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(PDF) Utilization of Building Debris As Aggregates in Stone Columns
(PDF) Utilization of Building Debris As Aggregates in Stone Columns
May 2019 · Engineer - Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka 52(1):43
DOI:10.4038/engineer.v52i1.7329
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43 ENGINEER
ENGINEER 44
45
ENGINEER
ENGINEER 46
without any disturbance to the surrounding Table 4 - Results of Aggregate Crushing Value
Test of Different Types of Debris
l ll h l l d f
yp
soil. A small helical auger was used for
scooping out the soil within the casing PVC
pipe. Selected building debris samples of 10-14 Test No. 1 2 ACV(%)
mm in size were charged into the hole in layers
Concrete debris 35.1 % 34.9 % 35 %
of 30 mm, giving a light uniform compaction to
each layer. The casing pipe was raised in stages, Aggregate 24.9 % 25.4 % 25 %
ensuring a minimum of 5 mm penetration below Brick debris unable to obtain a result
the gravel placed. This process was carried out Cement plaster
in each set up. It was also observed that, after debris unable to obtain a result
removing the casing pipe, the grease coat
remained on t he pipe only. Hence, this grease Table 5 - Results of Los Angeles Abrasion
coat did not affect the smearing and hydraulic Value Test of Different Types of Debris
conductivity of the interface between the stone
column and the surrounding soil. Finally, stone
Test No. 1 2 LAAV (%)
column of the building debris within clay
Concrete debris 35.4 % 36.6 % 36 %
surrounding was made.
Aggregate 31.9 % 30.9 % 31 %
Having prepared the stone column up to the
Brick debris unable to obtain a result
soil level, sand passing through a 4.75 mm sieve
Cement plaster
was placed as a blanket of a 20 mm thickness
debris unable to obtain a result
over the prepared stone column. Finally, a
loading cap 100 mmin diameter, which is equal
5.1.2 Slake Durability Index Test Results
to the diameter of the circular influence area
Results of slake durability test for different
and 12 mm thick, was placed over the stone
types of building debris with respect to
column to apply the load evenly at the centre.
different soaked period are shown in Figure 2.
The load deformation behaviour of the column
was studied by loading it in a loading machine
frame at a strain rate of 0.25 mm/min. The load
was observed for equal intervals of 0.125 mm
displacement. Since the loading was rapid, it
was essentially undrained loading which
simulates loading immediately after
construction.
5. Results
5.1 Results of Building Debris Tests
5.1.1 Aggregate Impact Value, Aggregate
Crushing Value, Los Angeles Abrasion Value
Test Results
Aggregate Impact Value (AIV), Aggregate Figure 2 - Results of Slake Durability Tests for
Crushing Value (ACV), Los Angeles Abrasion Different Types of Building Debris with Time
Value (LAAV) tests results for Aggregate, brick
debris, concrete debris and cement plaster are 5.2 Results of Stone Column Model Tests
shown in Tables 3-5. 5.2.1 Compressive Strength Test Results
Table 3 - Results of Aggregate Impact Value Results of compressive strength test for
Test of Different Type of Debris different type of building debris can be shown
in Figure 3. Here clay is used as a compare the
unimproved ground.
Test No. 1 2 AIV(%)
Concrete debris 30.3 % 31.7 % 31 %
Aggregate 24.6 % 25.4 % 25 %
Brick debris unable to obtain a result
Cement plaster
unable to obtain a result
debris
47
ENGINEER
Figure 3 - Results of Compressive Load and Penetration for Different Types of Building Debris
5.2.2 Vane Shear Test Results the surface and at a depth of 80 mm from the
Results of Vane shear tests conducted at two surface to measure the impact with the depth.
distinct radial distances such as 80 mm and Further, to evaluate the time effect all these
35 mm from the centre of the stone column for measurements were done on the day, 7 and 30
different type of building debris are sh o wn i n days after the model preparation was
Tables 6 and 7, respectively. Vane shear completed.
