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CHAPTER - 30

TITLES OF SOME IMPORTANT

LEADERS
3. Periplus of the Erythrean Sea - Greek - By a
Abdul Gaffar Kahn Frontier Gandhi, Badshah
Greek sailor who made a voyage to the Indian
Khan
coast about A.d. He left a record of Indian ports,
Bal Gangadhar Tilak Lokmanya Harbours and merchandise - Erythraean Sea.
Description of trade in Indian Ocean, Arabian
C.F. Andrew Dinbandhu Sea and Red Sea.
C.R. Das Deshbandhu 4. National History - Latin - Pliny - In first century
A.D. - He wrote about Indian animals, plants
C. Rajagopalachari Rajaji and minerals.
Chatherine Mary Meera Behn 5. Georaphy - Greek - By Ptolemy - written in
Heilaman Second Century AD on scientific times - He
gave the shape of India (like a kite).
Dada Bhai Nauroji Grand Old Man
6. Geography - By Strabo - Written in Greek.
Goapal Hari Lokhitwadi
7. Accounts of Cosmas - Indicopleustes - Wrote
Deshmukh
about Mihirkula.
J.B. Kriplani Acharya
8. Fo-Kwo-Ki (Travels of Fahien) - Fahien.
Jatin Mukherjee Bagha Jatin 9. Si-yu-ki (Buddhist Records of the Western World)
Lala Lajpat Rai Sher-i-Punjab - Hiuen Tsang - He refers to Mihirkula.
10. Life of Hiuen Tsang - Hwuili.
Lala Munshi Ram Swami Shradhanand
Facts about Coinage
Lord Ripon Ripon, the Popular 1. Coins were introduced in India in 500 BC.
M.K. Gandhi Mahatma, (Given by R.N. 2. These early coins were known as Punch-
Tagore) Bapu marked coins bearing only a variety of symbols.
Margaret Noble Sister Nivedita 3. Indo-Greeks were first to introduce gold coins-
they also initiated the practice of issuing
Narendra Nath Dutt Swami Vivekanand billignual coins-they were also first to issue
coins which could be attributed to particular
Rabindra Nath Tagore Gurudeo
kings with certainly.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy First Modern Man 4. Portrait-coinage was introduced by Indo-
Sarojini Naidu Bharat Kokila Greeks.
5. Kushans issued the purest gold coins.
Subhash Chadra Bose Netaji
6. Kadaphises I (Kushana) issued gold coins
Vallabhai Patel Sardar, Iron Man which bore the images of Shiva and Nandi bull.
8. Satvahanas issued coins in four metals: silver,
Miscellaneous copper, potin, and lead (the last one being
Foreign Accounts (Chronologically) predominant).
1. Herodotu’s Accounts - Greek (454-425 BC) (He 9. The Guptas issued the largest number of gold
is known as father of History). coins.
2. Ctesia’s Accounts - Greek (416-398) Clesiar of 10. Gold coins of Md. Ghauri bore the image of
Ktesias was a physician. goddess Kali/Lakshmi on obverse and the
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name of the ruler in Nagari script on reverse.

