3.

4 Intermolecular Forces
1. van der Waals forces 2.2 Isomers are compounds with the same general molecular formula
1.1 Name the two main types of intermolecular forces. but different arrangement of atoms. The structure of three isomers
1.2 Dipole-dipole forces and temporary dipole-induced dipole forces labelled A – C are shown below.
are two types of van der
Waals forces.
a. What kind of molecules are held by :
i. dipole-dipole forces ii. temporary dipole-induced
dipole forces?
b. Explain briefly how temporary dipole-induced dipole forces are a. Which isomer do you expect to have :
formed. i. the highest boiling point ii. the lowest boiling
1.3 Magnesium fluoride, MgF2, is a solid whereas sulphur difluoride, point?
SF2, is a gas at room temp. b. Explain your answer in (a).
a. Explain the difference in the physical states of magnesium 2.3 Dichlorodifluoromethane, CCl2F2, has a melting point of -160 oC
fluoride and sulphur difluoride in and a boiling point of –28 oC.
terms of their bonding and structure. a. Describe the structure of CCl2F2.
b. Draw a dot-and-cross diagram (valence shell only) for both b. What are the lattice forces in solid CCl2F2?
magnesium fluoride and sulphur c. Suggest two other physical properties of CCl2F2 (apart from
difluoride. melting and boiling points).
2. Strength of van der Waals forces d. Trichlorofluoromethane, CCl3F, has a similar structure as
2.1 The figure below shows a graph of the boiling points of the CCl2F2. Do you expect the melting
hydrides of Group 14. & boiling points of CCl3F to be higher or lower than that of
CCl2F2? Give a reason for your ans.

3. Hydrogen bonding
3.1. What type of intermolecular forces will predominate in the
following liquids?
a. nitrogen, N2 b. propanol, CH3CH2CH2OH c. CHCl3 d.
ammonia
3.2 Explain why water is a liquid while hydrogen sulphide is a gas at
room temperature.
3.3 Both butan-1-ol, CH3CH2CH2-OH, and ethoxyethane, CH3CH2-O-
CH2CH3 have the
a. State the type of intermolecular forces present in the hydrides of same general molecular formula. Explain why butan-1-ol
Group 14. molecules can form hydrogen bonds with each other but not
b. Explain the trend in the melting points of the hydrides of Group ethoxyethane.
14.
4. Strength of hydrogen bonds
4.1 Methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), water (H2O) and silane (SiH4) are compounds of hydrogen.
a. Which compound, methane or silane, would have a higher boiling point? Give a reason for your answer.
b. Methane, ammonia and water have very similar relative molecular masses. The order of their boiling points is : CH 4 < NH3 <
H2O. Explain the order of the boiling
points of these substances.
c. The boiling points of methane, ammonia and water are given below:

Predict the boiling point of HF. Give a reason for your answer.
5. Intramolecular hydrogen bond
5.1 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol have the same relative molecular mass. Their structures are shown below.

a. Which of the two phenols can form intramolecular hydrogen bonding? Draw dotted lines on the structure of this compound
above to indicate how the hydrogen bond is formed.
b. Which of the two phenols has a higher boiling point? Explain your answer.
5.2 Glycerol (CH2OHCHOHCH2OH) and ethanol (CH3CH2OH) are both organic compounds. Explain why glycerol is more viscous
than ethanol.
6. Properties
6.1 The structure of propanoic acid molecules in benzene is as shown below.

a. What is the relative molecular mass of propanoic acid in benzene?

b. When propanoic acid is dissolved in water, its relative molecular mass is slightly less than half the value as that calculated in
(a). Give an explanation for this observation.
6.2 Explain the following observation.
‘Both methanol and ammonia are covalent compounds that are soluble in water.’
6.3 The structural formulae of ethanol and iodoethane are CH 3CH2OH and CH3CH2I respectively. Discuss the solubilities of these
two compounds. Draw well labelled
diagrams to help illustrate your answer.