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1629204622-1. Basic of Microeconomic
1629204622-1. Basic of Microeconomic
Basics of Microeconomics
The allocation of scarce resources and the distribution of the final goods and services are the central
problems of any economy.
The collection of all possible combinations of the goods and services that can be produced from a given
amount of resources and a given stock of technological knowledge is called the production possibility set
of the economy.
Thus, there is always a cost of having a little more of one good in terms of the amount of the other good
that has to be forgone. This is known as the opportunity cost of an additional unit of the goods.
These basic problems are generally solved through two ways
Central planned economy - In such a system, the government takes all the major decisions like what goods
to be produced; how to produce those goods; prices of the produced goods and how to distribute the
economic output in the country.
Market Economy - In such an economy, it is not the government but private businesses and rational
consumers that through the forces of market have an influence over major economic decisions.
Generally all economies are a mixture of two. Difference lies in the degrees of application of each of these
ways.
Positive economic analysis – In this, we try to analyze the different mechanisms and figure out the
outcomes which are likely to result under each of these mechanisms. Thus its value free
Normative economic analysis –In this we evaluate as to how desirable are the mechanisms and their
outcomes.
Generally it is difficult to separate the two into water-tight compartments.
Market Equilibrium
Upward sloping “supply curve” depicts that as the price of a good increases, producers are incentivised to
produce more and hence supply of that good increases.
The point at which these two curves intersect is called “market equilibrium”. This is the point where
demand matches supply.
Adam Smith called it the ‘invisible hand’.
Invisible Hand - the unobservable market forces causing unintended social benefits from self-interested
actions of individuals in a free- market economy.
According to Adam Smith, the invisible hand sin a free market economy will yield maximum satisfaction
because :
▪ It will lead to optimal allocation of scarce resources.
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Demand
which the resulting addition to output (i.e., marginal product of that input) will start falling.
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Law of variable proportions - It says that the marginal product of a factor input initially rises with its
employment level. But after reaching a certain level of employment, it starts falling. Thus the curve of