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How to Learn English? : [ Âx **

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Teacher : Edara Faizul Quran Mahmood Chowk Thikribari,
Goalpokher Uttar Dinajpur (W/B)
Ex.Teacher : Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom
íÆY At. Po. Akkalkuwa, Nandurbar 425415 (MS)
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Contents
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(1) Alphabet ( {szw) 21
(2) Pronunciation ( È) 23
(3) Silent Letters in words ( szwlñ{~p ÖZ ) 26
(4) Use of A & An ( wEZ» An gzZ A) 32
(5) Use of It ( wEZ » It) 33
(6) Use of This & That ( wEZ » That gzZ This) 37
(7) Use of These & Those ( wEZ » Those gzZ These) 44
(8) Use of I, You, We, They, He & She 48
~ m,ôZ Ôx **
ÆxsZÈÈZŠyQ /
(9) Use of There ( wEZ » There) 52
(10) Use of The ( wEZ » The) 53
(11) Use of Have & Has
(12) Number ( Š Z®)
( wEZ » Has gzZ Have) 54
55
X T e * *™ VÅ+Š™J[Š Zzy!*i
(13) Verb ( ÷)
( äâ i )
66
Æx Z™{!
Ôx ** +‚ZgzZ+−ZzLZ /
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Vzig WgzZVƒ ÕÔV§ÔVƒ ¬Š ÅX
(14) Tenses 82
(15) Present Indefinite Tense ( Çwq Uâ i ) 83
(16) Present Continuous Tense ( ~g ZòZwqU â i ) 90
(17) Present Perfect Tense ( åwqU â i ) 97 Þ ‡kZq**
X ¯. ª +Å
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(18) Present Perfect Continuous Tense ( å~g ZòZwq U â i ) 104
(19) Past Indefinite Tense ( Çèâ U â i )
~g‡bŠŠ
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110
(20) Past Continuous Tense ( ~g ZòZèâ U â i ) 117
(21) Past Perfect Tense ( åèâ U â i ) 123
(22) Past Perfect Continuous Tense ( å~g ZòZèâ U â i ) 129
(23) Future Indefinite Tense ( ÇwU â i ) 135
6 5
(43) Conditional Sentences ( ¿ºÑ ) 228 (24) Future Continuous Tense ( ~g ZòZwUâ i ) 142
Use of in case, Unless, Once, provided/provided that/on conditiopn (25) Future Perfect Tense ( åwU â i ) 149
that/so long as, whether, Imperative Sentence + and + Assertive (26) Future Perfect Continuous Tense ( å~g ZòZwU â i ) 156
Sentence, Interrogative + then + Imperative, supposing / suppose, (27) Use of Can, Could, May & Might 162
let it be, of always / constantly / continually, used to, Would + adv. (28) Use of Should ( wEZ» Should) 167
of frequency (29) Use of Must ( wEZ » Must) 168
(44) Intention ( x ³Ô {Š Zg Z ) 231 (30) Use of Ought to ( wEZ » Ought to) 170
Use of intend , intention, was going to / intended to / intended to (31) Use of Used to ( wEZ » Used to) 172
have (32) Use of Would ( wEZ » Would) 173
(45) Aim / Purpose ( n¾&Ñ) 232 (33) Use of Want & Wish ( wEZ» Wish gzZ Want) 174
Use of There is / There are, has / have, to, has / has ..... for, curious
(34) Use of Have to & Has to ( wEZ » Has to gzZ Have to) 175
/ anxious / eager / ready, for, for the sake of, to, Subject + Verb +
(35) Imperative Sentences ( ¿îG0.À7) 176
(36) Degree ( zgŠ ) 178
Noun + Infinitive + Preposition, that / so that / lest + adv. cluse,
(37) Active voice and Passive voise ( w!÷gzZszc÷) 192
with a view to / to aim at / without any aim / without, any porpose
/ aimlessly / at random / no use / any use.
$Zzg )
(38) Narration (Direct and Indirect Speech) ( ~szŠe 203
(39) Emphatic Sentences ( ¿~N @
* )
(46) Programme and Plan ( ¿á Zz Ù ª/µc*
ä™C /
x Z¤z6,
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216
(40) Method ( i§zgî) 222
(47) Question-Tags 235
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(48) Time and Season ( ¿0ÆÌñgzZ‰ 237
(41) Measurement, Weight, Size, Rate, Price, Distance, and Speed
Ù ªwq )
(49) Condition and State ( ¿á Zzä™C 238
Ù ªgëggzZ ~gzŠÔ7Ôc3,
( ¿áZzä™C Ö ÔyizÔöe)
ÔŠÔ# 224
(50) Happiness, Sorrow, Surprise and Hatred 240

Ù ªŠ §)
(42) Contrast ( ¿á Zzä™C 225
Ù ª]ÐgzZÀÔ§ÔÙp )
( ¿áZzä™C Use of though / although, even if / no matter, However, as, what,
whatever, Whatever may happen / Come what may, inspite of /
Use of What, how, such / so, Happiness, Anger, Love,
despite / for all, while / whereas, while on the one hand ...... on the
Congratulation, Welcome, Excuse and Forgiveness, Condolence,
other
Expressions, Support, Opposition, Caution
8 7
(51) Some useful sentences ( ¿ÆP)
-r‹Ü
246
q (52) Proverbs ( wVÑZ[¢) 250
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( (53) Idioms & Phrases ( }LgzZ}gzõ)
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# (54) Letter Writing ( +âoè) 264
gz#Ô ZÃÀZx‰Z®
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Books, Official Letters ( oè~ íŠ ) , Complaint for the loss of
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V‚Ãe ^Ú] = ànÃÛqœ ä́fv‘æ ä́Ö for Job, Application for the post of an English teacher, Application
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for the post of a science teacher, BIO-DATA, Letter for
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äŒÐb§hZë Zèx ©Z~Vâ !* iÅyZÃyZ. Þ ÔƒZzb§~g7sÜ: (55)Invitation Letters ( ó**

]úŠ ) 280
9~ y!* i Åx ¸Å4ZÃVz9x Óä ]+Z[gvZìzz ¸ Ôƒ ÌgŠ ‡6, ]úŠ Šg) , Formal Reply of

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Suffix and ) ˜ ‚z ¨ÑgzZ ( Idioms and proverbs )
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X szw£À{zgzZë ( Alphabet)ÒÖZÃ{szw~~ m,
Capital Letters Æ™ )
( szw} (, ABCDEFGHIJKLMN
OPQRSTUVWXYZ
ABCDEFGH
Consonants ( 9szw)
34E
E
X szwRZÀ{zgzZë ( Consonant) ïHG ôZ
&²»Ã9szw~~ m,
IJKLMNOP BCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZ
QRSTU Vowels ( Aszw)

ôZ
À{zgzZë (Vowel )szZzÃAszw~~ m,
X szwõ0*
VWXYZ AEIOU
Capital and Small Letters

Small Letters ( szwLgÆ™ )þ X 9zŠ ÅszwÐg ±ZÆ™
Æ™ Capital Letters X 1
X szw} (,
X szwLgÆ™ Small Letters X 2
abcdefghijklm swª »¿C Ù pÔ Dƒ wEZ szwLg~ ™ 6,gîx ¬
~„Capital Letterswª»x ** yK̈ZËb§ÏZ( First Letter)
Æ( c*
 aÆä ¯ k
ƒ ,’hZXì 8 -Z^ I Zq iÔ âŒXì @*
-Z »[Š Zz y!* Y–
nopqrstuvwxyz X k ¯ w©»™ÔzŠ: Zizg Ô < w[p~ 8» à Zz VÅÑg e \W¬ Ð
24 23
K u King å (2) : Pronunciation ( È)
L w Life `Ñ
Alphabets Pronunciations Examples
M x Moon yñ
A }Z An +Z
N y Nose iâ
AA W Aam xW
O zZ On yzZ
A }Z Way }z
zQ ®zZ
'
O Old
B [ Bus
O óZZ Room x óZg
C u Cat L
O R Come Á
C k Cellphone y¯−
OW ƒW How ƒ;
e ~e
ñZ1
D Daily
OY }W Boy
D Š Deoband È- Š
O z Once ÷z
E }Z Net M
,
q vZD
!
O Obaidullah
~Z
^7
E Be
P \ Pot
EE (™é )~S See Ï
t ‡
Ý
Q Qamar
EA ~ Clean
Q u Quarter R,g ZÃ
EW -Z New E
R g Rice õZg
F s Father gŠ Ã
R h Roorkee Åhzg
G v Gate
S k Sun èE_M
G r Gulam xÝ
S m Sabir ,
'™
G ` Page £
S i Season y©
H { Hot ^ƒ
S _ Sabit $U*
"
b æq
yI
H Hamid
T ^ Tone
I S Ill wS
] ,
kà 4J& »
åHE
T Tanweer
I ðW Kind 5G
T o Tahir Ù¤
C
I R First 
† Û
U R Up \Z
"N I ñZ Fire ], Ã
U óQQ Put HF
ì
~Z p' ,
K ðG
IE Brief
U ðG$N Duty Z$ e
J ` Jug à
d
26 25
U q Umar /
+z
(3)Silent Letters in Words ( szwlñ{~p ÖZ )
V z Van
W z Wall wZz
X ¾ Zerox ¾zk ,i
D Y‘ ªÔDƒ( Silent ) lñ{szw¼~y!* ôZ
i ~ m, Y ~Z Polytechnic ¿à7
D™t~ kZ¥Ðzz Åäƒ y!* ôZX D Y 7ñ7,1
-Z ~ m,
i ±)q Y ñW Tyre ], N*
Æ·_]ÒgzZ„zg¨\WÔ ìg Y G 7p ÖZ¼ Ð ~ yZ VŒ X Y ðW Dye ðZ e
X M 1‡6,
h0* p ÖZ,Z~VâŠP)gf Y ~ Yak u c*
W¬Ðó nÐ
Zƒc* L ³7,\W:}Ô7ç}°‡sfø D V Hç³³³³³³³³Þ Z i Zebra ZQi
Xì 7lñ{ó gL~( W ) Signalp( í‚) Sign:‰Ôì Lglñ{ó gL Z f Zakir ™Zf
Z n Zamir ;
Z p Zafir .¬E…E
çG
(1) "B" Silent
Z j Division yn, ze
:‰Ôì Lg ( Silent ) lñ{ó b¬
L Ðó tgLzZˆÆó mL
Double Letters Pronunciations Examples
Words Pronunciations Meanings SH l Ship 
’
Comb xÃ É CH a Chance ÷e
b Ig
Lamb @ ^»ƒ CHH Chhotu
ú ôg Ä
xI
JH Jharkhand
Tomb {‚ TH B Thumb í
Dumb xe óÍ TH J Thanda ZQ
Bomb / / KH Ä Khat ^3
Thumb í VùZ KH c Khoon yp
Î y
µz—
GH Ghar
Doubt ^ƒ Ze
GH r Gham §
Debt $e
f Û
g JŠ ZÔnŒ BH 2 Bhusaval wzÑ
PH : Phool wY
DH n Ramadhan ypg
28 27
(4) "GH" Silent (2) "N" Silent
:‰Ôì Lg ( Silent ) lñ{ó ghLÂƒó ghtLc* WÆÂË¤
ó ghL~y /Z :‰Ôì Lg ( Silent )lñ{ ó nˆ
L Æó mL
Words Pronunciations Meanings Words Pronunciations Meanings
Sigh ð‚ **
½{ W Autumn GW Q1$
High ð; —Ô ™zZ Column Ý» Ý»
Thigh ðå yZg Condemn x, *
*™#Ö '×
Through zê ª +Ô‰ Â/Ô=g&
z$ + Hymn ë £
Though zŠ /Z
p¤ Damn *e *™Ò
*
(3) "L" Silent
Fight $Ã
V **
±
:‰Ôì Lg ( Silent )lñ{ L ¬Ð d gzZkÔfÔm
Bright $Z'
V , ×zgÔ {È@*
Words Pronunciations Meanings
$;
V ŠÔ~—
Ò
Height
Palm x 0*
Knight $**
V Š%VZ Ô âgÎ Calm x» yj
Might $â
V Ü ¤
]¸Ô‰ Balm x !* 3%
Slight $s
V − Pslam x‚ £
Sight $‚
V ]gw Half s; JŠ W
Delight $Ñe
V ™lp
** Calf s» àH
Bought ^1 +y
Zh  Folk u¯ x ZúÔvß
Brought ^z', Ñ
c* Talk u N* Ü1
Caught ^ ðQ±M Zñ Walk uZz »
Thought ^ð eÎ Chalk ue ue
Should åH]I ’e
Could F Z
i
Would ez ÏÔÐÔ Ç
30 29
Ledger t M3Í (5) "G" Silent
Fridge Û
ó Û
ó W¬Ð ó nLLL
:‰Ôì Lg ( Silent ) lñ{ ó gLZƒc*
(8) "T" Silent Words Pronunciations Meanings
WÆÂË¤
:‰Ôì Lg ( Silent) lñ{ó tLÂƒ ó tenL~y /Z Sign í‚ \Š
Words Pronunciations Meanings Resign íZig bŠ ±Z
Listen èEjMÅL ú
7 Design íZ m, Ÿ u
Hasten èEjG4X3 **
™~¢ Reign +¦ Ö Ó§zŠ
#
Fasten ÍÃ −0
+!* Gnat M
, íKg
E
Often ®W 9zÒZ Gnome xð$M ]z¹Ôw¸
(6) "P" Silent
Soften ®Î *
*™x3,
W¬Ðó sgLzZó nL
:‰Ôì Lg ( Silent)lñ{ó pLZƒc*
(9) "K" Silent
W¬Ðó nL
:‰Ôì Lg( Silent) lñ{ ó kLZƒc*
Pneumonia *% *%
Psychology Yßr‚ ];
Know â 'Y
Psalm x‚ £
Knock uâ Í
**
(7) "D" Silent
Knead • −0
+Í :‰Ôì Lg ( Silent)lñ{ó dL¬Ðó gL
Knife `** ¸e Words Pronunciations Meanings
Y
Knot ^â { æ°L Edgh óZ {g)
Knowledge s** D Hedge ¦ Å~h Ä
h !*
E 9
Knee öQ"L Q
R Ledge s COF
éE
Knit ìQE
H "L 5E
éE4E
&N Bridge ó', ÿF &N
Knight $**
V âgÎÔgŠ · Budget P P
Knoll wâ a Grudge /
`¤ ´g
32 31
(10) "W" Silent
(4) : Use of A & An
X ë ( Article)çg W~~ m, ôZÃ The gzZÔ AnÔ A
$
V Zg r
ƒ a Æ q ¥) wEZ » ó AnLgzZ ó AL
Write
Indefinite ÃkZ gzZ ì @
*
-§
8 **hv
ƒ a Æ q ¥wEZ » The X ëÉszwª Article
Wring
ÃkZ gzZ ì @*
ïH^Q§ ð¯
X ëp°swª Definite Article
Wrist
ME
ÔƒÅ 9swÌi ZzWÅkZgzZƒÐ( Consonant ) 9swZ’ZÅTÂ{z( 1)
Wrinkle ÿQ ¹§$Q Œ
-
8g ß
A book. :‰Ôì * @YHwEZ » AaÆ¶Š p»q -ZÂ
Wrong
$g
x •
p»q -ZÂÔƒ ÅAswÌi ZzWÅkZgzZƒÐ AswZ’Z ÅTÂ{z( 2)
Wrap
egÎ g ZŒ
An orange. :‰Ôì @ *YHwEZ» AnaÆ¶Š
Sword
¶Š p»q -Z ÂÔƒÅ 9swi ZzWÅkZpƒÐ AswZ’Z ÅTÂ{z( 3) Answer ëW [Z

