Modernist perspective

Progressive Subjectivity
Rational Postmodernist perspective Critique
Controllable Second-order cybernetics from Diversity
Individualistic the Postmodernist point of Relativism
Scientific view. Deconstruction
Problem-solving Rather than discovering behaviour, Ambiguity
Systemic we create it; believing is seeing, Individuality
Communicative and how we “language,” or choose Language
The observer has no control and is not words to describe something, Intertextuality
part of what is being observed. becomes crucial(Becvar & Becvar Reflexivity
From the perspective of first-order cybernetics, therapists/theorists 2004:94).
describe what is going on inside the system from a position outside the
System (Becvar & Becvar 2004:93) .
African Epistemologies/Indigenous
Integration Knowledge Systems African epistemologies
Holism or indigenous
Communalism knowledge systems in
Ancestral family therapy are
Oral Tradition influenced by the belief
Spirituality that the universe Meaning is derived from the relation between
Interconnectedness consists of visible and individuals and elements as each defines the other.
Ubuntu invisible forces that are Therapy is influenced by the realities of everyone
Rituals closely connected involved, including the larger societal context in
Healing despite being separate. which it occurs (Becvar & Becvar 2004:70).