FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology

Hamdard University

Experiment No. 04
OBJECTIVE:

To design summing amplifier and differential amplifier using 741 Op-amp.

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

• Op-amp 741
• Power Supply
• Oscilloscope
• Bread board
• Resistors

THEORY:

Summing Amplifier:

This is one of the linear applications of the Op-Amp. A circuit whose output is the sum of several
input signals is called a summer. In these circuits, the opposite end of the resistor is connected to
the inverting input is held at virtual ground by the feedback; therefore, adding new inputs does not
affect the response of the existing inputs. The equation for the given circuit can be written as:

Vo

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Shara e Madinat Al-Hikmah, Muhammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University

When Rf = R1 =R2, then

Vo = - (V1 + V2)

That is, the output is an inverted sum of the inputs.

An inverting amplifier can be modified to accommodate multiple input signals. Since the circuit is
linear, the output voltage can easily be found applying the superposition principle: The output
voltage is a weighted sum of the two input signals. The weighting factor is determined by applying
one of the input signals while the others are grounded, and analyzing the resulting circuit. Since
the circuit is linear, the analysis is repeated for all inputs and the final result is the addition of all
components. The advantage of this approach is that we can easily recognize the effect of each
signal on the circuit’s performance and the overall output can be obtained in most of the cases by
inspection. For the circuit shown below, the following equation results:

Vout = - (R3/R1 Vin1 + R3/R2 Vin2)

The summing amplifier can be extended to have any number of input signals. Consider that a two
bit digital signal is applied to the input in the above circuit. An analog voltage appears at the output
that is determined by the binary input. So a more general configuration based on this circuit can
be used to build digital-to-analog converters (DAC).

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the relevant circuit for the summing configuration as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set the value of V1 and V2 to notice the output wave.
3. Note the reading of the output voltage Vo with respect to the input voltage.
4. Repeat the above steps by changing the values of two input voltages, and find the output voltage.

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Shara e Madinat Al-Hikmah, Muhammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University

S.No. Vin 1 Vin 2 Vout Theoretical Vout

1. 5 5.5 -11.118 105 v

2. 10 15 -11.118 250 v

3. 6 12 -11.118 180 v

1. Vout = Rf/R1 x v1 + Rf/R2 x v2

Vout = 30k/3k x 5 + 30k/3.3k x 5.5
Vout =105 v

2. Vout = Rf/R1 x v1 + Rf/R2 x v2

Vout = 30k/3k x 10 + 30k/3.3k x 15
Vout = 250 v

3. Vout = Rf/R1 x v1 + Rf/R2 x v2

Vout = 30k/3k x 6 + 30k/3.3k x 12
Vout = 180 v

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Shara e Madinat Al-Hikmah, Muhammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University

DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

The differential amplifiers amplify the difference between two voltages making this type of
operational amplifier circuit a Subtractor unlike a summing amplifier which adds or sums together
the input voltages. This type of operational amplifier circuit is commonly known as a Differential
Amplifier configuration. By connecting each input in turn to 0V ground we can use superposition
to solve for the output voltage Vout.

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Shara e Madinat Al-Hikmah, Muhammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University

When resistors, R1 = R2 and R3 = R4 the above transfer function for the differential amplifier can
be simplified to the following expression:

Vout = (R3/R2 xVin2 – ( R4/R1 xV1)

Vout (Vin2 – Vin1)

This expression shows that the amplifier amplifies the difference between the two input signals
Vin1 &Vin2 and rejects the common mode input signals; Vout = 0 if Vin1= Vin2. Therefore, the
differential amplifier is used in very noisy environment to reject common noise that appears at
both inputs. When the same signal is applied to both inputs, the voltage gain in this case is denoted
as common-mode gain ACM; for the case of the ideal differential amplifier ACM=0.
If all the resistors are all of the same ohmic value, that is: R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 then the circuit will
become a Unity Gain Differential Amplifier and the voltage gain of the amplifier will be exactly
one or unity. Then the output expression would simply be Vout = V2 - V1. Also note that if input
V1 is higher than input V2 the output voltage sum will be negative, and if V2 is higher than V1,
the output voltage sum will be positive.
The Differential Amplifier circuit is a very useful op-amp circuit and by adding more resistors in
parallel with the input resistors R1 and R3, the resultant circuit can be made to either “Add” or
“Subtract” the voltages applied to their respective inputs. One of the most common ways of doing
this is to connect a “Resistive Bridge” commonly called a Wheatstone bridge.

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the circuit for Differential amplifier as given.

2. Set the value of V1 and V2 to notice the output wave.
3. Note the reading of the output voltage Vo with respect to the input voltage.
4. Repeat the above steps by changing the values of two input voltages, and find the output voltage.

S.No. Vin 1 Vin 2 Vout Theoretical Vout

1. 12 16 8.003 v 8v

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Shara e Madinat Al-Hikmah, Muhammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University

2. 4 5 2.03 v 2v

3. 10 10 3.03 mv 0v

1. Vout = Rf/Ri(v2-v1)
Vout = 30K/15k(16-12)
Vout = 2(4)
Vout = 8 v

2. Vout = Rf/Ri(v2-v1)
Vout = 30K/15k(5-4)
Vout = 2(1)
Vout = 2 v

3. Vout = Rf/Ri(v2-v1)
Vout = 30K/15k(10-10)
Vout = 2(0)
Vout = 0 v

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Shara e Madinat Al-Hikmah, Muhammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Shara e Madinat Al-Hikmah, Muhammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Shara e Madinat Al-Hikmah, Muhammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Shara e Madinat Al-Hikmah, Muhammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University

EXERCISE:

1. For the summing amplifier given below apply power supplies ±7V, choose R2 to have
Vout = − (Vin1 + 2Vin2) if R1 = R3 =10K.

For R2,

A2= 2 , R3=10K

A2 = R3/R2

2 = 10k/R2

R2 = 10k/2

R2 = 5k

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Shara e Madinat Al-Hikmah, Muhammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University

2. For the differential amplifier, with power supplies ±7V, choose R1 to have Vout = Vin2 −Vin1
if R2 = R3 = R4 = 10K.

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Shara e Madinat Al-Hikmah, Muhammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University

R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = 10K.

Vout = Vin2 –Vin1

Vout = 10 – 5

Vout = 5 v

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Shara e Madinat Al-Hikmah, Muhammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University

3. State few biomedical applications of differential amplifiers.

Answer: The differential amplifier is used in a number of biomedical engineering applications,

specifically to amplify signals from biotransducers and bio amplifier that produce a differential
output.

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Shara e Madinat Al-Hikmah, Muhammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.