A universiy. :‰Ôì @ YHwEZ » AaÆ
(11) "H" Silent
*
-Z ÂÔƒ ÅAswi ZzWÅkZpƒÐ 9swZ’Z ÅTÂ{z ( 4)
¶Š p»q
,
3W ]³
YHwEZ» ó Ana
Honour
An honest. :‰Ôì @ * L Æ
Hour gzW ‚
/////
*Z _Zgz
-Z An axe ~h âq
Heir
A book [ Âq -Z An ink -pot ]ZzŠq -Z
(12) "C" Silent
A pen ¯q
-Z An apple Â Lq -Z An arrow ¾q -Z
A pencil Rq -Z A chalk ueq -Z 4]L
Scene èEG ©
EXERCISE: Translate into English
Â 7
8 »q
Scent
-Z , -Z
(gq Rq
lZF, -Z -Z
{ (›q
Science b‚ b‚
‹wq -Z ~pq-Z nq
{V-Z -Z
i ˜ðZƒq
(13) "U" Silent
New words:
Black board { (› Rubber , n
(g Orange { V
‰ y¶
8 » Ant
Guest
Sharpner lZF,R Note book ‹w
Guard eg Ç ƒõ
Aeroplane i ˜ðZƒ Umbrella ~p
Guess ’ +ZÔkª
{ i Z0
34 33
EXERCISE: Translate into English: (5) : Use of It
?ì Hxñq-ZtH ?ì 'q -ZtH ?ì {g½q-ZtH
?ì i ˜ðZƒq
-ZtH ?ì Z&
+Zq
-ZtH ?ì ð0* -ZtH
g eq
Conjugation /)
( yZŠ¤
?ì ~pq -ZtH ?ì íŠq
-ZtH It is a tree. Xì |
# gŠq
-Zt
New Words:
It is not a tree. Xì 7|# gŠq
-Zt
Balloon {g ½ Bus' Cot ð0*ge Is it a tree? ?ì |
# gŠq
-ZtH
Candle Hxñ Egg Z&
+Z Office íŠ Is it not a tree? ?ì 7|# gŠq
-ZtH
///// /////
What is it? ?ì Ht What is it? ?ì Ht It is a tree. Xì | -Zt It is an air-port. Xì{eZðZƒq
# gŠq -Zt
It is a mobile. Xì b!* -Zt It is a radio. Xì-i
ñq +gq-Zt It is a ball. Xìtq -Zt It is an office. Xì ~Wq -Zt
What is it? ?ì Ht What is it? ?ì Ht It is a bat. Xì š q
-Zt It is an egg. Xì Z &
+Zq
-Zt
It is a basket. Xì ~™Iq-Zt It is an uniform. Xì ~Šgzq -Zt
It is a computer. XìR,Ûq -Zt It is a kite Xì Xq -Zt
EXERCISE: Translate into English.
Xì wYq
-Zt ?ì Ht Xì ~ë!*-Zt
q ?ì Ht Xì { i ZzgŠq
-Zt Xì Å9q
-Zt Xì ¢q -Zt Xì 6q -Zt
Xì ´q
-Zt ?ì Ht Xì k†q-Zt ?ì Ht Xì ¥gE-q -Zt Xì è²q Ù Zq
-Zt Xì yC -Zt Xì i \ q
-Zt
Xì Z}q
-Zt ?ì Ht Xì c*
/
¥-Zt
q ?ì Ht New words:
New Words:
Fan 6 Bulb ¢ Window Å9
Comb ´ Flag Z} Flower wY Computer R, Û Door { i ZzgŠ Onion i\ Application è²
Doll c*
/ Flute
¥ ~ë!*Glass k† Mobile b!* ñ Anvil yC ÙZ University ¥gE-
///// /////
Is it a table? ?ì ×q
-ZtH Is it an umbrella? ?ì~pq -ZtH
Is it a cap? ?ì 8Iq
-ZtH Is it a watch? ?ì~{q
-ZtH
Is it a desk? ?ì leq
-ZtH Is it an apple? ?ì Â
Lq-ZtH
Yes, it is a cap. Xì 8 Iq
-Zt! V; Yes, it is a watch. Xì~{q
-Zt!V;
Is it a box? ?ì tz1q
-ZtH Is it an orange? ?ì { Vnq-ZtH
Is it a shirt? ?ì 1q
-ZtH Is it a ring? ?ì_ùZq
-ZtH
-Zt! V; Yes, it is a ring. Xì _ùZq
Yes, it is a shirt. Xì 1q -Zt! V; Is it a bell? ?ì pq
-ZtH Is it an Ink-pot? ?ì ]ZzŠq
-ZtH
36 35
Is it a pillow? ?ì‡q-ZtH Yes, it is. Xìt! V; EXERCISE: Translate into English.
Is it a picture? ?ìk ,
¦q-ZtH Yes, it is. Xìt! V; X ì ð" q -ZtH XìsWq
-Zt!V; ?ì ð"q -Zt!V; ?ìsWq -ZtH
It is a blanket? ?ì êq-ZtH Yes, it is. Xìt! V; Xì Ñ@*
-Zt!V; ?ì Ñ@*
q -ZtH Xì ! eq
q -Zt!V; ?ì ! eq
-ZtH
Is it a bedsheet? ?ìgŠ eq
-ZtH Yes, it is. Xìt! V; New words:
EXERCISE: Translate into English. Mirror sW Mat ð" Key !e
Xìt! V; Xìt! V; ?ì ~g ÓZq
-ZtH ?ì ~qq -ZtH Lock Ñ@* Ring _ùZ Shirt 1
Xìt! V; Xìt! V; ?ì†ßq -ZtH ?ì Zg Íq
-ZtH /////
Xìt! V; Xìt! V; ?ì ^Ãq -ZtH ?ì>q -ZtH Is it a kettle? ?ì äq-ZtH
New words: No, it is not a kettle. Xì 7äq -Zt! 7
Cupboard ~g ÓZ Sofa †ß Coat ^Ã Is it a jeep? ?ì Ú
Aq -ZtH
Knife ~q Bowl Zg Í Spoon > No, it is not a jeep. Xì 7Ú Aq -Zt! 7
///// Is it a car? ?ìg»q
-ZtH
Is it a chair? ?ì Ï™q
-ZtH No, it is not a car. Xì 7g »q
-Zt! 7
No,it is not. Xì 7t! 7 Is it a bus? ?ì 'q-ZtH
Is it a table? ?ì ðwq
-ZtH No, it is not a bus. Xì 7'q -Zt! 7
No,it is not. Xì 7t! 7 EXERCISE: Translate into English.
Is it a blanket? ?ì êq-ZtH ?ì 0gq -Z H ?ì¶Îq -ZtH
No, it is not ?ì 7t! 7 Xì 70gq -Zt! 7 Xì 7>Îq -Zt! 7
Is it a radio? ?ì-i+gq
-ZtH ?ì uZ Ûq
-ZtH ?ì {Š6, -ZtH
q
No, it is not. ?ì 7t! 7 Xì 7uZ Ûq -Zt! 7 Xì 7{Š6, -Zt! 7
q
EXERCISE: Translate into English. ?ì { iñq
-ZtH ?ì ïHÒG "q
5E-ZtH
Xì 7t! 7 ?ì yn,z8q-ZtH Xì 7{ iñq -Zt! 7 Xì 7Ûq -Zt! 7
Xì 7t! 7 ?ì yZŠ} hÃq
-ZtH New words:
Xì 7t! 7 ?ì óÛq
-ZtH Ribbon 0g Frock uZÛ Sock { iñ Sweater ¶Î
Xì 7t! 7 ?ì wq
-ZtH , Kettle ä Belt
Curtain {Š6 Û Jeep A
Ú
38 37
This is my book. Xì [Â~÷t New words:
That is your pen. Xì ¯Zg v{z Television yn, z8 Refrigerator Û
( ñµeg ) ó
This is his pencil Xì RÅ ( Š%) kZt Dustbin yZŠ ZhÃ Top 3OÅM
ðH
That is her ring. Xì _ùZÅ ( ]gú)kZ {z (6) : Use of This & That
EXERCISE:
s§ÅÌZ Ëì ;{z ( Demonstrative Pronoun) {g
á Z;
Xì Ç~g v{z Xì _Zg v{z Xì ð¸Z÷t Xì {# Z÷t ƒaÆd
kZgzZì@* $Œ Û uZzwEZ» This XìCYÅwEZaÆä™{g áZ
XìC  zŠ »kZt Xì 8IÅkZt
Ù Ø»kZ {z Xìg;»kZ {z Xì „ Xì Those¦ÅkZgzZì@*ƒaÆêuZzwEZ» ThatXìThese¦Å
New Words:
Conjugation
Her $¸ ) ÅkZÔ »kZ Sister
(/ Ç Friend „  zŠ
Your ~g vÔZg v Brother ð¸ Husband C ÙØ This is a book. Xì [Âq
-Zt
His ( ™è) ÅkZÔ »kZ My ~÷ÔZ÷ Necklace g ; This is not a book. Xì 7[Âq-Zt
///// Is this a book? ?ì [Âq
-ZtH
This computer is mine. Xì Z÷R,Ût Is this not a book? ?ì 7[Âq-ZtH
That mobile is yours. Xì Zg vb!*
ñ{z /////
This watch is mine. Xì ~÷~{t This is a kite. Xì Xq-Zt This is an axe. Xì ~h âq
-Zt
That fan is yours. Xì Zg v6{z This is a jar. Xì yn%q
-Zt This is an iron. Xì ~,Zq
-Zt
This is a boat. Xì Ïq-Zt This is an envelope. Xì†Öq-Zt
EXERCISE: Translate into English:
This is a taxi. Xì .q-Zt This is an arrow. Xì¾q-Zt
Xì ~÷~h Çât Xì ~÷8»t Xì ~g vR{z Xì Z÷¯t
Xì ~g v¡‚{z Xì ~g vÏ{z Xì ZgvuR,
{z Xì ~÷.t EXERCISE: Translate into English:
New words:
Xìgqq-Zt Xì y»Šq-Zt Xì { e Z'q-Zt Xì: {uZeq-Zt
Boat Ï Truck uR, Cycle ¡‚ -Zt Xì ðÅ‰Qq
Xì ¶;q -Zt Xì i !* -Zt Xì i ˜ðZƒq
Y Üq -Zt
Taxi . Bullock cart ~h Çâ New words:
///// Post office : {uZe Shop y»Š Temple gq

This is a book of Rashid. Xì [ÂÅ”Zgt Bus stand { e Z' Owl ðÅ‰Q Elephant ¶;
This is a pen of Majid. Xì ¯»]
.ât Astronaut i !*Y Ü Air port { e Z ðZƒ
40 39
This is my own room. Xì {# CZZ÷t This is a brother of Akbar. Xì ð¸»º Zt
That is his own bag. XìhCZ »kZ {z This is a sister of Khalida. Xì ÇÅ{−{t
This is her own car. Xìg »KZþ ÅkZt EXERCISE: Translate into English:
That is your own ball. Xìt CZ Zg v{z Xì š»] .â {z Xì {# »2t Xì „
 zŠ »−{{z Xì ÇÅ] .ât
EXERCISE: Translate into English: Xì y»Š ÅGt Xì ~çÅw¾{z XìC Ù Ø»{−{t Xì 8IÅOt
Xì _ùZKZÅkZt Xì b!*
ñCZ »kZ {z Xì ¯CZþ Z÷t /////
Xì ~–KZÅkZt Xì 8 IKZ ~÷{z Xì [ÂKZ ~g vt This is Rashid's book. Xì [ÂÅ”Zgt
///// That is Khalid's toy. [»−{{z
Xì **
This is Abdullah, my friend. X„ zŠ}÷ÔvZ†t This is Shakir's friend. Xì „ át
 zŠ »™
This is Akbar, my brother.þ X ð¸}÷Ôº Zt That is Fatima's son. Xì »±»ÒÃ{z
This is Khalid, my husband. Ù Ø}÷Ô−{t
XC
X XugÔOËZet
Xì ~çÅ−{{z Xì UÅ−{{z Xì ð¸»¢t
This is Dr. Shakil, a famous surgeon.
Ù Ø»{−{{z Xì R»”Zgt Xì Vâ Å@Wt
XìC
CZ÷ÔÐt
Xg X +ŠÝ¬gÔ°°Z†t
+G
X−Zz}÷Ô öW A t
New words:
X ~ç~÷Ô{−{t
Brother ð¸ Wife ~ç Husband ÙØ
C
/////
Sister Ç Uncle R Aunt U
Brother, this is Idris, my class friend.
/////
X kgŠ=g Z÷Ôì ögŠ Zt!r
# ™ð¸
This is a black pen. Xì ¯Ñ»t This is a blue car. Xìg »št
Father, this is Ibrahim, my teacher. X f *Z}÷ÔZ' ,Zt! yY!*
Z
That is a red pencil. XìRwÑ{zThat is a green cap. Xì8I~C
Ù {z
 zŠ}÷ÔìÛit! yYò Z
Mother, this is Zubair, my friend . X „
Arshad, this is Hasan, a great poet. X²á gq
-ZÔì Œt!”g Z EXERCISE: Translate into English:
EXERCISE: Translate into English: Xì Z ÀCt Xì wâ zgÅ {{z Xì ñÇCt XìgŠ eà »{z
.ZgÅwXÔì®t!x™Z
X ãJ] X ÇŠ Zi R~÷Ôì@t!−{ XìçW³t Xì yW8{z Xì÷ZC Ù {z Xì {Š6,
wÑt
X ~ç~÷Ôì {”Zgt! yYò Z X 'Æ[ÂkZÔï»[»t!ƒ New Words:
New Words: Grey Å { Handkerchief 4Š Bed Sheet gŠ e Cow ñÇ
Cousin Š Zi R Author ýE
3…{! Capital ãJ]
.Zg Dome ÷ Curtain {Š6,
42 41
That is a fox. Xì ~&× ßq-Z{z That is a kangaroo. Xì zg Gq
-Z {z Is this a guava? ?ìŠz%ZtH Yes, this is a guava. XìŠz%Zt! V;
That is a zebra. XìZQiq -Z{z That is a buffalo. Xì åq -Z{z Ó tH Yes, this is a papaya. Xì Æ
Is this a papaya? ?ì Æ Ó t! V;
That is a man. Xì òŠ Wq -Z{z That is an officer. XìWWq -Z{z Is this a banana? ?ì ñtH Yes, this is a banana. Xì ñt! V;
That is a wall. Xìg Z- Šq
-Z{z That is an umpire. Xì ]
, -Z {z
LRq EXERCISE: Translate into English:
EXERCISE: Translate into English Xìg **
Zt! V; ZtH Xì Ët! V;
?ìg ** ?ì ËtH
-Z{z Xì C‚'
Xìrq ,-Z {z Xì 0™q
q -Z {z Xì ¯q-Z {z Xì ^zy
Zt! V; ?ì ^zy
ZtH Xì x ZŠ !*
t! V ; ?ì x ZŠ !*
tH
Xìð»Vq
-Z{z XìIR, -Z {z Xì ;aq
q -Z {z Xì ¿F,
-Z {z
q New words:
New words: Jackfruit Ë Almond x ZŠ !*
Tape ¯ Soap 0™ Quail r Helicopter ð»V Pomegranate g **
Z Walnut ^zy Z
Quiver ¿F ,Mouse ;a Tractor IR,Raincoat C‚' , /////
///// What is this? ?ì Ht This is a river. Xì ~+ 0t
What is that? ?ì H{z What is this? ?ì Ht This is a pond. Xì [Ñ@* t
That is a yacht. Xì Zd{z What is this? ?ì Ht This is an ocean. Xìg«t
What is that? ?ì H{z EXERCISE: Translate into English:
That is a boat. Xì Ï{z Xì i‚t ?ì Ht Xì Ût ?ì Ht Xì1t ?ì Ht
What is that? ?ì H{z New words:
That is a reservoir. Xì nj{z Canal 1 Ocean g« River +
~0
EXERCISE: Translate into English: Lake Û Pond [Ñ@* Seashore i‚
Xì eg1Å{z ?ì H{z Xì â {z ?ì H{z XìR, Û{z ?ì H{z Conjugation
XìÚ6, {z ?ì H{z ì çE2½]ù{z ?ì H{z Xì kî â {z
.G ?ì H{z That is a pen. Xì ¯q
-Z {z
New words:
That is not a pen. Xì 7¯q-Z {z
Computer ,
RÛ Monitor â Keyboard eg1Å Is that a pen? ?ì ¯q
-Z{zH
Mouse kî â Scanner çE
.2½]ù Printer
G Ú6, Is that not a pen? ?ì 7¯q-Z{zH
Laptop \I~ Floppy 8j /////
44 43
(7) Use of These & Those Is that a potato? ?ìß W{zH
Yes, that is a potato. Xìß W{z!V;
Conjugation
Is that a tomato? ?ìR,Q{zH
These are keys. X VÒeƒ
t Yes, that is a tomato. XìR,Q{z!V;
These are not keys. X 7VÒeƒ t Is that a carrot? ?ì̀Ç{zH
Are these keys? ?VÒeƒ tH Yes, that is a carrot. Xì̀Ç{z!V;
Are these not keys? ?7VÒeƒ  tH EXERCISE: Trasnlate into English.
///// ?ì ÌÍwY{zH Xì z—{z! V; ?ì z—{zH
These are biscuits. X <ƒ t Xì ÌÍÈ{z! V; ?ì ÌÍÈ{zH Xì ÌÍwY{z! V;
These are cakes. X Uƒ t Xì à ñ{z! V; ?ì à ñ{zH
These are eggs. X } & +Zƒ
t New words:
These are breads. X V‹zgƒ t Pumpkin z åO´ Radish àñ Carrot ̀Ç
These are students. X ¥ƒ t Cauliflower ! ÍwY Cabbage ÌÍÈ
These are teachers. X { E
+‚Zƒt /////
This cap is white. XìC8 It That pen is blue. Xì 8¯{z
X } #ƒ t X VH9ƒt X } i ZzgŠƒ
t Ù X{z
This shirt is red. Xì wÑ1t That kite is green. Xì ~C
X g ZizZƒ
t X }Š7ƒ
t X } 0
+ 6,t
ƒ EXERCISE: Translate into English:
New words:
Xì N*g{#{z Xì ¨{0 +6,
t Xì Ñ»ßt
Bird +
{0 þ Plant ZŠ7
6, Tool g ZizZ Room {# ]g q{z Xì {Š ¤uvt
Xì ãZ6, Xì M»±{z
///// New Words:
These are our books. X ÁÂ~g øƒt Wide {Š ¤ Stone ß Old * Z6, Bird
* +
{06,
These are their caps. X V\ IÅyZƒ
t Building ]g q Small N*
g Wise W Tall M
These are our cows. X N Ç~g øƒ
t
These are their goats. –ÅyZƒ
X Vc* t
46 45
EXERCISE: Translate into English: EXERCISE: Translate into English:
X V‹zgt ?Ht X V×‹t ?Ht X á@*  t X VÒeÅyZƒ
þ } g øƒ  t X „}g øƒ
t
X } &
+Zt ?Ht X á)t ?Ht X ¥ÆyZƒ  t X { E  t X ,KÅyZƒ
+‚Z}g øƒ t
New words: New words:
Sweets ð‹ Bread Kzg Spice !) Bag h Our ~g øÔ Zg ø Mosque K Lock Ñ@*
///// Key ! e Their ÅyZÔ »yZ Teachers { E
+‚Z Students ¥
Conjugation /////
Those are caps. X V\ Iƒ
 {z Are these lions? ?ètH
Those are not caps. X 7V\ Iƒ  {z Yes, these are lions. X èt!V;
Are those caps? ?V\ Iƒ
 { zH Are these elephants? ?¶;tH
Are those not caps? ?7V\ Iƒ { zH Yes, these are elephants. X ¶;t!V;
///// Are these deers? ?yC Ù tH
Those are utensils. X @', {z
ƒ Yes, these are deers? X yC Ù t! V ;
Those are snakes. X , $‚ƒ
 {z EXERCISE: Translate into English:
Those are taps. X 9ƒ

 {z ?ó1tH X gÈt! V; ?gÈtH
Those are rabbits. X lÍy  {z
ƒ X N Çt! V; ?N ÇtH X ó1t! V;
Those are parrots. X ðîƒ  {z New words:
Those are note-books. X V\ »ƒ {z Monkey gÈ ó1

Crocodile Cow ñÇ
/////
X } hc} Qƒ
 {z X wYƒ
 {z X g ¶Zƒ
 {z What are these? ?Ht
X VZŠb‚ƒ
 {z X } h˜ƒ
 {z X V\ Iƒ {z These are vegetables. X Vc* !t
What are these? ?Ht
New words: (Z
Newspaper g ¶Z Net àY Hat 8I These are fruits. X ÿ£F t
Insects } hc} Q Horse Zh˜ Scientist VZŠb‚
What are these? ?Ht
These are cars. X Vc* h Çt
48 47
(8) Use of I, You, We, They, He & She Are those buffalos? ?å{zH
XƒwEZ(ÅÌZËì Â{z ( Pronoun) ; Yes, those are buffalos. X å{z ! V;
;ªPersonal Pronoun Ã itgzZshe Ô he Ôthey Ô you Ôwe ÔI Are those camels? ?.
$zZ{zH
X ë — Yes, those are camels. X .$zZ {z ! V;
X ,™w[pÅ™gzZ%1ˆÆä™¡yZŠ¤ / Ð], Jx Ó Are those goats? ?Vc*
–{zH
Yes, those are goats. X Vc*–{z! V;
Conjugation
EXERCISE: Translate into English.
I am a student. X VƒD̈¤q
-Z~ ?}{zH X V#%{z! V; ?V#%{zH
I am not a student. X Vƒ7D̈¤q -Z~
X gñ{z! V; ?gñ{zH X }{z ! V;
Am I a student? ?VƒD̈¤q-Z~H
New words:
Am I not a student? ?Vƒ7D̈¤q -Z~H
Hen ©% Duck } Peacock gñ Cock ¸%
/////
/////
We are teachers. X { E ë
+‚Zƒ
?H{z
X 7{ E ë
What are those?
We are not teachers. +‚Zƒ
Are we teachers? ?{ E
+‚Zƒ ëH Those are pineapples. X k'Z{z
Are we not teachers? ?7{ E+‚Zƒ ëH What are those? ?H{z
///// Those are watermelons. X } i1F,
{z
You are a boy. -Z?
XƒÆ±q What are those? ?H{z
You are not a boy. Xƒ7Æ±q -Z? Those are dates. X ,gL{z
Are you a boy? ?ƒÆ±q-Z ?H EXERCISE: Translate into English
Are you not a boy? ?ƒ7Æ±q -Z ?H X } V
n{z ?H{z X V»š**
{z ?H{z X ‘Ñ{z ?H{z
They are farmers. X y‚ƒ {z New words:
They are not farmers. X 7y‚ƒ  {z Custard apple fÑ Pear Cš** Orange n
{V
Are they farmers? ?y‚ƒ  { zH
Are they not farmers? ?7y‚ƒ  { zH
/////
50 49
Is he Khalid? ?ì−{{zH He is a doctor. Xì ËZeq-Z{z
Is she Zakia? ?ìÉf {zH He is not a doctor. Xì 7ËZeq -Z{z
Am I an editor? ?Vƒñi+Zq
-Z~H Is he a doctor? ?ì ËZ eq
-Z {zH
Are you a clerk? ?Òq -Z\WH /////
Are they doctors? ?Y SZƒ
 { zH She is a nurse. Xì k3,-Z{z
q
Xì 7k3,
-Z{z
q
?ƒ! ðŠq-Z ?H
She is not a nurse.
?†ƒ ëH ?ì ±(,
{ zH
Is she a nurse? ?ì k3,
-Z {zH
q
-Z~H
?Vƒg zq ?g ‹ƒ
 { zH ?ì {g » ZŠ Z {zH
New words:
Is she not a nurse? ?ì 7k3,-Z {zH
q
Carpenter ±(, Actress {g » ZŠ Z Mason gz /////
Washerman !ðŠ Coolie † Gold-smith g ‹ I am a student. X VƒD̈¤q -Z~
///// You are a teacher. X f *Zq-Z\W
I am a good boy. X Vƒ»±YZq -Z~ We are Muslims. X y›ƒ ë
You are a tall boy. XƒÆ±Eq -Z ? They are boys. X Æ±ƒ  {z
We are fat men. X vßL ñë He is a boy. Xì »±q
-Z{z
They are small girls. VH±Kgƒ  {z She is a girl. Xì Å±q-Z{z
He is an honest man. +ZZq
Xì òŠ Wg Z0 -Z {z EXERCISE: Translate into English:
She is a beautiful girl. Xì Å±]gß[pq -Z {z Xì−{{z X ~igŠƒ  ë XƒÏZðq -Z? X Vƒy‚q-Z~
XìÉ Z eq
-Z{z Xì k3, -Z {z Xìc¤q
q -Z{z Xì {”Zg{z
X y›iZë X Vƒ»±‹q-Z~ -Z?
Xƒf *ZiZq
-Z ? Xì y*
Xƒg ;ßq -Z{z
!gŠq Xì à â q
-Z{z
Xì k3,
hZ {z Xì òŠ WZ(,
{z X vß(ƒ  {z
Xì ]gú]gß[p¹{z Xì ]gú]gß$+{z
New words:
New Words: Farmer y‚ Peon ÏZð Nurse k3,