Ahmedabad Ahmed Shah of Gujarat, on
11. Md. Bin Tughlaq introduced token currency of the side ot the old town
brass and copper on the model of Chinese Asawal
currency CHAO (in paper and silk).
12. Akbar’s gold mohur bore the figures of Sita and Mustaphabad Mahmud Begarha
Ram was called Jallai Muhammadabad Mahmud Bergaha
13. The coins of Harihara I & Bukka I bore the
Delhi/Dhilika Tomaras, middle of 11th
image of Hanuman like the coins of Kadamba
century, Angapal
dynasty.
14. The coins of Krishnadevaraya bore the images Firojabad / Kotla Firoz Shah Tughlaq
of Venkatesh and Balakrishna. Shah
Various Coin Types Shahjehanabad Shahjahan
Dam Chief copper coin weighing 323 grain
Fatehpur Sikri Akbar
introduced by Shershah and continued
by Mughals, 40 Dams was equal to 1 Mahabalipuram Nasimhavarman
rupee I, Mahamallu
Jittal Copper coin of Sultanate period. Bikaner Bika (Son of Bodha)
Kakini Copper coin weighing 2.25 grain,
Popular during the Maurya period. Fatehabad Firoz Shah Tughlaq
Karspana Early coin type, the most popular one, Hissar Firoz Shah Tughlaq
made of gold, solver, copper and lead.
Patliputra Udayin
Nishka Gold ornaments used as medium of
exchange. Jaipur Raja Swai Jai Singh
Pana Silver coin of early period weighing 57.8 Amritsar Guru Ramdas (3rd Guru)
grain. Popular during the Mauryas.
Srinagar Ashoka
Rupaka Silver coin of the Guptas weighin 32 of
36 grain. Gangaikondachola Rajendra of Chola dynasty
Rupaya Sil ver coin wei ghin 170 grain Puram
introduced by Shershah and continued Ajmer Ajayraja (Chauhans)
up till the advent of European powers.
Tanka Standard silver coin of Sultanate period Agra Sikander Lodi
weighin 175 grains and equivalent to Hushangabad Hushang Shah
64 jittal. Introduced by Iltutmish.
Nauraspur Ibrahim Adil Shah II
Varaha Gold coin of Vijanagara rulers weighed
52 grain, and was called pagoda by Vijaynagara / Harihara I and Bukka I
foreigners particularly Portuguese, Also Vidyanagara
known as Hun and Panam.
Calcutta Job Charnok
Cities and their founders
Rai Pithora Prithviraj Chauhan
Cities/Towns Founders
Tughlaqabad Ghisuddin Tughlaq
Jodhpur Rao Jodha or Marwar
Adilabad Md. Bin Tughlaq
Jaunpur Firoz Tughlaq (on the site
of Jamanpur) named after Jahapanah Md. Bin Tughlaq
Jauna Khan (Md. Tughlaq). Dinapana Humayun
Hyderabad Md. Quli, 1590, a new Khizrabad Khizr Khan
capital of Qutub Shahi
kingdom of Golkunda Salimgarh Islam Shah
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Daulatabad Md. Bin Tughlaq Kendriya Mahadev Chandellas of Bundelkhand

Temple (Khajuraho)
Allahabad/Illahabad Akbar
Sun Temple Solanki of Gujarat
Zafarbad Zafar Khan (Modhera)
Siri Alauddin Khalji Adinath (Vimla Vimala, Minister of Bhima
Historical Monuments and Builders I
Vasahi Temple)
Historical Monuments Builders
Dilwara
Sanchi Stupa Ashoka Neminath Luna Vastupala and Tejpala,
Bharhut Stupa Sungas Varahi Temple Ministers of Bhima II
Amravati Stupa Satavahanas (Dilwara)

Peshwar Stupa Kanishka Hoyasaleswara Hoyasalas (helebid /

Temple Dwarsamudra)
Sarnath Stupa Guptas and Vakataka
Sun Temple Lalitaditya (Karkota
Chaitya of Bhaja Satavahanas
(Martanmd) dynasty of Kashmir)
Ajanta Painting Guptas
Kritistambha Rana Kumbha
Shore Temple Narasimha II (Pallava) (Chittor)
(Mahabalipuram)
Hazara Temple Krishnadevarya
Mailashnath Narasimha II (Pallaya)
Temple Minakshi Temple Tirumala Nayak
(Kanchipuram) (Madurai)
Vaikuntha Permual Nandian Varman II Gol Gumbaj Bijapur Md. Adil Shah
Temple
(Kanchipuram) Char Minar Md. Quli Qutub Shah
(Hyderabmad)
Virupaksha Temple Chalukyas of Badami
(Pattadkal) Jama Masjid Ahmed Shah I
(Ahmedabad)
Dasavatara Temple Guptas
(Deogarh) Adina Masjid Sikandar Shah
(Pandua)
Mahabodhi Temple Palas
(Bodhgaya) Jama Masjid Mahmud Khaliji
(Mandu)
Kailashnath Temple Krishna I (Rashtrakhuta)
(Ellora) Qila-i-Kuhna Sher Shah
Masjid (with Purana
Elephanta Caves Rashtrakutas, According to Qila Delhi)
some others Kalcharies
Atala Masjid Hussain Shah Sharqi
Brihadesvara Rajaraja I (Chola) (Jaunpur)
Temple (Tanjore)
also called Jami Mosque Hussain Shah Sharqi
Rajrajeshwara (Jaunpur)