readings were taken at two different depths; at
Table 6 - Results of Vane Shear Test of Clay Sample at a Radial Distance of 80 mm from the Centre
of Model
Days Shear Strength (kPa) at surface (just Shear Strength (kPa) at 80 mm depth
below blade height -33 mm) in clay with from the surface in clay with Made Stone
Made Stone Column Column
Aggregate Concrete Plaster Brick (Only Aggregate Concrete Plaster Brick (Only
Clay) Clay)
0 6 6 6 5 2 7 7 6 6 3
7 7 6 6 6 3 10 9 9 9 4
30 8 7 7 7 4 12 10 10 10 5
Table 7 - Results of Vane Shear Test of Clay Sample at a Radial Distance of 35 mm from the Centre
of Model
Days Shear Strength (kPa) at surface (just Shear Strength (kPa) at 80 mm depth from
below blade height- 33 mm) in clay with the surface in clay with Made Stone
Made Stone Column Column
Aggregate Concrete Plaster Brick (Only Aggregate Concrete Plaster Brick (Only
Clay) Clay)
0 7 7 7 6.5 3 9 8 9 8 4
7 9 9 8 9 4 11 11 10 11 6
30 10 10 9 10 5 13 12 11 12 7
ENGINEER 48
Figure 4 - Comparison of AIV, ACV and LAAV Tests
Considering RDA criteria given in Table 9 and compared to other debris in stone column
Figure 4 for stone column material, aggregates construction work instead rock aggregates
can only be directly used for stone column subject to further testing.
construction. Only concrete debris, among
other building debris fulfils the above 6.3 Compressive Strength Test
requirements marginally. Therefore, concrete According to the results of compressive
debris could be a feasible solution especially in strength test for different types of building
situations where excessive concrete demolition debris, graphs shown in Figure 3 are plotted
waste is available. between compressive load and penetration.
Subsequently the ultimate load for building
6.2 Slake Durability Test debris was obtained.
Using the results of slake durability test, slake Figure 3 clearly shows that the load-settlement
durability index groups for different types of behavior is non-linear for all materials tested.
building debris can be analysed according to Aggregates have higher ultimate compressive
Gamble Classification [Goodman (1980)] [1]. load capacity (250 N) and, not surprisingly, i
Accordingly, slake durability index groups for can be seen that the stone column made of only
different types of building debris are presented clay shows the lowest ultimate carrying
in Table 10. capacity of 40 N. Efficiency of building debris
compared to rock aggregates can be tabulated
Table 10 - Slake Durability Index Groups of as presented in Table 11.
Different Types of Debris
Table 11 - Ultimate Load Efficiency of
Durability Building Debris Related to Aggregate.
Type of
waste Soaked
Soaked for
Initial for two
material one month Description Ultimate Percentage of
months Efficiency
Load
Medium Medium Medium related to
Concrete High High High Aggregate
Medium Medium
Plaster Medium High High Aggregate 250 100
Brick Low Low Low Concrete 180 72
Rubble Very High Very High Very High
Plaster 120 48
It was clearly observed that the concrete is
Brick 80 32
categorized as medium high durability in
comparison to the other tested materials. This is Clay 40 16
still lower than the standard stone column fill
material of rock aggregates. However, when
Accordingly, concrete has a higher efficiency in
aggregates’ durability values are concerned,
comparison with aggregate than other tested
crushed concrete could be better utilized
materials. For the same settlement, the
49
ENGINEER
difference in load–carrying capacity between bed preparation work and stone column has
the two materials is only marginal (30 N) at been most effective in this type of clayey soils.
small settlements. However, it is significant
According to the results of shear strength of
(80 N) at high settlement, i.e. at the ultimate
surrounding clay of these stone column models,
stage. A similar trend was observed for both
it was observed that the shear strength has
trial tests conducted. Although there is a
increased near stone column area compared to
comparable difference between the stone
other distances. Thus, high shear strength can
columns made of aggregates and crushed
be observed at deeper levels of surrounding
concrete, concrete debris can be used as an
clay and strength decreases as depth becomes
aggregate for the construction of stone columns
shallower. A chart of shear strength of stone
under working loads.