Cute ]gß[p Bad , Fat
Z' Nñ small *
* Ng Gate-keeper y!*gŠ Tailor ~igŠ Post man É Z e
Honest g ZŠyZZ Weak gz$ Made É*0 Tall M Black smith g ;ß
Reliable éO¹F
$ Thin ‹ Pious ( Great Z ,
( /////
Ugly ]gß$ +
52 51
(9) : Use of There I am your brother. X Vƒð¸Zg v~
kZìgŠ c* Ôì* @Y HwEZ » There La Æ ä™ qzÑÃ¿ You are my friend. X „ zŠ}÷\W
X B™[pÐVß VÅ$X @*ƒ7p¼ »kZ‰ Ü z They are our teachers. X { E
+‚Z}g øƒ {z
There is a book on the table. Xì [Âq
-Z6,ö We are their pupils . X Š¤
/ á ÆyZƒ
ë
There is a pen in my pocket. Xì ¯q
-Z~ÙA }÷ He is my classmate. Xì kgŠ =gZ÷{z
There is a cat under the bed. -ZnÆ—
Xì © q She is my sister. Xì Ç~÷{z
There is a student infront of the library.
Xì D̈¤q
-Zt ‚Æä{Ã X Vƒy!*ö»\W~ Xì ~ç~÷{z X y¶}÷\W
-“E!* NE ÷{z Xì UÅkZ{z
X çlM8} X x Z}
.}g øƒ
 {z
There is a garden behind the mosque. Xì îF
@G -ZúÆK
q
Xì Å±~÷{z X ¶‚ÆyZƒ ë
XìKq
-Z~Vƒ Ç}g ø Xì Tq
-Z~[Ñ@* New Words:
E
Xì b!*
ñq A Xì wYq
-Z~Ù -Z6,ö Xìtq-Z~tz1 Father in law çlM8N Host y!* ö Guest y¶
New words:
Daughter e Servant xŠ { Fellow ¶‚
Pond [Ñ@* Fish T Mosque K /////
Flower wY Table ö Mobile ñ
b!* I am twenty years old. Xì w‚ä/~÷&X Vƒ»w‚ä~
Box tz1 You are ten years old. Xì w‚kŠ/~g v&XƒÆw‚kŠ ?
///// He is twelve years old. ì w‚{g!*/ÅkZ&Xì »w‚{g !*
{z
There is a programme next week. Xì x Z¤
/ -Zß{ÒW
z6,
q She is five years old. Xì w‚õ0* /ÅkZ&Xì Åw‚õ0* {z
Rashid is fifteen years old. Xì w‚{gG/Å”Zg&Xì »w‚{gG”Zg
There is a competition of the Holy Quran next year.
Û î0ªGE
Xì yWŒ -Zw‚{ÒW
$ )q EXERCISE: Translate into English:
There was a meeting last week. X ¶)q -ZßÔ Xì w‚:e/~gv X Vƒ»w‚M~

There is a party today. Xì Kg 0*
-Z` W
q Xì »w‚{g VZ@W Xì Åw‚]‚{−{ Xì w‚â/ÅkZ
54 53
(11) : Use of Have & Has EXERCISE: Translate into English:
I have a cycle. Xì ¡‚q -Zk0* }÷ Xì {øoq

-ZÀ Xì òq á Xì ÷Ð»q
-Zx -Z]Zg ` W
You have a motercycle. Xì ¡‚R,ñq-Zk0*}g v -Zð
Xì \¤gzq Xì ”·{ÒW
They have a room. Xì {#q
-Zk0*ÆyZ New words:
We have an umbrella. Xì ~pq -Zk0*}g ø Conference ÷Ð» Match ò Debate {øo

\¤gz ” Month ·
Xì Rq -ZÅkZ
Work-shop Vacation
She has a pencil.
He has a car. Xìg »q
-ZÅkZ (10) : Use of The
Khalid has tow brothers. X ð¸zŠÆ−{ The key is in the pocket. Xì ~ÙA !e
Rashid has a friend. Xì „ -Z»”Zg
 zŠq The book is on the table. Xì6,ö[Â
EXERCISE: Translate into English: The mechanic is under the car. XìnÆg »vg »
X ð¸g e}÷ Xì ñÇq-Z~g v Xì yq
-Z Z÷ The garden is behind the mosque. XìúÆKm
Xì eq
-ZÅ{−{ Xì _ùZq
-ZÅkZ Xì Çq-ZÅkZ The boy is infront of the library. Xìt ‚Æä{Ã »±
Xì ~–q-ZÅkZ X 3»Šg eÅæq My house is near the fort. Xì d
$ŒÛ Æ³yZ÷
///// Your office is behind the railway station.
I have no car. Xì 7g »k0*
}÷ XìúÆøZ} wgíŠ »\W
You have no pen. Xì 7¯k0* }g v EXERCISE: Translate into English:
We have no jug. Xì 7dà k0* }g ø Xì ~{ ÇkgŠ f *Z Xì ~}¼¤î Xì ~} # »±
They have no room. Xì 7{#k0* ÆyZ Xì6,
# gŠ {0
| + 6, XìúÆKœZ' Xì ~le ~Öe
He has no computer. Xì 7R,Ûk0* ÆkZ Xì d
$ŒÛ ÆøZÖ7y»Š Xì6, ¿»± XìnÆ—©
Khalid has no kite. Xì 7Xk0* Æ−{ New words:
She has no mobile. Xì 7b!*ñk0* ÆkZ Parrot ¤î Shop y»Š
EXERCISE: Translate into English: Cage {¼ Police-station øZÖ7
Xì 7sWk0*
}g v o**
Xì 7lZ F, }÷
k0* Class-room { ÇkgŠ Roof ¿
Xì 7lZ F,
Rk0*
ÆyZ Xì 7ôk0* }g ø Dictionary ~Öe Bus stand œZ'
56 55
Pencil R Pencils Car g» Cars Xì 7bÃk0* ÆkZ Xì 7(, ÆkZ
gk0*
Chair Ï™ Chairs Cow ñÇ Cows Xì 7~JZe k0*
Æ{−{ Xì 7Ä0g »k0*Æ”Zg
Bag h Bags Door { i ZzgŠ Doors New words:
Table ö Tables Cap 8I Caps

Mirror sW Slate ô Diary ~], Ze
(,
g bÃ Nail cutter o**
lZ F,
ðÅOZ ;a
Eraser File
Owl Owls Rat Rats
Sharpener R
lZF, Carbon paper Ä0g »
Nouns ending in a, e, ee, i, or o form the plural by adding-s to
the singular. (12)The noun : Number ( Š Z®)
:‰Ôì CYð¯¦™ J (,
ó ó sL LÂÔƒ6, iÔ eeÔ eÔ ax !Z »XÔY Z { z:2:{°‡
oc* Singular ( uZz)
Singular Meaning Plural Singular Meaning Plural A noun that denotes one person, thing or place is said to be in
Area ‘´ Areas Degree zgŠ Degrees
the singular number. e.g. Book, Pen, Pencil etc.
( Singular Number)uZzÐZ ÂÔñC Ã( c* q Ô¿q -Z ÌZ {z
Idea „ÔaÎ Ideas Addressee D Z[ ¯ Addressees
X {)zBook, Pen, Pencil :‰X ë
Drama S Ôâ Zg e Dramas Examinee ÑZz¶ŠyJZ Examinees
-**
Zebra ZQi Zebras Trustee àá Trustees
Plural ( ¦)
Table ö Tables Kiwi c*
~Y
m Kiwis A noun that denotes more than one person, thing or place is
Toe iZÅVƒ 0* Toes Rabbi ( ~gŠ 0* §

~Š·) öE
"O Rabbis
said to be in the plural number. e.g. Books, Pens, Pencils etc.
Bone ~A Bones Bikini aÆVÂgú Bikinis

Vzq Ô m¾ZZ
Plural ) ¦ÐZ ÂÔ ñC ÃV» c* +ZiÐ q
-Z ÌZ {z
k]¿»ä. X {)z Pencils ÔPens ÔBooks:‰X ë ( Number
Mule ß Mules Bonsai # gŠ T
| w Bonsais }°‡Æä¯¦
Hare lÍy
Z (, Hares Yogi Ï Ô Ï- Yogis The plural of nouns is generally formed by adding-s to the
Gate -M
S Gates Auto ñ
R, Autos singular.
Cake U Cakes Canto » ~š

[ !* Cantos :‰Xì CYð¯¦™ J(, ,
's'6 gîx ¬:1:{°‡
Mistake t Mistakes Disco Û
mŒ Discos Singular Meaning Plural Singular Meaning Plural
áZzäOuñò Zú) Book [Â Books Boat Ï Boats
( ]â½+Z c*
'
Pen ¯ Pens Room {# Rooms
58 57
Gross ÀÔ¦ù Grosses Branch á
c Branches Zone ‘´ Zones Patio ‰W Patios
Dish [‡ Dishes Speech ,
k½ Speeches Tree # gŠ
| Trees Polio C7 Polios
Brush ,
l' Brushes Batch 3Š Batches Bee íÅß Bees Silo {g eÆVwñ Silos
Bush ~h Ä Bushes Box tz1 Boxes (Åpg
Ambush { Ç· Ambushes Tax w¸ Taxes Knee Q
R Knees Hippo Zh˜ðc*
gŠ Hippos
Blemish 0™ŠÔ r ZŠ Blemishes

îE Fax c Faxes Nouns ending in s, ss, sh, ch, x or z form the plural by adding
Eyelash , Eyelashes Annex yk~f Annexes "es" to the singular.
Lash ZhÃ GÑ$ Appendixes
Lashes Appendix ] é¨B x Ô ch Ô sh Ô ss Ô s x !Z »XÔY Z {z :3: {°‡
» ó ó esL LaÆ ä¯ ¦ ÂÔƒ6,z c*
Wish éZp Wishes Cox ~g Zê Coxes :‰Ôì @* YH†ŸZ
Hoax ðŠÔK̈Ä Hoaxes Adz !q Adzes Singular Meaning Plural Singular Meaning Plural
Duplex qgzŠ Duplexes Blitz úðZƒJ7

-eZ Blitzes Bus ' Buses Bunch V Bunches
Latex -Zt²»VzŠ7 Latexes Fizz Ø º

? Fizzes Gas ’ Gases Torch ag N* Torches
Buzz Ø ½
? { Buzzes Jazz ]ÑI~gZi!* Jazzes Campus { ÇeY Campuses Wrench õg Wrenches
Quiz wZÎ Quizes Chintz Z ÀÅ Chintzes Circus $™Ô¾u Circuses

{ ÇA Beach i‚ÑZzèc*
$g Beaches
e
Nouns ending in - y preceded by a consonant, form their Bonus x ÅZ Bonuses Catch **

ñ Catches
plural by changing - y into - i and adding - es to the singular. Class k¯ Classes Inch õZ Inches
,yx !Z »XÔY Z {z :4: {°‡

yÂÔƒ ( Consonant) 9swðÃ¬ Ð ygzZƒ6 Glass k† Glasses Leech -
7 Leeches
YH†ŸZ » ó ó esL ™
:‰Ôì @* +ÐiÃ
L w$ Ass J¢ Asses Punch é¹O!N Punches
Singular Meaning Plural Singular Meaning Plural Kiss G1 Kisses Switch Å» ðÔ óÎ Switches
Lady ]gú Ladies Bully Zè Bullies Moss ð» Mosses Trench tç Trenches
Baby ^ Babies Cherry á

: ZŠ { Cherries Compass úÚ Compasses Coach /e »sg Coaches
Army `¯ Armies Copy 8» Copies Address Ø Addresses Church y Y¤

/ Churches
City à Cities Daddy &OZ
éE Daddies Dress k] Dresses Watch ~{ Watches
Story ã¹ Stories Diary ~], Ze Diaries Grass kv Grasses Match ò Matches

60 59
Bray i ZzWÅñ¢ Brays Tray }R, Trays Family +{
yZ0 Families Daisy wY~ m,
e Daisies
Cay gÈ»nq
-Z Cays Valley ~Š Zz Valleys Colony ãß » Colonies Deity @*
-ŠÔ~-Š Deities
Chimney Ç Chimneys Volley {)zVCÍ Volleys Enemy ÔŠ Enemies Duty Û
>n Duties
h Y1Å Body Ÿ Bodies Fly í Flies
Delay ,
kŠÔí@* Delays Whiskey [ ZÑY **
Z Whiskeys Country o Countries Jury ~gæ Juries
Nouns ending in-o preceded by a consonant form the plural by Boundry ©q Z Boundries Luxary ]‚zH Luxaries
adding-es to the singular. Agency ÏÒúÔàZ Agencies Pony 5 Ponies
ÂÔƒ ( Consonant) 9swðÃ¬Ð o gzZƒ6,o x !Z »XÔY Z {z :6 : {°‡ Allergy ]Ð Allergies Query wZÎ Queries
:‰Ôì CYð¯¦™ J(, ó ó esL L Battery ~š Batteries Theory wßZ Theories
Singular Meaning Plural Singular Meaning Plural Beauty Œ Beauties Sky y W Skies
Mango xW Mangoes Volcano h N V]>W Volcanoes Nouns ending in - y preceded by a vowel form their plural by
Potato ßW Potatoes Halo ãZgâÔ!;
` @* Haloes adding - s to the singular.
Tomato R,Q Tomatoes Cargo »i ˜
g !* Cargoes ó ó sL L ÂÔƒ ( Vowel) AswðÃ¬Ð ygzZƒ6,yx !Z »XÔY Z {z :5: {°‡
Hero âgÎÔz‹ Heroes Jingo ~i !*
ËZ Jingoes :‰Ôì CYð¯¦™ J (,
Echo ‚i !*
Ôi ZzW Echoes Veto Å{x Z ¸Z Vetoes Singular Meaning Plural Singular Meaning Plural
>äs Boy »± Boys Display öúÔ Zz3Š Displays
Negro í Negroes Toy [
** Toys Essay y* Essays
Nouns ending in the letter-o preceded by a vowel form the Joy á
ãâŠ Joys Fay ]ÈÔX Fays
plural by adding the letter-s to the singular. Monkey gÈ Monkeys Highway Ù
{ZC á Highways
ó ó sL L ÂÔƒ ( Vowel) AswðÃ¬Ð o gzZƒ6,o x !Z »XÔY Z {z :7 :{°‡ Donkey J¢ Donkeys Journey ^ Journeys
:‰Ôì CYð¯¦™ J (, Day yŠ Days key !e keys
Singular Meaning Plural Singular Meaning Plural
Way 3 Zg Ways Quay { ÇgÈ Quays
Radio +g
-i Radios Kangaroo zg G Kangaroos
Alley pÃÔ‹ Alleys Spray ƒ »rÔà Z e Sprays
Bamboo ÷!* Boimboos Studio : {g ó Studios
Bay ~h 3 Bays Storey w2 Storeys
62 61
Singular Meaning Plural Singular Meaning Plural Zoo y c*

m Zoos Audio zCßÔ Audios
Life Ï0
+i Lives Thief ga Thieves Video +z
-i Videos
Wife ~ç Wives Half Û Halves Some nouns ending with the letter - o preceded by a
Wolf ƒ
c* Wolves Elf ~6, Elves consonant can form the plural by two ways.
Loaf Z• Loaves Sheaf w7Ô ‹ Sheaves 9sw ðÃ¬ Ð kZ gzZ ƒ 6,o x !Z » X Ô ,Z Y Z ¼ : 8 : {°‡
Leaf éG "
5OF Leaves Beef  Í »} (, Beeves
“ :‰Ôì $ Ë Yð¯¦Ðj§zŠ ÂÔƒ( Consonant)
Knife ¸e Knives Self Šp Selfves Singular Meaning Plural Plural
G
Calf à H Ô Zô Calves Shelf îF@ ¤ Shelves Buffalo å Buffalos Buffaloes
EXCEPTIONS( ] ¸ ) Cargo i ˜g!* Cargos Cargoes
Singular Meaning Plural Singular Meaning Plural

Halo ãZgâÔ!;
` @* Halos Haloes

f ZÔ Á q
Mosquito Mosquitos Mosquitoes
Chief Chiefs Cliff y"~9 Cliffs
Surf v Ä»VzØ Surfs Proof ]o Proofs ( Exceptions) ]¸
Roof ¿ Roofs Giraffe †Zgi Giraffes Singular Meaning Plural Singular Meaning Plural
Gulf U Gulfs Safe ~g? Safes Solo Ï Solos Jumbo {Š c*
i¹ Jumbos
Grief ôg Griefs Strife Š YÔZ× Strifes Canto »Ä

[!* Cantos Kimono k]ã*
0 Y»nq
-Z Kimonos
Dwarf Š- Dwarfs Handkerchief wâ zg Handkerchiefs Memento g ÇŠ c* Mementos Lasso ï Lassos
Hoof †ãÒö Hoofs Midwife tZŠ Midwifes Quarto ½» ,% Quartos Indigo 8 Indigos
ðÖÅ1Åi ú
Serf xÝ¦gi Serfs Puff ïÑ» Zƒ Puffs Stereo Stereos Kilo Kilos
Belief {o Beliefs Stuff wâ Stuffs Dynamo Û Wt'

+ , Dynamoes Photo ,
k¦ Photos
Brief ¿ Briefs Handcuff ~Ì Handcuffs áà Zzä™ Za] ¸¹'