Lingraj Temple The Eastern Gangas Dakhili Darwaja Barbak Shah

(Bhubeneshwar) (Gaur)
Jagannath Temple Anant Verma (Eastern Ekalakhi (Pandua) Jalauddin Md. Shah
(Puri) Ganga)
Jami Mosque Started by Hushang Shah
Sun Temple Narasimha Gajapati (Mandu) and completed by Mahmud
(Konark) I
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Ashrafi Mahal (Gold Mahmud I 2. Visited India during the reign of Harsha.
Mohur Palace, 3. Popularly known as the “Prince of Pilgrims”.
Mandu) 4. Studied at Nalanda University.
Tin Darwaja Ahmed Shah 5. His work is known as Si-Yu-Ki.
(Ahmedabad) I-Tsing
Vitthalswami Krishnadeva Raya 1. A Chinese traveller.
Temple 2. Visited India in connection with Buddhism
and its learning.
Qadm Rasul (Gaur) Nusrat Shah
3. Wrote the book “Biographics of Eminent
Bara Sona Masjid Nusrat Shah Monks”.
(Gaur) Al-Masudi
Lal Darwaja Raj Bibi / Consort of 1. An Arab traveller
Mahmud 2. Wrote the book “Murujul Zabab”.
(Jaunpur) Sharqi 3. He has written extensively on contemporary
Jama Masjid Ahmed Shah India.
(Ahmedabad) Marco Polo
1. A venetian traveller.
Hindola Mahal Hushang Shah
(Mandu) 2. Popularly called the “Prince of Medieval
Travellers”.
Kumbhalgarh Raja Kumbha Karan
3. Wrote a book “The Book of Ser Marco-Polo”.
Vijaya Stambha Rana Kumbha Karan 4. The book gives an invaluable account on the
(Chittor) economic history of India.

