

What do we do next?

Where do we get y from?

Solving Differential Equations?

dy
+ y = f (t ) y = f (t ) −
dy
dt dt

dy
y dt
Differentiator Subtractor
dy
f (t ) −
dt
What do we do next?
f (t )
Where do we get y from?
Integrators are preferred over Differentiators because they
are less sensitive to noise

dy dy y =  f (t ) − y dt
+ y = f (t ) = f (t ) − y 
dt dt

f (t ) − y
y
Subtractor Integrator

 f (t ) − y dt
f (t )
Effect Of Mismatches

Rf
Rf R3
=r R2 Rf Rf
R1
R1
vo = vs 2 (1 + ) − ( )vs1
R3 R1 R1
(1 + )
V R2
O
VS1
R2
VS2 R3
R3
= r + r r
R2 vo  (vs 2 − vs1 )r + vs 2
1+ r

vid = vS 2 − vS1 Error term

vS1 + vS 2 vo = Ad vid + Acmvic

vic =
2 r
Adm = r Acm =
vS 2 = 0.5vid + vic 1+ r
Common mode gain and CMRR depend on mismatches
Instrumentation Amplifier

VS1 vo1 = vs1 + i R2 R4

A1
vs1
R2 R3
i
i = (vs1 − vs 2 ) / R R1 A3
VO
R2
R3 R
R4 vo = 4 (vo 2 − vo1 )
i R3
vS 2 A2
VS2 vo 2 = vs 2 − i R2

R4 2 R2
vo =  (1 + )  ( vs 2 − vS 1 ) Very high input Resistance
R3 R1

Can change one resistor R1 and change gain

ESC102 : Introduction to
Electronics

HW10: Solution

B. Mazhari
Dept. of EE, IIT Kanpur
Q.1 Determine the output of the ideal opamp circuits shown below

10K
2K

1mV sin(wt) 10 K 10 K
vo = −{  10mV +  1mV sin(t )}
1K
VO
1K 2K
10mV
= −{0.1 + 5  10−3 sin(t )}

1K

v+ = v− = 1V
VO
1mA
1 − vo
=1mA vo = 0V
1V

1K
 i R2 R3 io = i + ix
i = vi / R1
R4 vx = − iR2 = − R2 R1 vi
R1
vi ix = − vx / R4
vO
R R3 R3
vo = vx − io R3 vo = − 2 (1 + + )vi
R1 R4 R2

is = 0.5mA
is = 0.5/1K = 0.5mA 10K

vo = − is  10 K = − 5V
1K
0.5V iO=?

io = iS + iL = 3mA
2K

iL = − vo / 2 K = 2.5mA
Q.2 Design an opamp circuit that would generate the following output voltage where
Vs1, Vs2, Vs3 and Vs4 are input voltages
VO = 2vs1 + 4vs 2 − 8vs3 − 10vs 4
Rf
R4

VS4 R3
VS3 R1 VO

VS1 R2 R5
VS2
RP = R1 R2 R5

Rf Rf Rf
RP Rf R
vo = − ( )vs3 − − ( )vs 4 + (1 + ) vs1 + (1 + )  P vs 2
R3 R4 R3 R4 R1 R3 R4 R2

Choose : R f =10 K  R3 =1.25K  R4 =1K

RP R1

RP
= 0.105  = 0.211  =2
R1 R2 R2

Choose : R2 =1K  R1 = 2 K  RP = 0.211K  R5 = 0.308K

 2
Q.3 Design an opamp circuit that can produce VO = K  VIN where Vin is the input
voltage.

VX V
VO1 = VT  (ln( ) + ln( X ))
D
RI S RI S
VX
VOX = −VT  ln( )
RI S VX2
+VCC VO1 = VT  ln( 2 2 )
VX R IS
R VOX
R
-VCC R
R
D +VCC
R VO1
VO

-VCC

VO1
VX2
VO  − RI S  e VT
=−
RI S
Q.4 Sketch the outputvoltage of the circuit shown below for
Vin = 1V Sin(2 ft ); f = 1KHz and supply voltages of 5V
1F

+VCC
1K +VCC

VIN VO
-VCC
-VCC
 1F

+VCC
1K +VCC

VIN vo1
VO
-VCC
-VCC

VIN
comparator 1V

VO1 = +5V if vin  0 0.5 1 time (ms)

VO1
= − 5V if vin  0
5V

time (ms)

-5V
 1F

+VCC
1K +VCC Integrator
VIN vo1 VO
-VCC
1
VIN
-VCC VO (t ) = −
RC  Vo1dt

1V = − 103  Vo1dt
0.5 1 time (ms)
VO1 VO = −5 103  t for 0  t  0.5ms
5V

time (ms)

-5V
VO VO = −2.5 + 5 103  (t − 0.5ms) for 0.5ms  t  1ms

-2.5V
Q.5 Determine the output for the ideal opamp circuits shown below. For the circuit on the
right assume that diodes have cut-in voltage of 0.7V. Analyze the circuit for Vs = 1V and
Vs = -1V. For the transistor assume a current gain of 100. What is the usefulness of each
of the circuits?
2K
2.5K
10V VO

0.1K 1K D2
1K D1
vO
VS
VZ=3V

15V

iO=?
10V

100
 R2
Vs

RS R1

vO

VZ VZ

This is a non-inverting amplifier with VZ as input

R2
vo =VZ (1 + )
R1
The circuit produces a constant output voltage Vo even though supply voltage may
vary and thus acts like a voltage regulator.
 15V

10V iO

10V

100
I L =10 /100 = 0.1A

IE
Io = I B = = 0.99mA
 +1

The circuit can supply load current that is much larger than opamp output current
 i=0
R2 Not possible
VO

D2
VO = 0
R1 D1

VS
VS > 0

−vs / R1
R2
VO

vo R
−vs / R1 D2
= − 2
D1
vS R1
R1
VS < 0
VS

The circuit acts like a rectifier