Dairy Production

 Lecturer: Dr. Jose Arceo N. Bautista

Grading System:
 Lecture 60%
 Quizzes 40 points
 Exams 60 points
 Bonus 10 points
 Laboratory 40%
 Today's mammalian species have relatively
large and complex brains and complex body
systems.
 Therefore, development of the offspring
takes a fairly long period of time.
 Part of this development occurs intrauterine
during gestation.
 However, in mammals much of this
development continues after birth and is
extra-uterine development.
 In that sense, the newborn mammal is still
very much dependent on the mother for
provision of a nutrient supply that matches
its digestive capabilities.
 This nutrient supply is milk.
 Milk is of paramount importance to:
 survival,
 proper development, and
 vigorous growth of the neonate.
 Milk is the only supply of the water, organic
nutrients, and minerals to which the neonate
has access.
 Milk supplies everything to the neonate
except air!
 Milk has a high caloric value and generally is
balanced for the nutrient needs of the
rapidly developing young of that species.
 Colostrum (the first milk taken from the
mammary gland after parturition) and
 mature milk also contain non-nutrient
substances (such as antibodies and bioactive
factors) that may be important for:
 growth,
 development, and
 survival of the neonate.
 Cow milk provides a plentiful, nutritious, and
well characterized source of nutrient
components for milk replacers, infant
formulas, and other food sources for the
neonate.
 Non-milk components can also be used to
supply the neonate with nutrients if
mother's milk is not available or if cow milk-
based formulas are not appropriate for use
for the neonate.
 Lactation is an integral component of the
highly successful reproductive strategy of
mammalian species.
 Mammals reproduce multiple times in their
lives.
 That means that the requirement to provide
nutrients to the newly hatched or newly born
offspring occurs intermittently.
 A mammary gland that lactates continually is
not an energetically favorable concept,
whereas a mammary gland that develops and
functions in concert with the reproductive
cycle of the animal makes much more sense.
 In fact, development of the mammary gland
is closely integrated with the reproductive
cycle of the species.
 Lactation and reproductive processes are
intimately intertwined in mammals.
 Some of the factors that are involved in
control of pregnancy are the same factors
that are involved in regulating mammary
development during pregnancy.
 Reproduction and lactation are part of the
same overall process.
 The ultimate objective of reproduction is to
produce the next generation of
reproductively viable offspring.
 The female mammal (mother) makes a large
metabolic investment in the early
development of the offspring.
 This investment continues until the offspring
is metabolically independent from the
mother.
 Lactation is a continuation of the metabolic
investment of the mother and is the most
energetically demanding part of
reproduction.
 In the absence of successful lactation (or in
the absence of human intervention) the
neonate will not survive after birth even
with optimal success of all the complex
processes involved in estrous cycles,
conception, pregnancy, fetal development,
and parturition.
 The result will be a failure of the
reproductive process.
 Milk is the physiological secretion of the
mammary gland of mammals to provide
nourishment to the young
 sometimes called nature’s most perfect food
 obtained from cows, goats, sheep, buffaloes
camels and even mares
Physico-chemical Properties:
 It is a complex mixture of a wide range of
compounds important to the neonate.
 The gross properties of milk include:

 an emulsion of fat globules, and

 a suspension of casein micelles (casein,
calcium, phosphorous),
 all of which are suspended in an aqueous
phase,
 that contains solubilized lactose, whey
proteins, and some minerals.
 Leukocytes in milk are part of the suspended
phase.
 Some other physicochemical characteristics
of cow milk:
 pH of normal milk is about 6.6 - 6.9 (milk of
carnivores is about 6.2; human milk is about 7.0;
cow colostrum as low as 6.0; milk from cows with
mastitis as high as 7.5)
 osmolality is about 0.3 M (osmotic pressure ~ 700
kPa)
 ionic strength is about 0.08 molar
 water activity is about 0.993
Gross Composition of Whole Milk, %
Water 87.2
Fat 3.7
Protein 3.5
Carbohydrates 4.9
Minerals 0.7
1. Fresh Milk
-milk straight from the udder of the cow,
pasteurized and homogenized
-has a shelf life of 7-10 days under
refrigeration
2. Cream
- milk fat removed from the milk
- manufactured as butter or sold as
buttermilk (by-product from butter
manufacture) for feed or processed into
powder
3. Skimmed milk
 milk after removing the cream
 processed into skim milk or casein powder
or casein whey
4. Cheese

 curdled milk after coagulation with rennet

and the whey removed
5. Evaporated milk
 could be made into sweetened or
unsweetened condensed milk
6. Whole Milk Powder

 spray dried milk

 milk is turned into a mist for easier drying
1. Walter L. Hurley. The Lactation Biology website.
University of Illinois, Urbana, IL. USA
2. Lactation and the Mammary Gland. 2002. R. Michael
Akers. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, Iowa, USA