Statue of Chamundaraya 5. Visited South India in 1292-93 on his way

Gomesteswara/ (Sravanbelgola) from China to Persia and collected valuable
Bahubali amount of information of some parts of South
India.
Nalanda University Kumargupta (Guptas) Ibn Batuta
Vikramshila Dharmpala (Palas) 1. An Arab and a native of Morocco.
Univeristy 2. Reached India during the reign of Muhammad-
bin Tuglaq.
Important travellers
3. Was appointed as Qazi of Delhi during the
Megathenes
reign.
1. A greek ambassador sent by Selucas to the
4. While returning to Morocco in 1353, Ibn Batuta
court of Chandragupta Maurya.
compiled his travel experience in the book
2. Wrote the book Indika. called ‘Rehla’.
3. The book provides a graphic picture of the 5. It gives valuable information on the reign of
socio-economic conditions of India during the Mu hammad-bin Tughl aq and the
Mauryan period. geographical, econonic and social conditions
4. It gives valuable information on municipal of India.
administration as well. 6. Gives reference to Sadi (group of 1000 villages)
Fa-Hien and Hazar (group of 1000 villages)
1. A Buddhist monk 7. Gives reference to fruit-growing activities.
2. Visited India during the reign of Chandragupta (mango was the prized fruit).
II. Nicolo Conti
Huen-Tsang 1. An Ital ian and the earl iest visitor to
1. A famous Chinese Buddhist monk. Vajayanagar Empire.
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2. Reached India during the reign of Devaraya I.
Abdur Razzaq
1. A Persian, sent by Shah Rukh as ambassador
to the Zarnorin of Calicut.
2. He also visited Vijaynagar during the reign of
Deviraya II.
Athanasius Nikitin
1. A Russian horse merchant, spent some years
in the deccan and travelled in the Bahmani
Kingdom.
2. Resided in Bidar for a long time.
3. He gave detailed observation of the court, the
army and conditions of the people under
Bahamani rule.
Durate Barbosa
1. Was a Portuguese official in India.
2. His works g ives information on the
Vijayanagara empire.
Ludovico Di Varthema
1. A soldier and traveller who was knighted by
the Portuguese.
2. Wrote a book ‘The Itinerary of Ludovido Di
Varthema’ which provides a detailed account
of Goa and Calicut and other ports on the West
Coast.
Domingo Paes
1. A great Portuguese traveller who visited
Vijaynagar during the reign of Krishnadeva
Rya.
2. Paes has written a descriptive glory of the
Vijaynagar empire in his book “The Narrative
of Domingo Paes”.
3. He found the city of Vijaynagar as large as
Rome
Rernao Nuniz
1. A Portuguese horse dealer who spent three
years in the empire of Vijaynagar.
2. He wrote a book ‘The Chronicle of Fernao
Nuniz’.
3. He also translated compiled and edited the
account of Paes and Nuniz in his famous work
“A Forgotten Empire”.
Ralph Fitch
1. First English Merchant to reach Fatehpur
Sikri and Agra.
2. Visited a number of places in various parts of
India and provides valuable information on the
trade and urban centres of the late sixteenth
century.
Caesar Fredrick
1. A Portuguese who visited the empire of
Vijaynagar after the battle of Talikota.
2. He made special comments on the runined
splendour of the imperial city.
William Hawkins
1. An English ambassador of the Britsh King
James I to the court of Jahangir.
2. He had came to India to secure the trading
rights for the English in India.
3. He has written valuable information on the
reign of Jahangir.
Sir Thoms Roe
1. Leader of the Second English Embassy to the
court of Jahangir.
2. He wrote a book ‘A voyage to the East Indies’.
3. The book provides a very useful information
about the court business.
Pietro Della Valle
1. An Italian traveller who reached Surat in
1623.
2. Wrote about social conditions of India.
Pater Mundy
1. An Indian traveller to the Mughal empire in
the reign of Shah Jahan.
2. He has given a valuable formations on the
conditions of the common people in Mughal
India.
Jean Baptise Tavernier
1. A frenchman, made six voyages to India
between 1638 and 1663.
2. Wrote a book entitled ‘Travel in India’.
3. He has written about the reigns of Shah
Jahan and Aurangzeb.
4. He has give a detailed description of the
diamond trade and mines.
Nicolao Manucci
1. Reached India in 1656 from Venice.
2. Worked as an artilleryman in the army of
Dara Shikoh.
3. After Dara’s execution he worked as a quack
doctor, an artillery captian, an ambassador
etc.
4. Died at Madras.
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5. Wrote Storio Do Mogor, written in a mixture Bahamanis Gulbara/ 1347 AD Alauddin

of Italian, French and Portguese. Bidar 1347 AD Hasan,
Francois Bernier Bahman Shah

1. Reached India in 1656 from France. Adil Shahi Bijapur 1490 AD Yusuf Adil
Shah
2. He was a physician and philosopher.
3. Lived under the patronage of Danishmand Qutub Shahi Golcunda 1518 AD Sultan Quli
Khan, one of Aurangzeb’s leading nobles. Barid Sahi Bidar 1529 AD Ali Barid
Dynasties and their Founders
Imad Shahi Berar 1490 AD Fathullah
Dynasty Capital Year Founder Khan

Haranyaka Raigriha 542 BC Bimbisar Pandyas Madurai 1216 AD Jatavarman,

Kulaashekhara
Nandas Patliputra 362 BC Mahapadma
Nand Hoyasalas Helebid/ 1306 AD Ballala I
Dwarsa-
Mauryas Patliputra 321 BC Chandragupta mudra
Maurya
Satvahanas Paithan/ 50 BC Simuka
Pushyabhutis Thane- 600 AD Naravardhana Pratis-
sheshvar / Prabhakar- thana
vardhana
Loharas Kashmir 1003 AD Samgramaraja
Rashtrakutas Manya- 757 AD Danti Durga /
kheta Dantivarman Ishakavakus Naga- (Circa) Chamtamula I
250 AD
Pallavas Kanchi- 560 AD Simhavishnu
puram Authors Books
Early / Vatapi/ 543 AD Pulakesin I Asvaghosa (100 AD) Buddhacharita
Western Badami
Chalukyas Bharavi (600 AD) Kirtarjuniyam

Eastern / Vengi 630 AD Vishnu Vakpatiraja Gaudvaho (Prakrit)