,Ð] ¸ã } Piano â\ Pianos
Mischief ]g ZÑ Mischiefs Scarf Û zŠ Scarfs Nouns ending in - f or - fe form their plural by the changing -
A few nouns form their plural by changing the inside vowel f or - fe into -v and adding -es to the singular.
of the singular. » es ™w$ faÆä¯ ¦ ÂÔƒ6
+Ð vÃ fec* fx !Z »XÔY Z { z : 9: {°‡
,fec*
:‰Ôì @* YH†ŸZ
64 63
Cod T~g« Cod Sugar ] Sugar CY ð¯ ¦™w$ +ZÆXÔ,Z Y Z¼ : 10 : {°‡
+Ã ( Vowel) Aswg0
Truot Tc Truot Wheat V[ Wheat :‰Ôì
Salmon Tð‚ Salmon Corn : ZŠ Corn Singular Meaning Plural Singular Meaning Plural
People vß People Gold **
Î Gold Man òŠ W Men Mouse ;a Mice
Hundred, Thousand (When used after numerals) e.g. Five Woman ]gú Women Louse V Lice
hundred people are expected to attend. The car cost me fifty Foot c Feet Goose }Ô| Geese
thousand rupees. Tooth $ZŠ
- Teeth Policeman „3 Policemen
There are few nouns that form their plural by adding - en or -
Some nouns are always used only in the plural. ne to the sigular.
:‰ÔDƒwEZ„¦åY Z¼ :13:{°‡ Ü z D ¯ ¦2Xì CY ð¯ ¦Æ™†ŸZ » nec*
‰ +ZÆY Z¼ : 11: {°‡
eng0
Scissors o3ßnÎ Measles DKgÅnq
-ZÔZÆ Assels u5ZÔX U*
Z :‰Ôì YƒÌsv .*c †ŸZ »swËLL
Tongs ô Billiards ö»ŠçJ.G &
2ÒE Chattels +Y!®
Š ZZ Singular Meaning Plural Singular Meaning Plural
Pincers OñÔô Draughts ïÑ» Zƒ Alms ]Zí Fox ×ß
~& Foxen Cow ñÇ Kine
Spectacles * Annals õg@* Binoculars ÎgzŠ Ox â Oxen Brother ð¸ Brethren
Trousers )Y0* Thanks t] Jeans yG Child ^ Children
Drawers ,
)Yki Tidings q :ZÔ¸ Tweezers Oñ Some nouns have the singular and the plural alike.
Breeches yG Environs ] Ãp Forceps ÂkZ̀ :‰ÔDƒV7~VâzŠ ¦gzZuZzY Z¼ :12:{°‡
Mumps c<ã¶×+ Obsequies \z½ Proceeds «o Singular Meaning Plural Singular Meaning Plural
Some plural nouns are commonly used in singular. Sheep ƒ Sheep Gross ¦ùÔÀ Gross
:‰ÔDƒwEZuZz6,
gîx ¬¦¼ :14:{°‡ Deer Ù
yC Deer Score gjZ Score
News ¸ Å–
~g !*™Ô)Z Mathematics èc*
Innings g Hair w!* Hair Swine ,
kò Swine
 ( Physics 4ƒ
é5OšG3E
]G Mechanics ‹ÓßnÓÚ
Politics „ Pair ~h Pair Cattle 7ñ Cattle
A compound noun generally forms its plural by adding -s to Dozen XgŠ Dozen Police Ö7 Police
the principal words. Fish T Fish Silver +e
~0 Silver
66 65
YH†ŸZ» s~Âm{aÆä¯¦Å“
:‰Ôì @*
(13) Verb (÷) %ÌZ :15:{°‡
Singular Meaning Plural
A verb is a word which is used to tell something about some
Father in law ÆÔO Fathers in law
person, place or thing. Ù ª**
X}™C (ÔyK̈Z ËìÝ(Z :÷
ƒ»qc*
Step son CºÎ
g Step sons
(13)Kinds of verb. X 9Å÷ Commander in chief gÑ‚( Commanders in chief
(1) Transitive verb ~¼÷ Maid servant )Š { Maid servants
(2) Intransitive verb xiÑ÷ passer by ÑZzäg*ÐdÛ Ô{ Zg
$Œ passers by
(3) Linking verb or Incomplete verb ³** ÷ Looker on á Ó
ð Lookers on
(4) Auxiliary verb or Helping verb yzç÷ Man of war oj[Ò o,ßq Men of war
A transitive verb is a verb that denotes an action which passes
Letters, Figures and other symbols are made plural by adding
over from the doer or subject to an object.
an apostrophe and-s.
VâzŠ ( Object) wBz ( Doer or Subject) ¶Ã ì ÷{z : ~¼÷
» s gzZ Apostrophe aÆ ä¯ ¦Å {)z Figures gzZ Letters : 16 : {°‡
XƒZg76,
:‰ÔD™†ŸZ
ë Z‰~zŠgZgzZ!²ÃTÔì@* W¬Ð÷¶Ã~~m, ôZìgãZz VHçÞ
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
I eat mango. :‰ X
N N's 6 6's MLA MLA's
Xì wBmangogzZ÷eatÔ¶Ã I ~wVkZ
A A's MBA MBA's MA MA's
An intransitive verb is a verb that denotes an action which
does not pass over to an object. 5 5's MP MP's BA BA's
He goes.:‰X ñYƒZg76
, ¶Ã$ì ÷{z:xiÑ÷ /////
Xì ÷goesgzZ¶ÃHe~wVkZ Singular Meaning Plural Singular Meaning Plural
A linking verb or an incomplete verb is a verb which requires Mr.(Mister) [» Messrs Miss ~gZ. Misses
a word to make the complete sense. Mrs.(Mistress) /» Mesdames Madame x ZŠ â ÔH Mesdames

ÂTÔá Zg – » Â}uzŠ ËaÆä™C
Ù ªx|CZ ì ÷{z : ³* *÷
Manzar :‰ Ô ë ]ª Complement Ã kZ Ç ñY 1 Zg –Ð
ÅkZÔì ;gƒ7ãZzÈÐManzr seems~wVkZ seems happy
68 67
X D ¯^~ŠgzZ ~uzŠ™ J (,
ed~T ( Weak Verb)÷gz$ Ã p ÖZ Æ nkZ gzZ C7,]gz¢ Å p ÖZ ‰ h a p p y a Æ s
# Ÿz
Present Meaning Past Tense Past Present Present X ë]( Complement)
Tense Participle Participle Singular
An auxiliary is a helping verb, used to make the form of
Ask Þ7 Asked Asked Asking Asks
another verb.
™Y iZ
**
ƒwEZaÆŠæÅ÷}uzŠì ÷{z:yzç÷
Appeal Appealed Appealed Appealing Appeals
Xƒ@*
**Ùª
ƒC
:äaÀ{zgzZDƒwEZ6,
Appear Appeared Appeared Appearing Appears
Boil Ü!* Q Boiled Boiled Boiling Boils
gîÆyzç÷p ÖZsfzgq
Benefit ** ( {Z
™ ðAXF +Ã Benefited Benefited Benefiting Benefits Am Do Ought
Borrow ¢
8g JŠ Z Borrowed Borrowed Borrowing Borrows Is Does Used
Call **
gå Called Called Calling Calls Are Did Need
Count S Counted Counted Counting Counts Was Will Dare
Cheat bŠ »ðŠ Cheated Cheated Cheating Cheats Were Would Must
Clean **
™s ™ Cleaned Cleaned Cleaning Cleans
Have May Shall
Climb −m
 Climbed Climbed Climbing Climbs
Has Might Should
Correct ** gŠ
™„ Corrected Corrected Correcting Corrects
Had Can Could
Cook **
å Cooked Cooked Cooking Cooks
Cross **
™g 0* Crossed Crossed Crossing Crosses
:CƒÕ
ÿ õ0* ôZ
ÀÅ÷~~ m,
Contact **
™‚Zg Contacted Contacted Contacting Contacts
(1) Present Tense (First Form) (2) Past Tense (Second Form)
Defeat **Ù
ZC Defeated Defeated Defeating Defeats
(3) Past Participle (Third Form) (4) Present Participle (Forth Form)
9 Š[Zp
(5) Present Singular (Fifth Form)
Dream Dreamed Dreamed Dreaming Dreams
Weak Verbs and Strong Verbs
Dash h ÂyZ
** Dashed Dashed Dashing Dashes
Deepen ™ Z
** Deepened Deepened Deepening Deepens
c d Ô ed ~ X ( Verbs ) wdZ {z :Weak Verbs
*
Past Tense ™h t
™wÙZÔ **
** ƒÁg
X ë ( Weak Verb)÷gz$ÃwdZ,ZÔD ¯
Depart Departed Departed Departing Departs
**
ƒ4ZŠ
Æ™¢« +ZÆ X ( Verbs ) wdZ {z :Strong Verbs
Enter Entered Entered Entering Enters
Z Ã Vowel ãzg0
¾
**
X ë ( Strong Verb) ~ ¸÷ÃwdZ,ZÔD ¯Past Tense
Earn Earned Earned Earning Earns
Elect **
™ÉÔÍ Elected Elected Electing Elects
Edit **
™yÍ å$N Edited Edited Editing Edits
70 69
Need **
ƒ]gz¢ Needed Needed Needing Needs Encounter Ô**ƒƒåH$N Encountered Encountered Encountering Encounters
Order bŠ¬ Ordered Ordered Ordering Orders **

™¨£
Obey 'â ¬ Obeyed Obeyed Obeying Obeys Finish **
™» Finished Finished Finishing Finishes
Open ÜÅ Opened Opened Opening Opens Fail ƒx » **

** Failed Failed Failing Fails
Punish bŠ Zw Punished Punished Punishing Punishes Fear **

ge Feared Feared Fearing Fears
Pluck hÂ
** Plucked Plucked Plucking Plucks Grant **
™gà Granted Granted Granting Grants
Pray **
™]Š „ Prayed Prayed Praying Prays Govern **Ö Ó
™# Governed Governed Governing Governs
Quench **
uk\ Quenched Quenched Quenching Quenches Groan xZ™ Groaned Groaned Groaning Groans
Question **
™wZÎ Questioned Questioned Questing Questions Hire ¢
86,
ñZ™ Hired Hired Hiring Hires
Quest **
™lˆ Quested Quested Questing Quests Help ™Šæ
** Helped Helped Helping Helps
Return RßÔ**
™:Zz Returned Returned Returning Returns Hunt **
™gD Hunted Hunted Hunting Hunts
Reach ) Reached Reached Reaching Reaches Iron ™~,Z

** Ironed Ironed Ironing Irons
Resign bŠ ±Z Resigned Resigned Resigning Resigns Inform bŠ q : Z Informed Informed Informing Informs
Select **
™ÉÔÍ Selected Selected Selecting Selects Insist **
™g ZÜZ Insisted Insisted Insisting Insists
Stay xgÔ**
Yug Stayed Stayed Staying Stays Jump ŠÃ
** Jumped Jumped Jumping Jumps
Start **
™qzÑ Started Started Starting Starts Join á
ƒï
** Joined Joined Joining Joins
Talk **
™]!* Talked Talked Talking Talks Jerk **
ÎÔ Jerked Jerked Jerking Jerks
Thank *
*™ZŠ Zt] Thanked Thanked Thanking Thanks Knock Í
** Knocked Knocked Knocking Knocks
Treat **
™ ƒ @*
,
' *™u|
Ô* Treated Treated Treating Treats Kill ÜZ eg â Ô**
™O Killed Killed Killing Kills
Utter IÔÜ1 Uttered Uttered Uttering Utters Kick g â ]Ñ

** Kicked Kicked Kicking Kicks
Unbutton ÜÅÅ Unbuttoned Unbuttoned Unbuttoning Unbuttons Learn G Learned Learned Learning Learns
Unearth Üï™ŠÅ Unearthed Unearthed Unearthing Unearths Look 9Š Looked Looked Looking Looks
Vanish Ô** $¸
YƒT Vanished Vanished Vanishing Vanishes Laugh « Laughed Laughed Laughing Laughs
**
Yƒ» Mail ÜZ e~uZ e Mailed Mailed Mailing Mails
Varnish ™µzgÔ‰g
** Varnished Varnished Varnishing Varnishes Mention ¢
8x **
Ô**
™™f Mentioned Mentioned Mentioning Mentions
Vaunt g‰ !
** Vaunted Vaunted Vaunting Vaunts Melt á Melted Melted Melting Melts
Work ™x »
** Worked Worked Working Works Neglect ** +ZÃ
™i Z0 Neglected Neglected Neglecting Neglects
72 71
Fire `à Í
Ô** Fired Fired Firing Fires Want xe Wanted Wanted Wanting Wants
**
Îc*5v W Walk » Walked Walked Walking Walks
Glance ÜZ eÃ Glanced Glanced Glancing Glances Xerox ™¾zk
** ,i Xeroxed Xeroxed Xeroxing Xeroxes
Grace Ô>i Z ³Z Graced Graced Gracing Graces X-ray ** , X-rayed
™ ` ´Ðzg ¹' X-rayed X-raying X-rays
I
**™s çOl! Yelp „È Yelped Yelped Yelping Yelps
Grieve Ô)ÄŠ Grieved Grieved Grieving Grieves Yield ™ Za {)z` Yielded
Ô** Yielded Yielding Yields
ƒ{fg
** ™t
**
Hate **
™]Ð Hated Hated Hating Hates Yowl „ÈÔ\ Yowled Yowled Yowling Yowls
Hesitate **
H Hesitated Hesitated Hesitating Hesitates
Hire ¢
86,
ñZ™ Hired Hired Hiring Hires
X D ¯^~ŠgzZ ~uzŠ™ J (,
d~T ( Weak Verb)÷gz$
Invite bŠ]úŠ Invited Invited Inviting Invites
Present Meaning Past Tense Past Present Present
Ignore bŠ™i Z0
+ZÃ Ignored Ignored Ignoring Ignores
O bŠ {gt
WaÆ èE…Â Immigrated Immigrated Immigrating Immigrates
Advise Advised Advised Advising Advises
Immigrate **
Abuse bŠ à Ç Abused Abused Abusing Abuses
Joke ™t Zè
** Joked Joked Joking Jokes
Arrive **
WÔ) Arrived Arrived Arriving Arrives
Juggle * {H
*™~i !* Juggled Juggled Juggling Juggles
Believe ™¢
** Believed Believed Believing Believes
Judge ‹ê
** Judged Judged Judging Judges
Bathe ™<
** Bathed Bathed Bathing Bathes
Kindle **
°Ô **
ñv W Kindled Kindled Kindling Kindles
Breathe ¢
8÷‚ Breathed Breathed Breathing Breathes
Like ™I
** Liked Liked Liking Likes
**
™È
™›
Close Closed Closed Closing Closes
Love ** Loved Loved Loving Loves
Change +
Ü$ Changed Changed Changing Changes
Live xg Lived Lived Living Lives
Clothe <} À Clothed Clothed Clothing Clothes
Muse ™„zg¨
** Mused Mused Musing Muses
*
*%
Î
Die Died Died Dying Dies
Move Moved Moved Moving Moves
™„
**
ÜZ e ~Ì
Divide Divided Divided Dividing Divides
Manacle Manacled Manacled Manacling Manacles
Decorate =
** Decorated Decorated Decorating Decorates
Name ´gx ** Named Named Naming Names
Free **
™Š Zi W Freed Freed Freeing Frees
Negate **
™Ô Negated Negated Negating Negates
Face Ô **
™¨£ Faced Faced Facing Faces
Note ™È¯
** Noted Noted Noting Notes
** ™ o‚
Operate »Ô**
` Operated Operated Operating Operates
Oppose *™¿#
* Opposed Opposed Opposing Opposes
74 73
Waste ™ù Ÿ
** Wasted Wasted Wasting Wastes Oblige **
™yˆZ Obliged Obliged Obliging Obliges
Yoke −0
+!* Yoked Yoked Yoking Yokes Pile **
Îƒe Piled Piled Piling Piles
G E
Zone *™„~V ð©‹M3Q!L Zoned
* Zoned Zoning Zones Praise **
™p° Praised Praised Praising Praises
**$U*
™"
X D ¯^~ŠgzZ ~uzŠ Å÷™ J (,t ~T( Weak Verb)÷gz$
Prove Proved Proved Proving Proves
Quote **
™Ü Quoted Quoted Quoting Quotes
Quake —
C» Quaked Quaked Quaking Quakes
Queue −0 g·
+!* Queued Queued Queuing Queues
Burn S Burnt Burnt Burning Burns
Refuse ™g ïZ
** Refused Refused Refusing Refuses
Bend D Bent Bent Bending Bends
Repose **
™x Zg W Reposed Reposed Reposing Reposes
Feel *
*™kC Felt Felt Feeling Feels
**
™yÒ
(
Relate Related Related Relating Relates
Kneel Ö Knelt Knelt Kneeling Kneels
**
X
9 Š[Zp
Save Saved Saved Saving Saves
Dream Dreamt Dreamt Dreaming Dreams
Smile : Z— Smiled Smiled Smiling Smiles
Lend bŠnŒ
Û ÔbŠ îG!g¬
SG Lent Lent Lending Lends
™i
**
bŠÅ
Solve Solved Solved Solving Solves
Lose Lost Lost Losing Loses
Tease ** *
CÔ** Teased Teased Teasing Teases
Learn G Learnt Learnt Learning Learns
**$N*
™U
´gpÔ**
Type Typed Typed Typing Types
Mean ƒŠ Z% Meant Meant Meaning Means
™y¯
**
-g
Telephone Telephoned Telephoned Telephoning Telephones
Creep Crept Crept Creeping Creeps
Unite ƒ
** United United Uniting Unites
Deal ,
Ú' Dealt Dealt Dealing Deals
Ô**ÑŠ(F,
´g
Urge Urged Urged Urging Urges
Keep Kept Kept Keeping Keeps
**
™g ZÜZ
Spend *™ ay
*  Spent Spent Spending Spends
Unclothe Ô**
g @*Z} À Unclothed Unclothed Unclothing Unclothes
Smell 7Î Smelt Smelt Smelling Smells
**™^',
Sleep **
Î Slept Slept Sleeping Sleeps
Violate Ô**
™~igzs Ü Violated Violated Violating Violates
Sweep bŠz h Ä Swept Swept Sweeping Sweeps
hÂ
**
Spell ™ õAO6E
** X Spelt Spelt Spelling Spells
Vocalize **
™ ZŠ ZÐy!*
i Vocalized Vocalized Vocalizing Vocalizes
Spill **
· Spilt Spilt Spilling Spills
Vitiate **
™{n Vitiated Vitiated Vitiating Vitiates
Weep **
zg Wept Wept Weeping Weeps
Wave bŠ• `
wÔ** Waved Waved Waving Waves
Leave bŠ hg Left Left Leaving Leaves
Warble ¦
Ô** Warbled Warbled Warbling Warbles
ÇÐi ZzWHŠ
**
76 75
¢«
¿c* +ZÆ T ( Weak Verb) ÷gz$
ZÃ ( Vowel) ãzg0 X CƒÜq ÿ VÐ~T( Weak Verb)÷gz$
-ZÕ
X D ¯^~ŠgzZ ~uzŠ Å÷Æ™†ŸZ» t c*d gzZÆ™ Present Meaning Past Tense Past Present Present
Present Meaning Past Tense Past Present Present Tense Participle Participle Singular
Tense Participle Participle Singular Bid Îà 1

** Bid Bid Bidding Bids
Teach −7, Taught Taught Teaching Teaches Bet **

ÎoÑ Bet Bet Betting Bets
Bring Ñ
** Brought Brought Bringing Brings Burst Ð
Y Burst Burst Bursting Bursts
Buy +y
**
h  Bought Bought Buying Buys Cut R» Cut Cut Cutting Cuts
Catch **
ñ Caught Caught Catching Catches Cast ÜZ eÔ¦ Cast Cast Casting Casts
Seek **
™lˆ Sought Sought Seeking Seeks Cost **
ƒ7 Cost Cost Costing Costs
Build ™yÔ**
** ¯ Built Built Building Builds Hurt **
™Âi Hurt Hurt Hurting Hurts
Think OÎ Thought Thought Thinking Thinks Hit gâ

