ESC201T : Introduction to

Electronics

Lecture 17: LCR Filters (Resonance)

B. Mazhari
Dept. of EE, IIT Kanpur
Wireless Transmission of Speech signal

A B

A B

A B Modulation De-Modulation

A B
Carrier wave
Z C
Amplitude Modulated (AM) Radio

Different radio channels are separated by very narrow frequency interval.

For example, one may want to receive a 450KHz signal but reject 460KHz or
440KHz
H ( ) (dB) 450KHz


460KHz

-20dB
460
log( ) ≅ 9.5 × 10 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠
450

This implies an attenuation of ~ -2000 dB/decade

|H(f)| |H(f)|

f f

|H(f)| |H(f)|

f f
 10 1
Second Order System H ( ) 



1 j 1 j
103 104

 
20Log10 ( H ( ) )  20  10 Log10 (1  ( 3 ) )  10 Log10 (1  ( 4 ) 2 )
2

10 10

40

20

0
20 log(H())

-20dB/decade
-20

-40

-60
-40dB/decade
-80

-100
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

 (rad/s)
 10 1 1
Third Order System H ( )   
  
1 j 1 j 1 j
103 104 105

  
20Log10 ( H ( ) )  20  10 Log10 (1  ( 3 ) 2 )  10 Log10 (1  ( 4 ) 2 )  10 Log10 (1  ( 5 ) 2 )
10 10 10

40

20

0
20log(H())

-20 -40dB/decade

-40

-60 -60dB/decade

-80

-100
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

 (rad/s)
Resonance

A small disturbance leads to oscillatory behavior

T = 1.1s
T = 0.9s
 T = 1s

The amplitude is 10 times larger even though input magnitude is same !

T = 0.9s

T = 1s

T = 0.9s
Series Resonant Circuit
In this series resonant circuit, current reaches a peak at a condition in which capacitive and
inductive reactance cancel each other to give rise to a purely resistive circuit

R L

1
i(t) Z eq  R  j L  j
vS C C

1 1
Resonant frequency: jO L  j  0  O 
O C LC

1
fO  Z eq  R
2 LC

Current and voltage are in phase (power factor is unity) and current is
maximum !
 R L
Vm
I ( ) 
1 2
i(t) R  ( L 
2
)
vS C C

0.707
Vm Vm
I (1 )  
1 2 2R
R 2  (1 L  )
1C

Vm Vm
I (2 )  
1 2 2R
R 2  (2 L  )
2 C
 R
O  12 B  2  1 
L

Quality (Q) factor: Sharpness of resonance

Peak Stored Energy

Q  2
Energy dissipated in one period at resonance
1
L  I m2
2 O L O 
1
Q
1
Q  2  
1 2 R LC O CR
I m R  TO
2
 j0.9K
0.1K
R L

Z=0.1K-j0.1K
vS C -j1.1K

0.1K
R L j1K

Z=0.1K
vS C -j1K

Not very large change in impedance as we approach resonance !

 j0.9meg
0.1K
R L

Z=0.1K-j0.1meg
vS C -j1.1meg

0.1K
R L j1meg

Z=0.1K
vS C -j1meg

very large change in impedance as we approach resonance ! Implying high

quality factor
Quality factor Q

0.1K
R L j1K

Z=0.1K
vS C -j1K

0.1K
R L j1meg

Z=0.1K
vS C -j1meg

O L 1 O C
Q or Q 
R R
 O L R
Q B  2  1 
R L

O
O
Q 
B 

Hence Q represents sharpness of resonance

For high Q circuits:

R-L-C filters
|H(f)| |H(f)|

f f

|H(f)| |H(f)|

f f

C
L R
R
vO(t) vO(t)
j L vS  j C L
vS C
 j C j L
 R
C L vO(t)
vO(t)
j L vS j L L
vS  j C R
 j C C
 C L
vO(t)
j L
vS  j C R

How much Q do we need to pass 450KHz but reject 460KHz by 20dB?

VO ( ) R
H ( )  
VIN ( ) 1 2
R 2  ( L  )
C
Assuming VIN = 1V and noting that Q = OL/R

1 For =O, VO = 1 so the signal simply passes

VO ( ) 
O2 2  2 through !
1  2 Q ( 2  1) 2
 O O  2    450 103  2.8 106 rad / s
 1
VO ( )  O2 O
 2 
2 2
VO ( )  VO ( ) 
1 O
Q ( 2  1) 2 Q  ( 2  O2 ) 2Q  (  O )
2
O

For an attenuation of -20dB or 10-1 at -o = 62.8 Krad/s

Example: for Q = 226.3 at 450KHz

o L
Q
R
Parallel Resonance

IM 0 R C L L
vS C

1 1
Yeq   jC  j
R L

1 1
Resonant frequency: jO C  j  0  O 
O L LC

1
fO  Z eq  R
2 LC
 + L
IM 0 V R
- C

Im R
V ( ) 
R 2C 2 1 2
1  2 ( L  )
L C

For high Q:
 R
Why is Q  for parallel resonance ?
L

100K
+ L j9K
IM 0 V R
- -j11K C

~50K

1000K
+ L j9K
IM 0 V R
- -j11K C

~50K
Piezoelectric Quartz Crystal

Inductive over a very narrow range

fP
fS

CS >>CP

Q can be very high ~104 -106

Resonant Frequency

1
fO 
2 LC
What is the resonant frequency (unity power factor) ?

For unity power factor, imaginary part = 0

Resonance Allows Highly Efficient Implementation Of Highly Selective Filters