columns made of different building debris
surrounded by clay for a distance of 80 mm and
6.4 Vane Shear Test
35 mm from the center is given in Figures 5 and
It was found that the measured undrained
6 respectively.
shear strength in the model ranged from 5 to 13
kN/m-2, thus proving the accuracy of the clay
ENGINEER 50
Graphical representations of percentage of (80 mm and 35 mm) away from the centre
shear strength gain in clay surrounding the made stone column models but at different
stone column made with different building depths are given in Figures 7 and 8.
debris compared to shear strength in clay
without stone column Vs. time at same distance
Also, graphical representations of percentage of (33 mm and 80 mm without blade height) from
shear strength gain in clay surrounding the surface of made stone column models but
columns made with different building debris different tested distances from the centre of
compared to shear strength in clay without made column models are given in Figures 9
stone columns Vs. time at same tested depths and 10.
51 ENGINEER
Finally, it is observed that the undrained shear of consolidation due to the presence of top and
strength of clay without stone column is very bottom drains of sand layers.
low and it is clearly visible that the shear
strength has increased more than 50% of 7. Conclusion
unimproved clay with stone column Stone columns improve the bearing capacity of
construction in clay area. Thus, shear strength soft clay soils by introducing a good drainage
at deeper levels and closer to a stone column path and bearing the load through friction. The
with time has attained higher values than hardness and porosity of compacted stones
others because particles are much closer in that make them ideal as granular column material.
area due to horizontal and vertical load from Since building debris (concrete, plaster and
made stone column. Also, shear strength of bricks) are not costly, easily available and
surrounding clay of made stone column models possess comparable properties as stone, the
has improved with time because of acceleration utility of building debris as replacement of
ENGINEER 52
stone in granular columns was studied in this A reduction in the amount of stone aggregate
work. used will lead to a reduction in the cost of stone
Based on the requirements for aggregate columns as well as better utilization of waste
material for stone column construction as per material and protection of natural resources.
Standard Specification of Construction & Thus, use of particles of concrete debris has
Maintenance (SSCM) of Roads & Bridges and proved to offer a cost-effective and
Gamble Durability Classification for durability environmentally friendly technique.
of construction material, following conclusions
were drawn from this study. Acknowledgement
Director General - RDA (Road Development
• Bricks are weak in durability and the Authority) and Project Director of Northern
compressive strength is very low (0.08kN at Expressway Project, RDA are acknowledged for
35mm settlement). The shear strength is also providing support for this study. Staff
low compared to aggregate strength, thus members of RDA in Northern Province and
not suitable as a stone column fill material. Director Research and Development of RDA
• Plaster shows medium durability and low- are also acknowledged. Also, the Staff members
medium compressive strength (0.12 kN at of the Soil Mechanics laboratory of the
35 mm settlement).The shear strength is University of Moratuwa and the CEO of
medium compared to aggregate strength, Engineering Consultants (Pvt) Ltd soil
thus cannot be used in high load bearing company for providing facilities for model tests
situations. are gratefully remembered.
• Concrete shows medium high durability and
high compressive strength (0.18 kN at 35 mm References
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53
ENGINEER
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ENGINEER 54
Chapter
Sep 2019
Siddhartha Kr. Karmakar · Parbin Sultana · Ashim Kanti Dey
Article
Jan 2016
Pa Suriya · S. Praveen · J. Ponkarthi · N. Kirankumar
Article
Jan 2004
Vinayagamoorthy Sivakumar · D. Glynn
Article
Jan 2009
D.S. Isaac · M.S. Girish
Article
Feb 1985
James K. Mitchell · Timothy R. Huber
Article
Sep 2001 · GEOTECHNIQUE
David Muir Wood · W. Hu · David F T Nash
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