** Hit Hit Hitting Hits
Sell Š Sold Sold Selling Sells Knit C

à Knit Knit Knitting Knits
Flee k
H¸ Fled Fled Fleeing Flees Let bŠ hgÔbŠ ä™ Let Let Letting Lets
Bleed ·yp Bled Bled Bleeding Bleeds Put ´g Put Put Putting Puts
Feed î
** Fed Fed Feeding Feeds Rid **
0*
Zg Ö Rid Rid Ridding Rids
Lead **
™]Š ª Led Led Leading Leads Read −7, Read Read Reading Reads
Meet **
™]‡5 Met Met Meeting Meets Set **
ÎÔ**
ƒ[z¾ Set Set Setting Sets
Speed **
ƒ! Sped Sped Speeding Speeds Shut **
™È Shut Shut Shutting Shuts
Shoot g â àÍ
Ô** Shot Shot Shooting Shoots Shed **
· Shed Shed Shedding Sheds
**WÐ~! Spread **
; Spread Spread Spreading Spreads
h MÔ ]
** C!*
X CƒÜq
-Z^~ŠgzZ~uzŠ ÅT( Strong Verb) ~ ¸÷
Split Split Split Splitting Splits
Thrust C˜Ô de
— Thrust Thrust Thrusting Thrusts
Upset ÔbŠ™y.6, Upset Upset Upsetting Upsets
**~WZ
7,
Abide xgÈ0*
Ôxgì‡ Abode Abode Abiding Abides
Wed ** á
™~Š Wed Wed Wedding Weds
Bind −0
+!* Bound Bound Binding Binds
Cling ] Clung Clung Clinging Clings
Find **
0* Found Found Finding Finds
78 77
Beget **
™Za Begot Begotten Begetting Begets Fling ¦ Flung Flung Flyinging Fliegs
Bite R »Ð-
$ZŠ Bit Bitten Biting Bites Grind = Ground Ground Grinding Grinds
Break hÂ
** Broke Broken Breaking Breaks Sit Î Sat Sat Sitting Sits
Blow O~ë!*
** Ô„Y Blew Blown Blowing Blows Slide Ù Slid Slid Sliding Slides
Begin **
™qzÑ Began Begun Beginning Begins Sling ¦ Slung Slung Slinging Slings
Bid bŠ¬ Bade Bidden Biding Bids Slink **
Y¹ Slunk Slunk Slinking Slinks
Come **
W Came Come Coming Comes Spin Ú »]Î Spun Spun Spinning Spins
Choose Í Chose Chosen Choosing Chooses Get **
™Ýq Got Got Getting Gets
Chide ]
CZ e Chid Chidden Chiding Chides Hang **
d
\ Hung Hung Hanging Hangs
Cleave **
hM Clove Cloven Cleaving Cleaves Dig ŠÅ
** Dug Dug Digging Digs
Do **
™ Did Done Doing Does Swing ÜÑ Swung Swung Swinging Swings
Drink C
Á Drank Drunk Drinking Drinks Strike ** Ù
™w@*
C Stroke Stroke Striking Strikes
Drive **
` Drove Driven Driving Drives Stand **
ƒZ9 Stood Stood Standing Stands
Draw n Drew Drawn Drawing Draws Sting gâ8
** -e Stung Stung Stinging Stings
Eat **
3 Ate Eaten Eating Eats Shine . Shone Shone Shining Shines
Fall **
/
¤ Fell Fallen Falling Falls Win S
œ Won Won Winning Wins
Fly *
*™i Zz6,
Ô**
hZ Flew Flown Flying Flies Wring **
!*
ŠÔ**
hv Wrung Wrung Wringing Wrings
Forget ÜÈ Forgot Forgotten Forgetting Forgets Wind ÔbŠ ! eÃ~{ Wound Wound Winding Winds
Forsake bŠ hg Forsook Forsaken Forsaking Forsakes hñ
**
**
)
Freeze Froze Frozen Freezing Freezes
X CƒZ^~ŠgzZ~uzŠ ÅT( Strong Verb) ~ ¸÷
Forbid **
™I Forbade Forbidden Forbidding Forbids
Forbear **
™i Z +Z Forbore Forborne Forbearing Forbears
Go **
Y Went Gone Going Goes
Awake ›Ô k
** HY Awoke Awaken Awaking Awakes
Give bŠ Gave Given Giving Gives
Arise 3Z Arose Arisen Arising Arises
Get *
*™ÝqÔ**
0* Got Gotten Getting Gets
Bear **
™Za Bore Born Bearing Bears
Grow k
HQ Grew Grown Growing Grows
Beat Ó
Ë Beat Beaten Beating Beats
Hide H Hid Hidden Hiding Hides Become **
ƒ Became Become Becoming Becomes
80 79
Weave C
à Wove Woven Weaving Weaves Know 'Y Knew Known Knowing Knows
Interweave Ô−0
+Í™5 Interwove Interwoven Interweaving Interweaves Lie y
© Lay Lain Lying Lies
ƒhZzë!*
** Run **
hzŠ Ran Run Running Runs
Mistake ™t
** Mistook Mistaken Mistaking Mistakes Rise 3Z Rose Risen Rising Rises
Overcome * ,
*™kiÔ **
™ì Overcame Overcome Overcoming Overcomes Ring **
O Rang Rung Ringing Rings
Overgrow −(,
~¢¹ Overgrew Overgrown Overgrowing Overgrows Ride xg ZÎ Rode Ridden Riding Rides
Partake **Ñ
™• Partook Partaken Partaking Partakes See 9Š Saw Seen Seeing Sees
Undo ÜÅ Undid Undone Undoing Undoes Sing Ç
** Sang Sung Singing Sings
**
™O
Þ e ~ T„
szw ( Double) .  z{z Å ( Weak verb) ÷gz$ Slay Slew Slain Slaying Slays
¯z e
X DƒwEZ
Sink Sank Sunk Sinking Sinks
Speak Ü1 Spoke Spoken Speaking Speaks
Steal **
Zl Stole Stolen Stealing Steals
Swim **
¾ Swam Swum Swimming Swims
Admit **
™4ZŠ Admitted Admitted Admitting Admits
Swear ¢
8Õ Swore Sworn Swearing Swears
Clap Oà@*
** Clapped Clapped Clapping Claps
Spring **wÔæQ
™• Sprang Sprung Springing Springs
Dip bŠ©¨ Dipped Dipped Dipping Dips
Strive ** .
™4z] Strove Striven Striving Strives
Drop **/
Z¤ Dropped Dropped Dropping Drops
Shrink iÔ R
** Q Shrank Shrunk Shrinking Shrinks
Grip **
ñ Gripped Gripped Gripping Grips
Shake C»ÔbŠ•
— w Shook Shaken Shaking Shakes
Hug ÎŒ
** Hugged Hugged Hugging Hugs
Smite bŠ lÃ“ Smote Smitten Smitting Smites
Nod hyŠ¤
** / Nodded Nodded Nodding Nods
Stink ™ `g {1$
** + Stank Stunk Stinking Stinks
Pat bŠ z Patted Patted Patting Pats
Stride **
VZxŠEE Strode Stridden Striding Strides
Quarrel ×
** Quarrelled Quarelled Quarrelling Quarrels
Take ¢
8 Took Taken Taking Takes
Rob Rß Robbed Robbed Robbing Robs
Tear **
hM Tore Torn Tearing Tears
Rub **
/
¥g Rubbed Rubbed Rubbing Rubs
Throw ¦ Threw Thrown Throwing Throws
Slip Ù Slipped Slipped Slipping Slips
Tread + Trod Trodden Treading Treads
Stab g â Zq
** Stabbed Stabbed Stabbing Stabs
Wear < Wore Worn Wearing Wears
Stir h
** Stirred Stirred Stirring Stirs
Write r Wrote Written Writing Writes
Stop )zg Stopped Stopped Stopping Stops
82 81
Travel ™^
** Travelled Travelled Travelling Travels
Permit bŠ]i YZ Permitted Permitted Permitting Permits
(14) : Tenses
Plan ¯/µ
** Planned Planned Planning Plans
**
™ c™
Tense (:âi) Cancel Cancelled Cancelled Cancelling Cancels
~uzŠ Å÷™ J (,ied c*

id (Å y ~ T ( Weak verb) ÷gz$
Present Tense Past Tense Future tense X D ¯^~ŠgzZ
:9&ÅkZgzZë TenseÃ: â i~~ m, ôZ Present Meaning Past Tense Past Present Present
( èâ U â i ) Past Tense( 2) ( wqU â i ) Present Tense ( 1) Tense Participle Participle Singular

**
™Ü
( wUâ i ) Future Tense ( 3)
Copy Copied Copied Copying Copies
Cry ** 7
ÕäOF Cried Cried Crying Cries
:9g eg eÅq -ZCÙQ
Carry Yá
** Carried Carried Carrying Carries
(1) Present Tense ( wqUâ i ) Dry ´Î Dried Dried Drying Dries
1. Present Indefinite Tense ÇwqU â i Deny ™gïZ
** Denied Denied Denying Denies
2. Present Continuous Tense ~g ZòZwqU â i Lay ´g Laid Laid Laying Lays
3. Present Perfect Tense åwqU â i Marry ** á
™~Š Married Married Marrying Marries
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense å~g ZòZwqU â i Pay **

™ZŠ Z Paid Paid Paying Pays
(2) Past Tense ( èâ Uâ i ) Reply bŠ[Z Replied Replied Replying Replies

I
1. Past Indefinite Tense Çèâ U â i Say Said Said Saying Says
™·_
**
~g ZòZèâ U â i
Study Studied Studied Studying Studies
2. Past Continuous Tense
Try ™ÒÃ
** Tried Tried Trying Tries
3. Past Perfect Tense åèâ U â i
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense å~g ZòZèâ U â i
(3) Future Tense ( wUâ i )
1. Future Indefinite Tense ÇwU â i
2. Future Continuous Tense ~g ZòZwU â i
3. Future Perfect Tense åwU â i
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense å~g ZòZwU â i
84 83
X He tries:‰ÔÐ,™†ŸZ » es X B™e0f[p {sfzgqaÆIi§»ä™ÀF,
ðÃ~÷( Verb) ÝZpÔÐ,Š w$
+Ð does Ã Do b§ÏZ Case First Person Second Person Third Person
X Does he play?:‰ÔÏƒ7~p Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
When we use the present simple tense in speaking, we often Nominative I We Thou You He, She, They
contract with don't like this:
Y 4] Case ~ ë Â \WÔ ? It, }z
Ã Does not gzZ Don't Ã Do not ÒZ ë ~ ë5E½G ôZ
5FZ ~ m,
ZÃ
ªq  ? t Ô { zÔ { z ƒ
ƒ  {z
e™ÃÐDoesn't
X f Objective Me Us Thee You Him, Them
Do not Don't Case ÃíÔ= Ãë Ã. Ã\W Her, It ÃyZ
Does not Doesn't à B
ªq  \W ÔÃkZÔÐZ
Ãƒ
# ‚Å Present Simple
:| ÃkZ
The structure of the present simple tense is: Possessive My, Our Thy, Your His, Their,
Affirmative Sentences: ( ¿µ) Case Mine Ours Thine Yours Her, Its Theirs
Subject Main Verb °ŸZ
ªq Z÷ Zg ø Z¾ »\W kZÔ »kZ »yZ
I, We, You, They Write. »kZÔ»
He, She, It Writes. (15)Present Indefinite Tense (ÇwqU â i )
Negative Sentences: ( ¿t) â~L L ƒIt}Ôì @* Ct~$kZ
ƒx » ðÃ~: â i {Šñì **
Subject Auxiliary Verb Not Main Verb YHÌnÆäeÃ|x ¬wEZ »kZI write a letter.ó óVƒq
Ôì @*
I, We, You, They, do not like. Ë The sun rises in the east. ó ì
ó @* L ƒIt:}
ƒqƒÐtæ`gÎL
He, She, It does not like. ó óVƒ¥|ŠzŠ: Zizg~L L}ì @* ƒwEZ ÌnÆäeÃ]Š ¬
Interrogative Sentences: ( ¿DZÎ) I drink milk everyday.
Auxiliary Verb Subject Main Verb :‰Ôì @* ¯ Singular Æ™†ŸZ» s/es ~y
Yc* WÆ( ÷) verb : HçÞ
Do I, we, you, they, work? X {)z Goes ÐGo Ô Writes ÐWrite
Does he, she, it work? HwEZ „uZz ÌÃ÷( Verb)ÂÔƒuZz¤ /Z¶Ã( Subject) n kZ
+ÐI Ã Y Â Try ‰Ôƒó YL~y
™w$ WÆ ÷TgzZHe gose :‰Ôì @* Y
86 85
Don't I go? ?Vƒ@*Y7~H Interrogative- Negative Sentences: ( ¿tDZÎ)
Why do I go? ?Vƒ@*YVY~ Auxiliary Verb Subject Not Main Verb
Why don't I go? ?Vƒ@*Y7VY~ Do I, we, you, they not look?
EXERCISE : Does he, she, it not close?
I go to Mumbai. X Vƒ@*Y~~ Interrogative Sentences with 'W.H: ( ¿DZÎB‚ÆW.H.)
I don't tell a lie. X Vƒm17^Ñ~ Question Word Auxi. Verb Subject Main Verb
Do I obey my parents? ?Vƒ@*™~gZŠÎâ
Û Å+−ZzLZ~H Why, When, do I, we, you, play?
Don't I respect my brothers? ™7x Z+Z»VÇ¸LZ~H
?Vƒ@* Where, How, What they
Why do I waste my time? ?Vƒ@* ™VY ù Ÿ‰ Ü zCZ~ Why, When, does he, she, it play?
Why don't I play football? ?Vƒn7VYw!* Å~ Where, How, What
When do I write story? ?Vƒq“  ã¹~
Interrogative Negative Sentences with 'W.H'.
?VƒnV¹– ™~
( ¿tDZÎB‚Æ W.H.)
Where do I play cricket?
How do I speak English? ?Vƒm1ù ~ m, ôZ~
Question word Auxiliary Subject Not Main
What do I drink? ?Vƒ¥H~
verb verb
Translate into English:
Why, When, do I, we, you, not open.
X Vƒ¥7|ŠzŠ~ X Vƒ@*
Yg !*
gz#~
Where, How, What they
?Vƒ*@YVYg Zi !*
~ ?Vƒ¥7ã0* ~H
™]zˆÅ*™yWŒÛ ~H 7VYi ú~
Why, When, does he, she, it not run.
?Vƒ@* ?Vƒk7,
Where, How, What
New Words:
Milk |ŠzŠ To drink C
Á The Holy Quran *™yWŒ Û Conjugation /)
( yZŠ¤
ã0* Market g Zi !* To pray Namaz −,7i ú
X B™Š c*
ã!*
iÃVâ ZŠ¤
/Ósfzgq
Water
To recite *
*™]zˆ
I go. X Vƒ@*
Y~
/////
I don't go. X Vƒ@*Y7~
Do I go? ?Vƒ@*Y~H
88 87
Translate into English: We go. X D Yë
?D Y7VYKvßë ?DÎ“ {z ?ƒïŠVYà Ç ? We don't go. X D Y7ë
X s17~ m, ôZƒ
 {z X s1!²ë g¶Z?
Xƒ_7, Do we go? ?D YëH
?ƒD™ŠæÅVzuzŠ ?H ?D îgØë H ?ƒ7D¾?H Don't we go? ?D Y7ëH
?TgV¹ë Why do we go? ?D YVYë
New Words: Why don't we go? ?D Y7VYë
To abuse bŠ à Ç To sleep **
Î To speak Ü1 You go. XƒD Y?
To help *™Šæ To live
* xg To swime **
¾ You don't go. XƒD Y7?
To make a noise îgØ
** Do you go? ?ƒD Y?H
///// Don't you go? ?ƒD Y7?H
He goes. Xì @* Y{ z Why do you go? ?ƒD YVY ?
He doesn't go. Xì @* Y7{z Why don't you go? ?ƒD Y7VY ?
Does he go? ?ì @*Y{ z H They write. X ˜ { z
Doesn't he go? ?ì @*Y7{zH They don't write. X ˜7{z
Why does he go? ?ì @* YVY{z Do they write? X ˜ { z H
Why doesn't he go? ?ì @*Y7VY{z Don't they write? X ˜7{zH
EXERCISE: Why do they write? X ˜VY{z
He goes to Mumbai. Xì @*Y~{z Why don't they write? X ˜7VY{z
She doesn't drive a car. Xì C`7g»{z EXERCISE :
Does Khalid fly a kite? Xì @*Zh ZX−{H We eat mango. X D 3x Wë
Why does she laugh? ?ì ®VY{z Do they work hard? ?D™œ{zH
When does he go to school? ?ì @*Y“  wjZ{z You don't eat banana. XƒD 37ñ ?
The cat runs fast. Xì ChzŠ !© Why do we laugh? ?¨VYë
The cow gives milk. Xì îŠ|ŠzŠ ñÇ Don't you call your father? ?ƒD™7y¯Ã−ZzLZ?H
My sister makes tea. Xì C¯ñeÇ~÷ When do they take tea? ?Ã W“ ñe{ z
90 89
Ques : Does she speak Arabic? The labourer digs the land. Xì @* ×
ŠÅ}igzŠ'
Ans : Yes, she speaks Arabic. ™~g»ÅyJZð¸Zgv
Your brother prepares for examination. Xì @*
Ques : Does Khalida go to school? Translate into English:
Ans : Yes, Khalida goes to school. Xì km
6,# gŠ”Zg
| Xì @*
™ÀF,
~zŠgZ {z Xì Ch ÂwY{z
Ques : Do I not walk in the morning? Yy“
?ì @*  {z ?ì Lg~@*ÃÃ{zH ?ì CÇ **
Ç{zH
Ans : Yes, you don't walk in the morning. -8 IVY{z
?ì k
Ques : Do you not eat apple? Write down your daily routine in English.
Ans : Yes, I eat apple. New words:
Ans : No, I don't eat apple. To climb on −m
 To live xg To knit C
à
Ques : Do they not get up in the morning? To pick flower h ÂwY
** To sing a song Ç **
** Ç
Ans : Yes, they get up in the morning.
(W )
Ans : No, they don't get up in the morning.
CONVERSATION
Ques : Does he not drink milk?
Question and Answer
Ans : Yes, he doesn't drink milk.
PRESENT INDEFINITE
Ques : Where do you play cricket?
Ques : Do I read English?
Ans : I play cricket in the field.
Ans : Yes, you read English.
Ques : When do you get up?
Ques : Do you go to market?
Ans : I get up early in the morning.
Ans : Yes, I go to market.
Ques : What do you drink?
Ques : Do we recite the holy Quran?
Ans : I drink milk.
X g D™[ZzwZÎÐV¹‚LZ6,
Ans : Yes, we recite the holy Quran.
i§ÏZ VHçÞ
(16)Present Continuous Tense (~g ZòZw qU â i )
Ques : Do they respect the elders?
Ans : Yes, they respect the elders.
ƒIt:}Ôì Zƒ7åx »ªì ~g YÌZx »ì ** Ct~$kZ Ques : Does he write English?
kZ~¿ zŠg ZgzZI am reading the newspaper. ó óVƒ;g| 7,g ¶Z~L
L Ans : Yes, he writes English.
92 91
They are listening. WÆ VÓ,Zì t yT Å
W{)zó ìgÔ ì „gÔ ì ;g L~y
kZ Ôì @*
He is saying. X goingÐgo:‰D™wEZForm 'ing' Å Verb~Tense
She is writing. When We use the present continuous tense in speaking, we
often contract the subject and auxiliary verb like this:
It is running. Y 4]
Z‰ÒZ ÂD™wEZ » Present continuous ëZ
# ~ ë5E½G ôZ
5FZ ~ m,
Negative Sentences: ( ¿t)
e™ÃÃ ( Auxiliary verb)yzç÷gzZ( Subject)
:‰X f
Subject Auxiliary verb Not Main verb
:ƒ±5^g e
I am not playing.
Positive Negative
We are not eating.
I am I'm I am not I'm not
You are not watching.
We are We're We are not We're not or We aren't
They are not sleeping.
You are You're You are not You're not or You aren't
He is not coming.
They are They're They are not They're not or They aren't
She is not cooking.
He is He's He is not He's not or He isn't
It is not working.
She is She's She is not She's not or She isn't
Interrogative Sentence: ( ¿DZÎ)
It is It's It is not It's not or It isn't
Auxiliary Verb Subject Main Verb
Am I learning? Present Continuous Tense
Are we speaking? # ‚Å Present Continuous
:|
The chart of the Present Continuous Tense is:
( ¿µ)
Are you telling?
Affirmative Sentences:
Are they drinking?
Subject Auxiliary Verb Main Verb
Is he driving?
I am reading.
Is she teaching?
We are working.
Is it raining?
You are cleaning.
94 93
When are they not digging? Interrogative-Negative Sentence: ( ¿tDZÎ)
How is he not forgetting? Auxiliary verb Subject Not Main verb
Why is she not calling? Am I not swimming?
How is it not dancing? Are we not remembering?

Are you not knowing?
/)
( yZŠ¤
Conjugation
Are they not taking?
X B™Š c*
ã!*
iÃVâ ZŠ¤
/sfzgq Is he not beginning?
I am going. X Vƒ;gY~ Is she not singing?
I am not going. X Vƒ;g Y7~ Is it not raining?
Am I going? ?Vƒ;g Y~H Interrogative Sentences with "WH": ( ¿DZÎB‚Æ"WH")
Am I not going? ?Vƒ;g Y7~H Question word Auxiliary verb Subject Main verb
Why am I going? ?Vƒ;g YVY~ Why am I writing?
Why am I not going? ?Vƒ;g Y7VY~
What are you doing?
/////
Where are they going?
We are reading. X ìg| 7,
ë
ƒ
X ìg| 7,7ƒë
When are we going?
We are not reading.
Are we reading? ?ìg| 7, ëH
ƒ How is she cooking?
Are we not reading? ?ìg| 7,7ƒ  ëH Why is it shining?
Why are we reading? ?ìg| 7, VYƒë Interrogative-Negative Sentences with "WH" :

Why are we not reading? ?ìg| 7, 7VYƒ ë ( ¿tDZÎB‚Æ'WH')
///// Question word Auxiliary verb Subject Not Main verb
You are writing. XƒìgÉ? Why am I not cleaning?

