Bluetooth Technology (IEEE 802.

15 Standard)
Bluetooth is the next
commonly used wlan (wireless LAN) technology
Bluetooth technology is widely used to connect to different devices such as
mobiles etc. computer, printers,

It is originally started as the project by the Erricson company.

 What is Bluetooth Technology Standard?
A Bluetooth LAN is an ad-hoc network, which means that the network is formed
each other and form a network called a piconet instantly, the devices then find
(network created by the bluetooth devices).
A Bluetooth LAN can also be connected to the Internet if one of the gadgets has this capability.
A Bluetooth LAN, by nature, cannot be very large.
bluetooth technology is based on the IEEE 802.15 standard.

The technique used in this is FHSS (frequency hopping).

It operates in the frequency band of 2.4 Ghz.

It uses the modulation technique called GFSK.

The data rate supported is upto 700 Kbps. The max operating distance range is 10 meters.

Bluetooth technology is basically the implementation of a protocol defined by the IEEE 802.15 standard.
This standard defined as a wireless personal-area network (PAN) operable in an area the size of a room or a hall.
 Bluetooth Technology Architecture (IEEE
802.15 protocol)
Bluetooth defines two types of network: piconet and scatternet
A Bluetooth network (formed by peer devices) is called a piconet, or a small net. A piconet can
have
max eight stations (upto 8 connected devices), one
of which is called the primary, the rest
are called secondaries.
All the secondary stations synchronize their clocks and hopping sequence in accordance with the
primary. Further a piconet can have only one primary station. The communication between the
primary and the secondary is a one-to-one or one-to-manv relationship.
Picoe

Primary

Secondary Secondary Secondary Secondary

 Piconets can be combined to form another network that is
called a scatternet.
A secondary station in any one piconet can be the primary in some other piconet.
This station can receive messages from the primary in the first
piconet (as a secondary) and,
acting as a primary, deliver them to secondaries in the second piconet.
A Bluetooth device has built-in very
a
short-range radio transmitter.
The current data rate is 1Mbps alongwith a 2.4-GHz bandwidth.
Bluetooth layers
Bluetooth laqyes
Data

Applicatons
Profiles
Audio Control

| LICAPlayer
Baueband lay e

Radio iayer
 Bluetooth devices are
layer of the Internet model.
The radio layer is approximately
similar to the physical
2.4-GHz ISM band which
is further divided into 79
Bluetooth uses a
low-power and have a range upto 10 m.
channels of 1 MHz each.
avoid
(FHSS) method in the physical layer to
spread spectrum
Bluetooth implements the frequency-hopping
interference from other devices or
other networks.
(FSK with Gaussian
Bluetooth uses a modified version of FSK, called GFSK
To transform bits to a signal,
bandwidth filtering). GFSK has a carrier frequency.
is
MAC sublayer present in LANs. The access method
The Baseband layer is roughly equivalent to the time
communicate with each other using
TDMA (time division multiple access). The primary and secondary
slots. The length of a time slot is exactly the same as the dwell time, 625 us (microseconds).
TDD-TDMA is a
Bluetooth uses atype of TDMA that is called TDD-TDMA (timedivision duplex TDMA).
not at
variety of half-duplex communication in which the secondary and receiver send and receive data, but
the same time.
Frame format in IEEE 802.15 (Bluetooth
standard)
or five-slot. A slot
A frame in the baseband layer can be one of three types, one-slot, three-slot,
needed for hopping and
is mainly of 625 us. However, in a one-slot frame exchange, 259 us is
control mechanisms. This means that a one-slot frame can last only for 625-259, or 366 uis.

Access Code (72 bits) Header (54 bits) Data(0 to Nbits)

Accress
(3bits) Type (4bits) F(1bit) A(1 bit) S(1 bit) HEC (8bits)
 Access code: This
72bit field normally contains synchronization bits and the identifier of the primary to distinguish the frame ot
one piconet from another.

Header: This 54 bit ficld is a repeated 18-bit pattern. Each pattern has the following subfields:
use
Address: It is a
3 bit address subfield that can define up to seven secondaries (1 to 7). Ifthe address is zero, itis hen
broadcast communication from the primary to all secondaries.
Type: It is a 4-bit type subfield that defines the type of data coming from the upper layers.
frames (bufter is full).
F: This 1-bit subfield is for flow control. When set (), it indicates that the device is unable to receive more

A: This 1-bit subfield is for acknowiedgment. Bluetooth usesStop-and-Wait ARQ. 1 bit is suficient for acknowledgment.
for sequence
S: This 1-bit subfield that holds a sequence number. Bluetooth uses Stop-and-Wait ARQ. 1 bit is sufficient
numbering.
HEC: The 8-bit header error correction subfield is a checksum to detect errors in each 18-bit header section.

Payload: This subfield can be upto 0 to 2740 bits long. It contains data/control information coming from the upper layers.
 L2CAP in bluetooth frame
15 mosuy
The Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol or L2CAP (L2 here means LL),
equivalent to the LLC sublayer in LANs.
The 16-bit length field mainly defines the size of the data, in bytes, coming from the upper1ayos
for a specitic
Data can be up to 65,535 bytes. The channel ID (CID) defines a unique identifier
virtual channel.
duties i.e multiplexing, segmentation and reassembiy,
The L2CAP mainly performs specific
quality of service (QoS), and group management.