Chalukyas Vardhana Hala (100 AD) asKi Saptasataka /
Later / Kalyani 973 AD Tailapa / Gathasaptasi (Prakrit)
Western Taila II
Bhasa Swapana Vasuduttam
Chalukyas
Sudraka (500-600 AD) Mrichhkatika (Little Play
Cholas Thanja- 850 AD Viajyala
vur/
Cart)
Tanjore Harshvardhana Ratnavali
Palas Mudyagir/ 753 AD Gopala Harshvardhana Priyadarshika
Monghyr
Visakhadutta Mudra Rakshasa
Senas Vijayputta 1118 AD Vijaysena /
Samantasena Banabhatta (700 AD) Kadambari
Chandellas Kharjura- 916 AD Nannuka Banabhatta (700 AD) Harsha Charita
vahaka
Gunadhya (200 AD) Brihat Katha
Chauhans Ajmer/ 973 AD Vigraharaja II
Sakam- Chanderbardai Prithvirajraso
bhari Chanderbardai Prithvirajavijaya
Sharquis Jaunpur 1394 AD Malik Sarwar, Charak (contemporary Charam Samhita (First
Sultan-us
of Kanishka) book on medicine)
-sharq
Susuta (400 AD) Susruta Samhita (First
Vijaynagara Hampi / 1336 AD Harihara &
Vijaya- Bukka book on Surgery)
nagara Hemanchandra Parisistparvan
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Merutunga (1400 AD) Prabhandha Chintamani Udyaraja Rajavinoda

(Biography of Mahmud
Rajasekhara Prabhandhkosa
Begarha of Gujarat)
Vijnaneshwara Mitakshara (on law of
Kalhana Rajarangini
inheritance)
Somadeva Kathasaritsagar
Kalidasa Raghuvamsa
(Based on Gundhaya’s
Kalidasa Kumarasambhvam brihat-Katha)
Kalidasa Abhjinanashakutalam Bhaskracharya Lilawati (Mathematics)
Kalidasa Meghadutam Scholars and Their Patrons
Kalidasa Ritusamhara Scholars Patrons
Kalidasa Malvika - Agnimitra
Udayaraja Mehmud Begarha of Gujarat
Panini Astyadhyayi (First book on
Sanskrit grammer) Hemchandra Mumarpala Chalu kyas of
Ahilwada
Patanjali (200 BC) Mahabhasya
Nagarjuna Kanishka
Amarsimha (During Amarkosa (lexicography)
the reign of Amarsimha Chandragupra Vikramaditya
Chandragupta II) Ravikirti Pul kesi n (Chalu kyas of
Jayadeva (1200 AD) Gita Govinda Badami)

Mahendravarman Mattavilasa Prahasana Vakapatiraja Yasovarman of Kannauj 720 AD

(Palava king) (A buriesque) Bhavabhuti Yasovarman of Kannauj
Narayana Pandit Hitopadesa Harisena Samudra Gupta
Vishnusharma Panchatantra Rajshekhara Prithviraj III
Megasthenes Indika Chandra- Brithviraj Chauhan
Ram Das, Dasabodha barradai
Maharashtra Dharma Banabhatta Harsha
Pliny Natural Historrica Dandin Narsimhavarman (Pallava)
Ptolemy Geographica Bharavi Simha Vishnu (Pallava)
Anonymous Greek Periplus of the Erythrean Gunadhyaya Hala (Satvahana)
Sailor Sea
Mavirarcharya Amoghvarsha (Rashtrakuta)
Collection of writings Tirumurais
of Nayanars & Alvar Jinsena Amoghvarsha
as 5th Veda Sakityana Amoghvarsha
Aryabhatta Arbhatiyam Jaidev Lakshman Sena (Bengal)
Aryabhatta Suryasidhanta Bilhana Vikramaditya VI (Chalukya of
Somadeva Kathasritasagar Kalyani)
Naychandra Suri Harnikavya Vijayaneshwar Vikramaditya VI
Vakaptiraja Gaudavaho Lakshmidhara Govindchandra (Gadhavalas of
(Prakrit e xplo its of Kannauj)
Yasovarman of Kannauj)
Kalhan Harsha of Kashmir
Jimutavahana Dayabhaga
Firdausi Mahmud Gazni
Fahien Ho-Kwo-Ki
Amir Khusro Alauddin Khilji
Huen Tsang Si-Yu-Ki