You are not writing. XƒìgÉ7? Where are we not going?
Are you writing? ?ƒìgÉ?H What are you not thinking?
96 95
X s~8»KZyZŠ¤
/~g7ÐIt is running VHçÞ Are you not writing? ?ƒìgÉ7?H
EXERCISE: Why are you writing? ?ƒìgÉVY ?
I am going to London. X Vƒ;g Yyß~ Why are you not writing? ?ƒìgÉ7VY ?
You are writing a letter. XƒìgÉâ? /////
They are reciting the Holy Quran. X ìg™]zˆÅ*™yWŒ Û vß{z They are speaking. X ìgw1ƒ
 {z
We are travelling by bus. X ìg™^Ð'ë They are not speaking. X ìgw17ƒ  {z
He is calling me. Xì ;g™y¯={z Are they speaking? ?ìgw1ƒ {zH
She is coming today. Xì „g W` W{z Are they not speaking? ?ìgw17ƒ  {zH
Are they playing cricket? ?ìgö– ™ƒ  { zH Why are they speaking? ?ìgw1VYƒ  {z
Why are you sleeping now? ?ƒìgÎVYÌZ? Why are they not speaking? ?ìgw17VYƒ  {z
What are you reading nowadays? ?ƒìg| 7, HÀ` W? /////
Is Akbar not drinking milk? ?ì ;g8 7|ŠzŠº Z H He is eating. Xì ;g 3{z
Exercise : (a) Translate into English: He is not eating. Xì ;g 37{z
?ƒìg WÐV¹ ? ?ìgJ 7,yÃ{z ?ƒìg YV¹ ` W? Is he eating? ?ì ;g 3{zH
Xì ;g™<”Zg X ìghzŠvßë ?
?ƒìg Y“ Is he not eating? ?ì ;g37{zH
?ìg| 7, ëH
wz** ?ƒìgÎ?H Xì „g™çz{−{ Why is he eating? ?ì ;g 3VY{z
(b) Write fifty sentences in Present Continuous Tense. Why is he not eating? ?ì ;g 37VY{z
New Words: /////
To teach *
* J 7, To run (running) *
* hzŠ She is coming. Xì „g W{z
To take bath *™<
* To make ablution **
™çz She is not coming. Xì „gW7{z
Is she coming? ?ì „g W{zH
Is she not coming? ?ì „g W7{zH
///// Why is she coming? ?ì „g WVY{z
Why is she not coming? ?ì „g W7VY{z
98 97
gzZ have yzç÷Âƒ ¦¶Ã ¤/Z ªI ,We,You,They b§ÏZ CONVERSATION (W )
X ÇƒwEZ» hasyzç÷ÂƒuZz¶Ã¤ /ZªHe,She,It
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Example:
Ques : Are you reading novel?
I, we, you, they+have gone. Ans : Yes, I am reading novel.
He, she, it Khalid+has gone. Ans : No, I am not reading novel.
When we use the present perfect tense in spoken English we Ques : Are they making a noise?
Ans : Yes, they are making a noise.
often shorten the subject and auxiliary verb like this:
Ans : No, they are not making a noise.
÷gzZ ( Subject)¶Ã ÒZ Â D™wEZ » Present Perfect ëZ
# Ques : Are we writing a letter?
e™ÃÃ ( Auxiliary verb)yzç
:‰X f Ans : Yes, we are writing a letter.
Ans : No, we are not writing a letter.
Positive Negative
Ques : Am I playing football?
I have I've I have not I haven't Ans : Yes, you are playing football.
We have We've We have not We haven't Ans : No, you are not playing football.
Ques : Is he coming from Mumbai?
You have You've You have not You haven't Ans : Yes, he is coming from Mumbai.
They have They've They have not They haven't Ans : No, he is not coming from Mumbai.
Ques : Is she cooking food?
He has He' s He has not He hasn't
Ans : Yes, she is cooking food.
She has She's She has not She hasn't Ans : No, she is not cooking food.
It has It's It has not It hasn't (17) PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
# ‚Å Present perfect tense
:| (åwqUâ i )
The chart of the present perfect tense is:
ågzZì [ƒ åx » ªì Zƒ »Ug¯x » ðÃì ** Ct ~ $kZ
Subject + Auxiliary verb + verb (Past Participle)
ƒIt:}Ôì Zg*7Ì: â i{Š c* iñƒ
Affirmative sentences: ( ¿µ)
I have eaten apple. ó óVƒ[3Â
L ~L L
Subject Auxiliary verb Main verb `ì
L _ì ó [L~y WÆVÓ,ZìtyTÅkZ~¿zŠg ZgzZ
I have got. wEZ » Third Form ª ^~ŠÅ ÷gzZ ì @* Š Lì 1L ó
W{)zóì c*
We have asked. X Gone Ð Go‰Ô Çƒ
100 99
Interrogative-Negative Sentences: ( ¿tDZÎ) You have advised.
Auxiliary verb Subject Not Main verb They have thrown.
Have I not praised? He has arrested.
Have we not obeyed? She has cleaned.
Have they not resigned? It has hung.
Have you not paid? Negative sentences: ( ¿t)
Has he not tried? Subject Auxiliary verb Not Main verb
Has she not made? I have not defeated.
Has it not gone? We have not prayed.
Interrogative Sentences with"WH":( ¿DZÎB‚Æ"WH") You have not returned.
Question word Auxiliary verb Subject Main verb They have not studied.
When have I begged? He has not spent.
How have we denied? She has not cut.
Why have you washed? It has not searched.
What have they read? Interrogative sentences: ( ¿DZÎ)
Where has he travelled? Auxiliary verb Subject Main verb
Why has she failed? Have I Planted?
How has it rung? Have we Spoken?
Interrogative - Negative Sentences with "WH": Have they borrowed?
( ¿tDZÎB‚Æ'WH') Have you Changed?
Question word Auxiliary verb Subject Not Main verb
Has he Pulled?
Why have I not chosen?
Has She Pushed?
What have we not seen?
Has it Opened?
102 101
Haven't you met? ?ƒ`™7]‡5?H Where have you not told?
Why have you met? ?ƒ`™]‡5VY ? How have they not come?
Why haven't you met? ?ƒ`™7]‡5VY ? When has he not swum?
///// Why has she not stayed?
They have awaken. X ‰ v Yvß{z&X ` v Yvß{z
How has it not run?
They haven't awaken. X `v Y7vß{z
Have they awaken? ?`v Yvß{zH Conjugation /)
( yZŠ¤
Haven't they awaken? ?`v Y7vß{zH I have seen. X Vƒ[NŠ~
Why have they awaken? ?` v YVYvß{z I haven't seen. X Vƒ[NŠ7~
Why haven't they awaken? ?`v Y7VYvß{z Have I seen? ?Vƒ[NŠ~H
///// Haven't I seen? ?Vƒ[NŠ7~H
He has calculated. Xì 1™gÑäkZ&Xì [™g Ñ{z Why have I seen? ?Vƒ[NŠVY~
He hasn't calculated. Xì [™7g Ñ{z Why haven't I seen? ?Vƒ[NŠ7VY~
Has he calculated? ?ì [™g Ñ{zH /////
Hasn't he calculated? ?ì [™7g Ñ{zH We have heard. Xì ‹äë&X `Ívßë
Why has he calculated? ?ì [™g ÑVY{z We haven't heard. X `Í7vßë
Why hasn't he calculated? ?ì [™7g ÑVY{z Have we heard? ?`Ívßë H
///// Haven't we heard? ?` Í7vßë H
She has cleaned. Xì Hs ™äkZ&Xì _™s ™{z Why have we heard? ?`ÍVYvßë
She hasn't cleaned. Xì _™s ™7{z Why haven't we heard? ?`Í7VYvßë
Has she cleaned? ?ì _™s ™{zH /////
Hasn't she cleaned? ?ì _™7s ™{zH You have met. Xì Å]‡5ä?&Xƒ`™]‡5?
Why has she cleaned? ?ì _™s ™VY{z You haven't met. Xƒ`™7]‡5?
Why hasn't she cleaned? ?ì _™s ™7VY{z Have you met? ?ƒ`™]‡5?H
/////
1 04 103
CONVERSATION (W ) EXERCISE: Translate into Urdu:
Ques : Have you decorated your room? I have practised in English language.
Ans : Yes, I have decorated my room. You have not seen the zoo.
Ans : No, I have not decorated my room. They have finished education.
Ques : Has he departed from the world? He has published the book.
Ans : Yes, he has departed from the world. She has not celebrated her birthday.
Ans : No, he has not departed from the world. Have you abused him?
Ques : Have they learnt English? Has she begun her work?
Ans : Yes, they have learnt English. Why have you behaved so bad with me?
Ans : No, they have not learnt English. Translate into English:
Ques : Have we locked our room? Xì 13** 3äVÍßë X `NŠ°wÑ\W

Ans : Yes, we have locked our room. ?ƒ`™k0* yJZ?H Xì 1™g ë¤
/ÃgaäÖ7
Ans : No, we have not locked our room. Xì à™å½ä−{ ?`™<vß{zH
Xì Zg å7Ã?ä~ Xì _ánŒ Û {”Zg
X `™e $Dvß{z
(18) Present Perfect Continuous Tense
New Words:
(å~g ZòZw qU â i ) Red fort °wÑ Thief ga Examination yJZ
ƒÐ¬¹x »ì **
x »ÌWÈZgzŠgzZì ;g W`@* Ct~$kZ See, Saw, Seen 9 Š Arrest, Arrested, Arrested * /
*™g ë¤
Ô~g†ÔáÔlÔ- :}Ôƒx¥Z’Z ÅTª‰ Ü z§~ VÓyZì ~g Y Eat, ate, eaten **
3 Pass, Passed, Passed *
*™k0*
nÆ p ÖZ‰ {)z W kŠ ÔÐ W q á Ôð1982,2005, ag â Ô~gz
-Z Ôx Û Call, Called, Called **
g å Bathe, Bathed, Bathed *™<
*
Xì @*
ƒwEZ » since Borrow, Borrowed, Borrowed ¢
8nŒ Û
ÔÐ w‚ õ0*
ÔÐ w‚q -Z :}ƒ: x¥Z’Z ÅTª¥)‰ Ü zgzZ Complete, Completed, Completed *™å
*
:}Ôì @*
ƒwEZ FornÆp ÖZ {)zÔÐ V âŠ kŠÔÐ‚q -ZÔÐßq -Z Complain, Complained, Complained *
*™e$D
ó óVƒ;g™g OZ »\WÐð~L L ƒIt
I have been waiting for you since morning.
106 105
Interrogative Sentences: ( ¿DZÎ) :Ð}Â ó óVƒ;g™gOZ »\WÐ]q
-Z~L /ZgzZ
L ƒIt¤
Auxil.verb Subject Auxil.verb Main verb I have been waiting for you for an hour.
Have I been facing? „g CÔì ;g @* WÆVÓ,Zìt yTÅkZ~¿zŠg ZgzZ
L L~y
Have we been hearing? wEZ » from 'ing' ~yWÆ ( Verb) ÷~ kZgzZ D Wp ÖZ {)z ó ì
ó
Have you been jumping?
X goingÐgo‰ÔD™
|‚Å Present Perfect Continuous
:#
Affirmative Sentences: ( ¿µ)
Have they been inviting?
Has he been earning?
Subject Auxi.verb Auxi.verb Main verb
Has she been praying?
I have been buying.
Has it been crossing?
We have been teaching.
Interrogative - Negative Sentences: ( ¿tDZÎ)
You have been sewing.
Auxi.verb Subject Not Auxi.verb Main verb
They have been spending.
Have I not been living?
He has been thinking.
Have we not been sitting?
She has been weeping.
Have you not been singing?
It has been cutting.
Negative Sentences:( ¿t)
Have they not been talking?
Has he not been winning? Subject Auxi.verb Not Auxi.verb Main verb
Has she not been caring? I have not been talking.
Has it not been hanging? We have not been deceiving.
Interrogative Sentences with"WH"¿DZÎB‚Æ"WH":) You have not been trying.
Question word Auxiliary verb Subject Auxiliary verb Main verb
They have not been travelling.
How have I been coming?
He has not been saying.
What have we been doing?
She has not been crying.
Why have you been sleeping?
It has not been raining.
108 107
You have been advising. Xƒìg™Ã?&Xƒìg D™Ã? Where have they been going?
You haven't been advising. Xƒìg D™7Ã? When has he been swimming?
Have you been advising? ?ƒìg D™Ã?H How has she been grinding?
Haven't you been advising? ?ƒìg D™7Ã?H Why has it been running?
Why have you been advising? ?ƒìg D™VYÃ?
Interrogative - Negative Sentences with "WH":
?ƒìg D™7VYÃ?
( ¿tDZÎB‚Æ"WH")
Why haven't you been advising?
///// Ques.word Auxi.verb Subject Not Auxi.verb Main verb
We have been reading. X ìg| 7, ë&X ìg _7, ë Why have I not been playing?
We haven't been reading. X ìg _7, 7ë How have we not been replying?
Have we been reading? ?ìg _7, ëH
What have you not been feeling?
Haven't we been reading? ?ìg _7, 7ë H
Where have they not been meeting?
Why have we been reading? ?ìg _7, VYë
7VYë
When has he not been building?
Why haven't we been reading? ?ìg_7,
They have been driving. X ìg `vß{z&X ìg D `vß{z Why has she not been making?
They haven't been driving. X ìg D `7vß{z How has it not been carrying?
Have they been driving? ?ìgD `vß{zH /)

Conjugation (yZŠ¤
?ìg D `7vß{zH
X Vƒ;g™gOZ~&X Vƒ;g @* ™g OZ~
Haven't they been driving?
I have been waiting.
?ìgD `VYvß{z
™7g OZ~
Why have they been driving?
I haven't been waiting. X Vƒ;g @*
?ìg D `7VYvß{z
™gOZ~H
Why haven't they been driving?
Have I been waiting? ?Vƒ;g @*
/////
Haven't I been waiting? ?Vƒ;g@*™7gOZ~H
Xì ;g™·_{z&Xì ;g @* ™·_{z
™g OZVY~
He has been studying.
Why have I been waiting? ?Vƒ;g @*
Xì ;g @*™7·_{z
™g OZ7VY~
He hasn't been studying.
Why haven't I been waiting? ?Vƒ;g @*
Has he been studying? ™·_{zH
?ì ;g @*
/////
Hasn't he been studying? ™7·_{zH
?ì ;g @*
110 109
Translate into English: Why has he been studying? ™·_VY{z
?ì ;g @*
X ìg È– ™Ððvßë X Vƒ;g @*
™g OZ »\WÐá~ Why hasn't he been studying? ™·_7VY{z
?ì ;g @*
Xì „g Cå**
3ÐWõ0*{−{ ?ìg ˜ÐV[ RF¥H /////
?„g C¦6,
V½gŠÐx á Vc*
H
m She has been telling. Xì „gÈ{z&Xì „g9{z
?ƒìg D™]zˆÅ*™yWŒ Û Ðð?H She hasn't been telling. Xì „g97{z
New Words: Has she been telling? ?ì „g9{zH
To play o To recite *
*™]zˆ To chirp ¦
** Hasn't she been telling? ?ì „g97{zH
CONVERSATION Why has she been telling? ?ì „g9VY{z
Ques: How long have you been learning English? Why hasn't she been telling? ?ì „g97VY{z
Ans: I have been learning English for three years. /////
Ques: Have dogs been barking in the street at night? It has been raining. &Xì „gCƒlg !*
Xì „gƒlg !*
Ans: Yes, dogs have been barking in the street at night. It hasn't been raining. Xì „g Cƒ7lg !*
Ques: How long have you been sleeping? Has it been raining? ?ì „g Cƒlg !*
H
Ans: I have been sleeping since 5 o'clock. Hasn't it been raining? ?ì „g Cƒ7lg !* H
Ques: Has she been waiting for me? Why has it been raining? ?ì „g CƒVYlg !*
Ans: Yes, she has been waiting for you. Why hasn't it been raining. ?ì „g Cƒ7VYlg !*
Ans: No, she has not been waiting for you. EXERCISE: Translate into Urdu:
I have been learning English for two years.
(19)Past Indefinite Tense(ÇèâUâi ) He has been working since morning.
À~LL ƒ It :}X åŠ Hƒ »~ èâ x » ðÃì ** Ct ~ $kZ They have been living in Kolkata since 1982.
I went to market yesterday.Ð}b§kZ Âó óåŠ HgZi !* We have been walking on the road since 10 o'clock.
¸ D Ô å@*
L L~y WÆVÓ,Zìt yTÅkZ~3 F, zŠg ZgzZ It has been raining for many hours.
W{)zó ó~ ZÔbÔ c*
Xì @* Ô ¶CÔ Students have been playing football since Friday.
Ð ,™wEZ » Second FormÅ Verb~ VÓ µsÜ
¹!*
XÐ,™wEZ„First FromÅ Verb~VÓ
112 111
Interrogative Sentences: ( ¿DZÎ) e™ÃÐdidn'tÃ did notÌ~9kZ
X f
Auxiliary verb Subject Main verb Did not didn't
Did I sit? # ‚Å Past indefinite tense
:|
Did we steal? Chart: Affirmative Sentences:( ¿µ)
Did you swear? Subject Main verb
Did they take? I went.
Did he speak? We called.
Did she win? You closed.
Did it rain? They stood.
Interrogative - Negative Sentences: ( ¿tDZÎ) He threw.
Auxiliary verb Subject Not Main verb She ran.
Did I not bathe? It rang.
Did we not answer? Negative Sentences: ( ¿t)

Did you not see? Subject Auxiliary verb Not Main verb
Did they not allow? I did not say.
Did he not advise? We did not know.
Did she not dye? You did not abuse.
Did it not run? They did not ask.
Interrogative Sentences with "WH": ( ¿DZÎB‚Æ"WH") He did not borrow.
Ques. word Auxi. verb Subject Main verb She did not care.
What did I say? It did not come.
How did we count?

Where did you sleep?
114 113
We didn't see. X ¬Š7äë When did they join?
Did we see? ? ¬Š äë H Why did he come?
Didn't we see? ?¬Š7äë H Where did she go?
Why did we see? ?¬ŠVYäë When did it ring?
Why didn't we see? ?¬Š7VYäë
/////
( ¿tDZÎB‚Æ'WH')
You helped. X¸D™Šæ\W
Ques. word Auxi. verb Subject Not Main verb
You didn't help. X¸D™7Šæ\W
?¸D™Šæ\WH
Why did I not read?
Did you help?
?¸D™7Šæ\WH
What did we not listen?
Didn't you help?
Why did you help? ?¸D™ŠæVY\W Where did you not go?
Why didn't you help? ?¸D™7ŠæVY\W How did they not write?
///// When did he not play?

They bought. X ¸D h
+yvß{z&X Zh+yäVrZ Why did she not cook?
They didn't buy. +y
X Zh 7äVrZ Where did it not ring?
Did they buy? +y
?Zh  äVrZ H Conjugation /)
( yZŠ¤
Didn't they buy? +y
?Zh  7äVrZ H I played. X |ä~&ån~
Why did they buy? +y
?Zh VYäVrZ I didn't play. X ån7~
Why didn't they buy? +y
?Zh 7VYäVrZ Did I play? ?ån~H
///// Didn't I play? ?ån7~H
He started. X H qzÑäkZ Why did I play? ?ånVY~
He didn't start. X H qzÑ7äkZ Why didn't I play? ?ån7VY~
Did he start? ?H qzÑäkZ H /////
Didn't he start? ?H qzÑ7äkZ H We saw. X ¬Š äë&X¸Ù Šë
116 11 5
EXERCISE: Translate into English: Why did he start? ?H qzÑVYäkZ
?¶—ã¹{zH X G7Š c*$ä¥ ?åc* šÃ\Wä~H Why didn't he start? ?H qzÑ7VYäkZ
( 7®−{
X ™ ðAXF +y
X ~h 78 IäkZ ?1™g ë¤
 /ùÃgaäÖ7 /////
?‰Cl
~yZyN Ç H X à17^Ñ{z She respected. X ¶C™]³{z
X¸D™7ŠæÅV'¾vß{z She didn't respect. X ¶C™7]³{z
New Words: Did she respect? ?¶C™]³{zH
To call. *
* š To arrest * / Story
*™g ë¤ ã¹ Didn't she respect? ?¶C™7]³{zH
Poor $¾ To tell lies
d Ü1^Ñ To reach. " ðAXF
( Why did she respect? ?¶C™]³VY{z
To graze. ** To learn lesson **
l c$
™Š * Why didn't she respect? ?¶C™]³7VY{z
CONVERSATION (W ) /////
Ques: Did you go to Mumbai yesterday?
It ran. X å@*hzŠt&X ZhzŠt
Ans: Yes, I went to Mumbai yesterday.
It didn't run. X ZhzŠ7t
Ans: No, I didn't go to Mumbai yesterday.
Did it run? ?ZhzŠtH
Ques: Did he write a letter?
Didn't it run? ?ZhzŠ7tH
Ans:Yes, he wrote a letter.
Why did it run? ?ZhzŠVYt
Ans: No, he didn't write a letter.
Why didn't it run? ?ZhzŠt7VYt
Ques: Did we obey our parents?
/////
EXERCISE: Translate into Urdu:
Ans: Yes, we obeyed our parents.
I didn't watch television yesterday.
Ans: No, we did not obey our parents. Did you call me last month?
Ques: Did they help the poors? Where did she go last week?
Ans:Yes, they helped the poors. How did the accident happen?
Ans: No, they didn't help the poors. Where did you go for your holiday?
We played tennis yesterday.
She loved the children.
Rashid didn't go to school yesterday.
118 117
Negative Sentences: ( ¿t) (20)Past Continuous Tense(~g ZòZèâ U â i )
Subject Auxiliary verb Not Main verb ;gÉâ~L L ƒIt†Ôå;gƒ~èâ x » ðÃì ** Ct~$kZ
I was not speaking. X I was writing a letter.Ð}b§kZ~~ m,ôZÃkZÂó óå
We were not beginning. Ô¸ìgÔ å;g~y WÆVÓ,Zìt yTÅkZ~3 F, zŠg ZgzZ
You were not eating. Xì @* W{)z¶„g
They were not driving. We, You, TheyZ # Was aÆuZz ªI, He, She, It gzZ
He was not beating. wEZ » Form 'ing' Å verb ~ kZX Ð ,™wEZ were aÆ ¦ª
She was not taking.
XÐ,™
We contract in past continuous tense like this:
It was not raining.
e™ÃÃyzç÷Ì~9kZ
:‰X f
Interrogative Sentences: ( ¿DZÎ)
Was not Wasn't
Auxiliary verb Subject Main verb
Were not Weren't
Chart: Affirmative Sentences: ( ¿µ)
Was I learning?
Were we thanking?
Subject Auxiliary verb Main verb
Were you slipping?
I was dreaming.
Were they sewing?
We were entering.
Was he resting?
You were hunting.
Was she smiling?
They were helping.
Was it spinning?
He was crossing.
She was cooking.
Auxiliary verb Subject Not Main verb
It was raining.
Were you not bathing?
Were they not asking?
Were we not answering?
120 119
Conjugation /)
( yZŠ¤ Was I not riding?
I was teaching. X å;g J 7,
~ Was he not holding?
I wasn't teaching. X å;g J 7,7~ Was she not wearing?
Was I teaching? ?å;g J 7, ~H Was it not hanging?
7~H
?å;g J 7,
Interrogative Sentences with "WH":( ¿DZÎB‚Æ"WH")
Wasn't I teaching?
Why was I teaching? ?å;g J 7, VY~ Question word Auxiliary verb Subject Main verb
Why wasn't I teaching? ?å;gJ 7, 7VY~
Why were you calling?
/////
He was working. X å;g™x »{z What were they saying?
He wans't working. X å;g™7x »{z How were we sleeping?
Was he working? ?å;g™x »{zH Where was I playing?

Wasn't he working? ?å;g™7x »{zH When was he reading?
Why was he working? ?å;g™VYx »{z Why was she kitting?
Why wasn't he working? ?å;g™7VYx »{z How was it coming?
She was running. X ¶„ghzŠ {z Interrogative - Negative Sentences with "WH":
She wasn't running. X ¶„ghzŠ7{z ( ¿tDZÎB‚Æ"WH")
Was she running? ?¶„ghzŠ {zH Question word Auxiliary verb Subject Not Main verb
Wasn't she running? ?¶„ghzŠ7{zH Why were you not going?
Why was she running. ?¶„ghzŠVY{z What were they not doing?
Why wasn't she running. ?¶„ghzŠ7VY{z
How were we not reading?
/////
Where was I not writing?
It was raining. X ¶„gƒlg !*
X ¶„gƒ7lg !*
When was he not robbing?
It wasn't raining.
Was it raining? ?¶„gƒlg!*H Why was she not copying?
Wasn't it raining? ?¶„gƒ7lg!* H How was it not walking?

122 121
EXERCISE : Translate into Urdu: Why was it raining? ?¶„gƒVYlg !*
What were you doing at five o'clock? Why wasn't it raining? ?¶„gƒ7VYlg !*
The sun was shining and the birds were singing. /////
She was wearing Burqa. We were swimming. X¸ìg¾vßë
In 2009 we were living in Delhi. We weren't swimming. X¸ìg¾7vßë
Rashid was writing a letter. Were we swimming? ?¸ìg¾vßë H
I was working at 12 P.M. last night. Weren't we swimming? ?¸ìg¾7vßë H
They were not playing football at 10 A.M. this morning. Why were we swimming? ?¸ìg¾VYvßë
Khalida was cooking when I telephoned her. Why weren't we swimming? ?¸ìg¾7VYvßë
We were having dinner. /////
Akbar went home early because it was snowing. They were listening. X¸ìgÍvß{z
Was he driving a car? They weren't listening. X¸ìgÍ7vß{z
Translate into English: Were they listening? ?¸ìgÍvß{zH
X å;g™gOZ »\W~ ?¸ìg YV¹ ?À¸¦/ Weren't they listening? ?¸ìgÍ7vß{zH
X å;g}ŠyJZ {z X¸ìgNŠ7yn, z8vßë Why were they listening? ?¸ìgÍVYvß{z
X å;gÎ~} # LZ”Zg X¸ìgÍ7]!* ~÷? Why weren't they listening? ?¸ìgÍ7VYvß{z
X å;g 3**3»]Zg~Ô]Zg¸¦ / ?¸ìg™ H ? /////
X¸ìg™]zˆÅ*™yWŒÛ vß{z You were talking. X¸ìg™]!*\W
New words: You weren't talking. X¸ìg™7]!* \W
To shine . To do ™ To have ´g
** Were you talking? ?¸ìg™]!*
\ WH
Yesterday À¸¦ / To take exam bŠyJZ To recite **
™]zˆ Weren't you talking? ?¸ìg™7]!* \ WH
To snow **
ƒ~g !*
s', Ô**
/s'
¤ , Dinner 3»]Zg
** Why were you talking? ?¸ìg™]!*VY\W
To pray Namaz −7,iú Why weren't you talking? ?¸ìg™7]!* VY\W
124 123
Chart: Affirmative sentences:( ¿µ) CONVERSATION (W )
Subject Auxiliary verb Main verb Ques: What were you doing at 5 o'clock yesterday?
I had forgotten. Ans: I was reciting the Holy Quran.
We had sat. Ques: was he listening to me?

Ans: Yes, he was listening to you.
You had stood.
Ans: No, he was not listening to you.
They had taken.
Ques: Was she eating food?
He had stolen.
Ans: Yes, she was eating food.
She had won.
Ans: No, she was not eating food.
It had hidden. Ques: Were they calling me?
Negative Sentences: ( ¿t) Ans: Yes, they were calling you.
Subject Auxiliary verb Not Main verb Ans: No, they were not calling you.
I had not brought. Ques: was she waiting for me?
We had not smelt. Ans:Yes, she was waiting for you.
You had not kept. Ans: No, she was not waiting for you.
They had not got. (21) Past Perfect Tense(åèâ U â i )

He had not driven. It: }Ô å [ƒ å¬ ¹ x » ðÃ~ èâì ** Ct ~ $kZ
She had not forbidden. He had written. }b§kZ Âó óå[É{ zL Lƒ
It had not sought. WÆ VÓ,Zìt yT ÅkZ ~3 F,
Ô ¶_ Ô å[L~y zŠg ZgzZ
Interrogative Sentences: ( ¿DZÎ) Xì @*ƒwEZ» Third Form Å ( Verb) ÷~kZgzZì @* W{)z¸ ó `
Auxiliary verb Subject Main verb X ÇñW„hadyzç÷B‚ÆSubjectx Ó
‰X f e™ÃÃyzç÷Ì~9kZ
Had I beaten?
Had not Hadn't
Had we lost?
Had you got?
1 26 125
Interrogative - Negative Sentences with "WH": Had they understood?
( ¿tDZÎB‚Æ"WH") Had he taught?
Question word Auxiliary verb Subject Not Main verb
Had she swung?
Why had I not waited?
Had it run?
When had we not studied?
How had you not tried?
Auxiliary verb Subject Not Main verb
Where had they not gone? Had I not told?
What had he not said?
Had we not looked?
Why had she not stopped?
Had you not lived?
When had it not rained?
Had they not earned?
Conjugation /)
( yZŠ¤ Had he not faced?
I had written. X å–ä~&X å[É~ Had she not hated?
I hadn't written. X å[É7~ Had it not heard?
Had I written? ?å[É~H Interrogative Sentences with "WH" ( ¿DZÎB‚Æ"WH") :
Hadn't I written? ?å[É7~H Question word Auxiliary verb Subject Main verb
Why had I written? ?å[ÉVY~ Why had I failed?
Why hadn't I written? ?å[É7VY~
When had we invited?
/////
How had you published?
We had translated. X åHÀF,äë&X¸`™ÀF, ë
X¸`™7ÀF,
Where had they ordered?
We hadn't translated. ë
Had we translated? ?¸`™ÀF,ëH What had he missed?
Hadn't we translated? ?¸`™7ÀF, ëH Why had she plucked?
Why had we translated? ?¸`™ÀF, VYë When had it joined?

Why hadn't we translated? ?¸`™7ÀF, VYë
128 127
Why had she cooked? ?¶_ åVY { z They had reached. X¸` Vvß{ z
Why hadn't she cooked? ?¶_ å7VY { z They hadn't reached. X¸` V7vß{ z
EXERCISE : Translate into Urud : Had they reached? ?¸` Vvß{zH
You had studied English. I had seen him. She had not Hadn't they reached? ?¸` V7vß{zH
read Arabic. He had booked a hotel. They had resigned. We Why had they reached? ?¸` VVYvß{ z
had repaired our cars. He had not slept. We had visited so Why hadn't they reached? ?¸` V7VYvß{ z
many different places. Rashid had slept all night. The doctor /////
had not come. We had already left for school. I had worked You had bought. X¸`h +?
y
all the day. The police had not come. Had he written a story? You hadn't bought. X¸`h +y
7?
Why had she called you? Had you bought? ?¸`h +?H
y
EXERCISE : Translate inot English: Hadn't you bought? ?¸`h +y
7?H
X ¶_™¸** {−{ 37**
X åc* 3ä~ X¸`Vyvß{z Why had you bought? ?¸`h +y
VY ?
?åc*W:ZzÐ‹Š {zH X¸`™k0* yJZvßë X å[%!% Why hadn't you bought? ?¸`h +y
7VY ?
©
?¶ðW“ ?å[™~Š á {zH ?¸` 3** 3?H He had visited. X å[™] ‡5{ z
New words: ?¸‰ V¹Æ± He hadn't visited. X å[™7] ‡5{ z
To pass **™k0*To repair **™ïG!O% To get marriage ** á
™~Š Had he visited? ?å[™] ‡5{zH
To die % To resign bŠ ±Z To take break fast **
** ™¸** Hadn't he visited? ?å[™7] ‡5{zH
Why had he visited? ?å[™VY] ‡5{ z
CONVERSATION ™W )
( ** Why hadn't he visited? ?å[™7VY] ‡5{ z
Ques: Had you gone to Delhi? /////
Ans: Yes, I had gone to Delhi. She had cooked. X ¶_ å{ z
Ans: No, I had not gone to Delhi. She hadn't cooked. X ¶_ å7{ z
Ques. Had she drunk water before. Had she cooked? ?¶_ å{zH
Ans: Yes, she had drunk water before. Hadn't she cooked? ?¶_ å7 {zH
Ans: No, she had not drunk water before.
130 129
She had been sleeping. Ques: Had he spoken to the class?
It had been raining. Ans: Yes, he had spoken to the class.
Negative Sentences: ( ¿t) Ans: No, he had not spoken to the class.
Subject Auxiliary Not Auxiliary Main verb Ques: Had they chosen the apple?
verb verb Verb + ing Ans: Yes, they had chosen the apple.
Ans: No, they had not chosen the apple.
I had not been hearing.
Ques: Had we thrown stone?
We had not been obeying.
Ans: Yes, we had thrown stone.
You had not been praising.
Ans: No, we had not thrown stone.
They had not been fearing.
(22)Past Perfect Continuous Tense
He had not been hunting.
She had not been counting. (å~g ZòZèâ U â i )
It had not been searching.
}Ôå~g YJ -k ,ŠgzZ å Zƒ qzÑ~èâ x » ðÃì ** et ~ $kZ
,Zìt yT ÅkZ ~ÀF, zŠg ZgzZ ó óå ;g k7,yWŒ
Û Ð- −{ L L ƒ It
~ VÓ,ZXì @* W ó ó¶„g CL L ó ¸
ó ìg D L L ó óå ;g @* WÆ VÓ
L L~ y
Auxiliary Subject Auxiliary Main verb
XìŠñ,6, B 18$Xì @* ƒwEZ» ForgzZ Since
Chart: Affirmative Sentences:( ¿µ)
verb verb Verb + ing
Had you been counting?
Subject Auxiliary Auxiliary Main verb
Had I been shoting?
verb verb Verb + ing
Had we been thanking?
I had been waiting.
Had they been receiving?
We had been teaching.
Had he been solving?
You had been reading.
Had she been staying?
They had been playing.
Had it been raining?
He had been studying.
132 131
Interrogative - Negative Sentences with "WH": Interrogative - Negative Sentences: ( ¿tDZÎ)
( ¿tDZÎB‚Æ"WH") Auxiliary Subject Not Auxiliary Main verb
Question Auxiliary Subject Not Auxiliary Main verb verb verb Verb + ing
word verb verb Verb + ing
Had I not been tying?
Why had I not been helping?
Where had we not been going? Had we not been trying?
When had you not been reading? Had you not been wishing?
What had they not been doing? Had they not been walking?
How had he not been writing? Had he not been paying?
Why had she not been making? Had she not been resting?
What had it not been jumping? Had it not been drying?
Congugation /)
( yZŠ¤ Interrogative Sentences with "WH":(¿DZÎB‚Æ"WH")
I had been waiting. X å;g™gOZ~&X å;g @* ™g OZ~ Question Auxiliary Subject Auxiliary Main verb
™7g OZ~
word verb verb Verb + ing
I hadn't been waiting. X å;g @*
™g OZ~H
Why had I been working?
Had I been waiting? ?å;g @*
Hadn't I been waiting? ™7g OZ~H
?å;g @* Where had we been playing?
Why had I been waiting? ?å;g @*™g OZVY~ What had you been thinking?
Why hadn't I been waiting? ?å;g @*™gOZ7VY~ How had they been betting?
///// When had he been sleeping?
We had been talking. X¸ìg™]!* ë&X¸ìg D™]!* ë Where had she been learning?
We hadn't been talking. X¸ìg D™7]!* ë When had it been raining?
Had we been talking? ?¸ìg D™]!* ëH
Hadn't we been talking? ?¸ìg D™7]!* ëH
Why had we been talking? ?¸ìg D™]!* VYë
Why hadn't we been talking? ?¸ìg D™]!* 7VYë
134 133
Why hadn't she been reading? ?¶„gf7, 7VY{z You had been studying. X¸ìg| 7, ?&X¸ìg _7, ?
It had been ringing. X å;g #t&X å;g ¬t You hadn't been studying. X¸ìg _7, 7?
It hadn't been ringing. X å;g ¬7t Had you been studying? ?¸ìg _7, ?H
Had it been ringing? ?å;g¬tH Hadn't you been studying? ?¸ìg _7, 7?H
Hadn't it been ringing? ?å;g ¬7tH Why had you been studying? ?¸ìg _7, VY ?
Why had it been ringing? ?å;g ¬VYt Why hadn't you been studying? ?¸ìg _7, 7VY ?
Why hadn't it been ringing? ?å;g ¬7VYt /////
EXERCISE : Translate into Urud: They had been exercising. X¸ìg™ligz‰‰‰&X¸ìgD™ligzvß{z
I had been waiting there for more then two hours. They hadn't been exercising. X¸ìgD™7ligzvß{z
You had been standing all day at work. Had they been exercising? ?¸ìg D™ligzvß{zH
She had not been attending class. Hadn't they been exercising? ?¸ìg D™7ligzvß{zH
They had been studying English for five years. Why had they been exercising? ?¸ìg D™ligzVYvß{z
He had been taking bath since morning. Why hadn't they been exercising? ?¸ìg D™7ligzVYvß{ z
Had we been doing our work since 2009? He had been laughing. X å;g|{z&X å;g ª{z
We had not been teaching English since Friday. He hadn't been laughing. X å;g ª7{z
They had been living in Kolkata for many years. Had he been laughing? ?å;g ª{zH
Translate inot English: Hadn't he been laughing? ?å;g ª7{zH
X ¶„g Cå** 3Ð]g e{z X å;g k7, Ð]ZÔ~
wz** Why had he been laughing? ?å;gªVY{z
?¸ìg ïŠðŠVY ? ?¸ìg _7, 7i úÐ¹q - Zvß{zH Why hadn't he been laughing? ?å;g ª7VY{z
X å;g Í{ i ZzgŠÐWb {z X å;göw!* ÅÐð”Zg /////
?å;g @*™]!*V¹Ð]zŠ {z OwðeÐ]q
?å;g @* -ZVY{z She had been reading. X ¶„g| 7, {z&X ¶„gf7, {z
?¸ìg D™7VYŠæÅ\WÐVß ‚õ0* vßë She hadn't been reading. X ¶„gf7, 7{z
™g OZZ÷Ðð{z
X å;g @* Had she been reading? ?¶„gf7, {zH
New words: Hadn't she been reading? ?¶„gf7, 7{zH
To knock Í To beat drum **
** ™<
Owðe To take bath ** Why had she been reading? ?¶„gf7, VY{z
136 135
We will We'll We will not We won't CONVERSATION (W )
He will He'll He will not He won't Ques: Had you been reciting the Holy Quran since morning?
She will She'll She will not She won't Ans: Yes, I had been reciting the Holy Quran since morning.
It will It'll It will not It won't Ans: No, I had not been reciting the Holy Quran since morning.
Shall not Shan't Ques: Had he been calling his parents for many hours?
Chart: Affirmative sentences: ( ¿µ) Ans: Yes, he had been calling his parents for many hours.
Ans: No, he had not been calling his parents for many hours.
Subject Auxiliary verb Main verb
Ques: Had they been ill since Sunday?
I will face.
Ans: Yes, they had been ill since Sunday.
We will defeat.
Ans: No, they had not been ill since Sunday.
You will like. Ques: Had Khalid been writing a book for one year?
They will study. Ans: Yes, Khalid had been writing a book for one year.
He will wed. Ans: No, Khalid had not been writing a book for one year.
She will bring. (23)Future Indefinite Tense (ÇwU â i )
It will rain. X ó óÇVƒ Y~~L L ƒIt:}Çƒ~äâ i{ÒWx » ðÃì ** et~$kZ
Negative Sentences: ( ¿t) Xì @* WÆVÓ,ZìtyTÅkZ~ÀF,
W{)zóÏÔÐÔ Ç L~y zŠg Z
Subject Auxiliary verb Not Main verb Xì @*YHwEZ I'll U¿Ã I willgzZ won't U¿Ã Will not
I will not come. When we use the future simple tense in speaking, we often
We will not go. contract the subject and will and will not with won't.
You will not sit. X B™e‚fÃj§Æ™Ãsfzgq
They will not sing. Positive Negative
He will not swear. I will I'll I will not I won't
She will not take. You will You'll You will not You won't
It will not run. They will They'll They will not They won't
138 137
Where will he play? Interrogative Sentences: ( ¿DZÎ)
When will she cook? Auxiliary verb Subject Main verb
How will it fly? Will I write?

Interrogative - Negative Sentences with "WH": Will we borrow?
( ¿tDZÎB‚Æ"WH") Will you ask?
Question Auxiliary Subject Not Main Will they fail?
word verb verb Will he plough?
Why will I not invite? Will she like?
When will we not drink? Will it move?
What will they not think? Interrogative - Negative Sentences: ( ¿tDZÎ)
How will you not write? Auxiliary verb Subject Not Main verb
Where will he not go? Will I not dear?
What will she not say? Will we not obey?
Where will it not work? Will you not collect?

Will they not prepare?
Conjugation /)
( yZŠ¤ Will he not grant?
I will go. X ÇVƒ Y~ Will she not promise?
I won't go. X ÇVƒ Y7~ Will it not open?
Will I go? ?ÇVƒ Y~H Interrogative Sentences with "WH": ( ¿DZÎB‚Æ"WH")
Won't I go? ?ÇVƒ Y7~H Ques.word Auxi.verb Subject Main verb
Why will I go? ?ÇVƒ YVY~ Why will I abuse?
Why won't I go? ?ÇVƒ Y7VY~ What will we say?
///// When will you call?
How will they pass?
140 139
Why will he refrain? ?Çìgi !*
VY{z We will think. XÐvÎë
Why won't he refrain? 7VY{z
?Çìgi !* We won't think. XÐvÎ7ë
///// Will we think? ?ÐvÎë H
She will explain. X Ï}™ ô={z Won't we think? ?ÐvÎ7ë H
She won't explain. X Ï}™7ô={z Why will we think? ?ÐvÎVYë
Will she explain? ?Ï}™ ô={zH Why won't we think? ?ÐvÎ7VYë
Won't she explain? ?Ï}™7ô={zH /////
Why will she explain? ?Ï}™ ô=VY{z You will buy. XÐzh ?
+y
Why won't she explain? ?Ï}™7ô=VY{z You won't buy. XÐzh+y
 7?
///// Will you buy? ?Ðzh
+y?H
It will work. X Ç}™x »t Won't you buy? ?Ðzh+y
7?H
It won't work. X Ç}™7x »t Why will you buy? ?Ðzh+y
 VY ?
Will it work? ?Ç}™x »tH Why won't you buy? ?Ðzh+y
7VY ?
Won't it work? ?Ç}™7x »tH /////
Why will it work? ?Ç}™VYx »t They will arrive. XÐTðAXF ( vß{z
Why won't it work? ?Ç}™7VYx »t Thy won't arrive. XÐTðAXF ( 7vß{z
ƒwEZ » ShallB‚ÆWegzZ I
Xì @* Will they arrive? ?ÐTðAXF ( vß{zH
X D™wEZ Shan'tU¿Ã Shall not Won't they arrive? ?ÐTðAXF( 7vß{zH
///// Why will they arrive? ?ÐTðAXF ( VYvß{z
I shall decline. X ÇVzŠ™g ïZ~ Why won't they arrive? ( 7VYvß{z
?ÐTðAXF
I shan't decline. X ÇVzŠ™7g ïZ~ /////
Shall I decline? ?ÇVzŠ™g ïZ~H He will refrain. X Çìgi !*
{z
Shan't I decline? ?ÇVzŠ™7g ïZ~H He won't refrain. X Çìg7i !* {z
Why shall I decline? ?ÇVzŠ™g ïZVY~ Will he refrain? ?Çìgi !*{zH
Why shan't I decline? ?ÇVzŠ™g ïZ7VY~ Won't he refrain? ?Çìg7i !* {zH
142 141
CONVERSATION (W ) We shall support. $×ë
XÐ,™e
Ques: Will you finish the work by 5pm. We shan't support. XÐ,™7e$×ë
Ans: Yes, I will finish the work by 5pm. Shall we support? $×ë H
?Ð,™e
Ans: No, I will not finish the work by 5pm. Shan't we support? ?Ð,™7e $×ë H
Ques: Will he help him? Why shall we support? ?Ð,™e$×VYë
Ans: Yes, he will help him. Why shan't we support? ?Ð,™e $×7VYë
Ans: No, he will not help him. Translate into Urdu:
Ques: Will they forget me? I shall phone you tomorrow.
Ans: Yes, they will forget you. Where shall we go for our Ramadhan holidays this year?
Ans: No, they will not forget you. You will not sit in the garden.
Ques: Will she return soon? They will get admission in the university of Delhi.
Ans: Yes, she will return soon. I'll go to the bed early tonight.
Ans: No, she will not return soon. Will she take care her child?
He will not speak filthy language.
Ques: Shall I write a new book?
Uzma will make tea tomorrow.
Ans: Yes, you will write a new book.
We will have dinner at your home.
Ans: No, you will not write a new book.
Will you come by car?
(24)Future Continuous Tense(~g ZòZwU â i ) They will not make noise in the class.
My brother will come to meet me.
aÆ‰ Ü z¼ ._Æ"µx » ðÃ~wì ** Ct~$kZ Will you translate the paragraph into Urdu?
ÅkZ ~ÀF, zŠg ZgzZó óÇVƒ ;g™k
, Ü z kZ ~L
½‰ L ƒ It :}X Çìg ~g Y Translate into English:
Xì @* W óÐ
ó Vƒìg óÏƒìg L óÇƒ;gL L~y WÆVÓ,ZìtyT XÐ,™œJë X Ç}Š7]úŠ={z X ÇVz™ŠæÅkZ~
Chart: Affirmative Sentences: ( ¿µ) ?ÇrV¹{z ?Ð›ß“ \W X Ï} h ÂwYÈ¬
Subject Auxiliary Auxiliary Main verb X ÇñYMÃÃ·{ÒW{z XÐN Yõ ðAXF ( yvß{z
verb verb 'be' Verb + ing XÐN J 7, ôZÃ¥Àf *Z X Ïá17^Ñ{−{
~ m,
I will be working. ?ÐN YwÈÃVz(, LZvßë H
We will be using.
144 143
Will she be praying? They will be playing.
Will it be making? You will be sleeping.
Interrogative - Negative Sentences: ( ¿tDZÎ) He will be reading.
Auxiliary Subject Not Auxiliary Main verb She will be eating.
verb verb 'be' Verb + ing It will be spinning.
Will I not be touching? Negative Sentences: ( ¿t)
Will we not be sowing? Subject Auxiliary Not Auxiliary Main verb
Will they not be returning? verb verb 'be' Verb + ing
Will you not be wishing? I will not be announcing.
Will he not be teasing? We will not be reaching.
Will she not be feeling? They will not be playing.
Will it not be raining? You will not be smiling.
Interrogative Sentences with "WH":( ¿DZÎB‚Æ"WH") He will not be talking.
Question Auxiliary Subject Auxiliary Main verb She will not be replying.
word verb verb 'be' Verb + ing
It will not be saying.
( ¿DZÎ)
Why will I be teaching?
Interrogative Sentences:
What will we be doing?
How will they be putting? verb verb 'be' Verb + ing
Where will you be going? Will I be arresting?
When will he be playing? Will we be coming?
What will she be reading? Will you be playing?
How will it be working? Will they be sitting?
Will he be fighting?
146 145
Why won't we be using. ?ÐVƒìg™7VYwEZë Interrogative - Negative Sentences with "WH":
///// ( ¿tDZÎB‚Æ'WH')
They will be singing. XÐVƒìgÇvß{z Question Auxiliary Subject Not Auxiliary Main verb
They won't be singing. XÐVƒìg Ç7vß{z word verb verb 'be' Verb+ing
Will they be singing? ?ÐVƒìg Çvß{zH Why will I not be watching?
Won't they be singing? ?ÐVƒìg Ç7vß{zH Why will we not be trying?

Why will they be singing? ?ÐVƒìg ÇVYvß{z What will they not be thinking?
Why won't they be singing? ?ÐVƒìg Ç7VYvß{z Where will you not be living?
///// How will he not be hunting?
You will be running. XÐVƒìghzŠ ? When will she not be coming?
You won't be running. XÐVƒìghzŠ7? What will it not be doing?
Will you be running? ?ÐVƒìghzŠ ?H
Won't you be running? ?ÐVƒìghzŠ7?H Conjugation /)
( yZŠ¤
Why will you be running? ?ÐVƒìghzŠVY ? I will be speaking. X ÇVƒ;gw1~
Why won't you be running? ?ÐVƒìghzŠ7VY ? I won't be speaking. X ÇVƒ;gw17~
///// Will I be speaking? ?ÇVƒ;gw1~H
He will be playing. X Çƒ;gö{z Won't I be speaking? ?ÇVƒ;gw17~H
He won't be playing. X Çƒ;gö7{z Why will I be speaking? ?ÇVƒ;gw1VY~
Will he be playing? ?Çƒ;gö{zH Why won't I be speaking? ?ÇVƒ;gw17VY~
Won't he be playing? ?Çƒ;gö7{zH /////
Why will he be playing? ?Çƒ;göVY{z We will be using. XÐVƒìg™wEZë
Why won't he be playing? ?Çƒ;gö7VY{z We won't be using. XÐVƒìg™7wEZë
///// Will we be using? ?ÐVƒìg™wEZë H
She will be saying. X Ïƒ„gÈ{z Won't we be using? ?ÐVƒìg™7wEZë H
Why will we be using? ?ÐVƒìg™VYwEZë
148 147
Translate into English: She won't be saying. X Ïƒ„gÈ7{z
XÐVƒìg[ze~ã0* vß{z X ÇVƒ;gö9WkŠÀ{ÒW~ Will she be saying? ?Ïƒ„gÈ{zH
?ÐVƒìg™ HV;zvßë ?Çƒ;gÍ]!* ~÷{zH Won't she be saying? ?Ïƒ„gÈ7{zH
X Ïƒ„gðŠ} À{−{ XÐVƒìgöw!* Åˆ)¥ Why will she be saying? ?Ïƒ„gÈVY{z
XÐƒìg Ç7** Ç? XÐVƒìg™g ë¤ /ÃVzgaÖ7 Why won't she be saying? ?Ïƒ„gÈ7VY{z
! ²{ E
XÐVƒìg J 7, +‚Z}g ø (
X ÇVƒ;g õ ðAXFy‰
Ü zkZÀ~ /////
It will be jumping. X Çƒ;gŠÃt
X Çƒ;gŠÃ7t
(W )
It won't be jumping.
CONVERSATION
Will it be jumping? ?Çƒ;gŠÃtH
Ques: Will you be having dinner at night?
Won't it be jumping? ?Çƒ;gŠÃ7tH
Ans: Yes, I will be having dinner at night.
Why will it be jumping? ?Çƒ;gŠÃVYt
Ans: No, I won't be having dinner at night.
Why won't it be jumping? ?Çƒ;gŠÃ7VYt
Ques: Will he be taking breakfast?
EXERCISE : Translate into Urdu:
Ans: Yes, he will be taking breakfast.
I will be working at 7am.
Ans: No, he won't be taking breakfast.
You will be having dinner at home.
Ques: Will they be addressing the people?
Will they be playing cricket?
Ans: Yes, they will be addressing the people.
What will you be doing at 11pm tonight.
Ans: No, they won't be addressing the people.
He will not be sleeping in the office.
Ques: Will sweets be distributing tomorrow?
It will be raining when you return.
Ans: Yes, sweets will be distributing tomorrow. Will the moon be shining in the sky?
Ans: No, sweets won't be distributing tomorrow. Will we be praying Namaz at this time?
Ques: Will culprit be waiting in the court? Why shall I be serving the poors?
Ans: Yes, culprit will be waiting in the court. Why will the bus be coming at bus stop?
Ans: No, culprit won't be waiting in the court. Where will you be sitting at 7pm?
1 50 149
(25)Future Perfect Tense (åwU â i )

She will not have studied.
It will not have saved.
X ÇñYƒ »J -‰ Ü z m{ Ë~ wx » ðÃì ** Ct ~ $kZ
Interrogative Sentence: ( ¿DZÎ)
Å kZ ~3F, zŠ g ZgzZ ( I will have written) ÇVƒ [ É~ƒ It }
_ÔÐVƒ` ÔÇƒ [ÔÐ( … ÔÏ` ÔÇ` ~y WÆVÓ,Zìt yT
verb verb 'have' 3rd form
Xì @*
W{)zÔ Ïƒ
Chart: Affirmative Sentences ( ¿µ) :
Will I have solved?
Will we have prayed? Subject Auxiliary Auxiliary Main verb
Will they have finished? verb verb 'have' Verb + ed / 3rd form
Will you have failed? I will have counted.
Will he have entered? We will have prepared.

Will she have completed? They will have published.
Will it have jumped? You will have divided.
Interrogative - Negative Sentences:( ¿tDZÎ) He will have crossed.
Auxiliary Subject Not Auxiliary Main verb She will have cooked.
verb verb 'have' 3rd form It will have stopped.
Will I not have helped? Negative Sentences: ( ¿t)
Will we not have met? Subject Auxiliary Not Auxiliary Main verb
Will they not have bought? verb verb 'have' 3rd form
Will you not have sought? I will not have decorated.
Will he not have fought? We will not have eaten.
Will she not have got? They will not have heard.
Will it not have gone? You will not have gone.
He will not have waited.
15 2 15 1
Interrogative Sentences with "WH":
Conjugation /)
( yZŠ¤ ( ¿DZÎB‚Æ"WH")
I will have completed. X ÇVƒ[™å~ Question Auxiliary Subject Auxiliary Main verb
I won't have completed. X ÇVƒ[™7å~ word verb verb 'have' 3rd form
Will I have completed? ?ÇVƒ[™å~H Why will I have played?

Won't I have completed? ?ÇVƒ[™7å~H When will we have gone?
Why will I have completed? ?ÇVƒ[™åVY~ Where will they have reached?
Why won't I have completed? ?ÇVƒ[™å7VY~ How will you have toled?
///// What will he have said?
We will have received. ë
XÐVƒ` 0*
Why will she have dyed?
We won't have received. XÐVƒ` 0*7ë
How will it have run?
Will we have received? ?ÐVƒ`0*ëH
7ë H
Won't we have received? ?ÐVƒ`0*
( ¿tDZÎB‚Æ"WH")
Why will we have received? ?ÐVƒ`0* VYë
Question Auxiliary Subject Not Auxiliary Main verb
Why won't we have received? ?ÐVƒ` 0*7VYë word verb verb 'have' 3rd form
///// Why will I not have resigned?
You will have taught. XÐVƒ`J 7,\W
When will we not have played?
You won't have taught. XÐVƒ`J 7,7\W
Where will you not have thought?
Will you have taught? ?ÐVƒ`J 7,\ WH
7\WH
?ÐVƒ`J 7,
How will they not have selected?
Won't you have taught?
Why will you have taught? ?ÐVƒ`J 7, VY\W What will he not have waited?
Why won't you have taught? ?ÐVƒ`J 7,7VY\W Why will she not have swed?
///// How will it not have worked?

They will have arrived. XÐVƒ`õ ðAXF( vß{z
They won't have arrived. ( 7vß{z
XÐVƒ`õ ðAXF
15 4 15 3
EXERCISE : Translate into Urdu: Will they have arrived? ?ÐVƒ`õ ðAXF ( vß{zH
You will have perfected your English. Won't they have arrived? ?ÐVƒ`õ ðAXF ( 7vß{zH
He will have learned enough English. Why will they have arrived? ?ÐVƒ` õ ðAXF ( VYvß{z
Shall I have solved your problem? Why won't they have arrived? ?ÐVƒ`õ ðAXF ( 7VYvß{z
Will they not have purchased this bike? /////
We shall have played the football in the field. He will have accepted. X Çƒ[™wJ{z
He will have run away from battlefield before time. He won't have accepted. X Çƒ[™wJ7{z
She will have knitted the cap. Will he have accepted? ?Çƒ[™wJ{zH
Will we have visited the red fort? Won't he have accepted? ?Çƒ[™wJ7{zH
Will she have got tired? Why will he have accepted? ?Çƒ[™wJVY{z
Will you have built the house? Why won't he have accepted? ?Çƒ[™7wJVY{z
I will have finished my homework. /////
Will we have completed our exercise? She will have rejected. X Ïƒ_™g ïZ{z
They will have accepted the religion Islam. She won't have rejected. X Ïƒ_™7g ïZ{z
Translate into English: Will she have rejected? ?Ïƒ_™g ïZ {zH
( øZ {z X Çƒ[™x » CZ−{
XÐVƒ`wÈvß{z X Çƒ[õ ðAXF Won't she have rejected? ?Ïƒ_™7g ïZ {zH
XÐVƒ`V‹ŠÀë XÐVƒ`Îvßë X Çƒ[8 |ŠzŠ· Why will she have rejected? ?Ïƒ_™VYg ïZ{z
?ÐVƒ`™7ÀF,ëH X Çƒ[| 7,i ú{z X Çƒ[™Èy»Š {z Why won't she have rejected? ?Ïƒ_™7VYg ïZ{z
XÐVƒ`™k ½vßë
, /////
New words: It will have gone. X Çƒ[Yt
To run away k ¸ To knit
H C To accept **
à ™wJ It won't have gone. X Çƒ[Y7t
To purchase ** +y
h  To do **
™ To close **™È Will it have gone? ?Çƒ[YtH
To offer Namaz −7, i ú To perfect ** ™å
™gzŠÚÔ ** Won't it have gone? ?Çƒ[Y7tH
To deliver speech **,
™k½ Why will it have gone? ?Çƒ[YVYt
Why won't it have gone? ?Çƒ[Y7VYt
15 6 155
(26)Future Perfect Continuous Tense
(å~g ZòZwU â i ) CONVERSATION (W )
-á²E~wx » ðÃì **
t}X Çìg ~g YJ Ct~$kZ Ques: Will you have received your passport?
X ó óÇVƒg @* Û Ðð~L
™]zˆÅ*™yWŒ L ƒI Ans: Yes, I will have received my passport.
Ans: No, I won't have received my passport.
I will have been reciting the Holy Quran since morning.
ñƒ D LÔóÇìg Zƒ @* L~yWÆ VÓ,Zìt yT ÅkZ ~ÀF, zŠg ZgzZ Ques: Will beggars have begged alms to you?
W{)zóÏìg ðƒCLÔÐ
Xì @* ó g Ans: Yes, beggars will have begged alms to me?
XìŠñ,6, B 18$Xì @* ƒwEZ » ForgzZ Since~VÓ,Z Ans: No, beggars will not have begged alms to me?
Chart: Affirmative sentences:( ¿µ)

Ques: Will your school have opened?
Subject Auxiliary Auxiliary Auxiliary Main verb Ans: Yes, my school will have opened.
verb verb 'have' verb 'been' verb+ing Ans: No, my school will not have opened.
I will have been speaking. Ques: Will they have eaten apple?
We will have been writing. Ans: Yes, they will have eaten apple.
You will have been reading. Ans: No, they will not have eaten apple.
They will have been listening. Ques: Will we have taken exam?
He will have been learning. Ans: Yes, we will have taken exam.
Ans: No, we will not have taken exam.
She will have been reciting.
Ques: Shall I have written English poem?
It will have been running.
Ans: Yes, I shall have written English poem.
Negative Sentences ( ¿t) :
Ans: No, I shall not have written English poem.
Subject Auxiliary Not Auxiliary Auxiliary Main verb
verb verb 'have' verb 'been' verb+ing
I will not have been knocking.

We will not have been refusing.
You will not have been taking.
158 157
Interrogative Sentences with "WH":( ¿DZÎB‚Æ"WH") They will not have been throwing.
Question Auxiliary Subject Auxiliary Auxiliary Main verb
He will not have been beating.
word verb verb 'have' verb 'been' verb+ing
She will not have been knitting.
Why will I have been denying?
It will not have been raining.
What will we have been doing?
Where will you have been going?
Auxiliary Subject Auxiliary Auxiliary Main verb
How will they have been reading?
When will he have been replying?
Will I have been writing?
What will she have been cooking? Will we have been learning?
Where will it have been raining? Will you have been walking?
Interrogative - Negative Sentences with "WH": Will they have been saying?
( ¿tDZÎB‚Æ"WH") Will he have been cleaning?
Question Auxiliary Subject Not Auxiliary Auxiliary Main verb
word verb verb 'have' verb 'been' verb+ing Will she have been teaching?
What will I not have been denying? Will It have been standing?
Why will we not have been doing? Interrogative - Negative Sentences: ( ¿tDZÎ)
Where will you not have been going? Auxiliary Subject Not Auxiliary Auxiliary Main verb

When will they not have been reading?
Will I not have been talking?
How will he not have been replying?
Will we not have been solving?
Why will she not have been cooking?
Will you not have been eating?
What will It not have been raining?
Will they not have been living?
Will he not have been coming?
Will she not have been going?
Will It not have been working?
160 15 9
They will have been inaugurating. XÐVƒìg D™ b ¶Zvß{z
They won't have been inaugurating. XÐVƒìgD™7b¶Zvß{z Conjugation /)
( yZŠ¤
Will thy have been inaugurating? ?ÐVƒìg D™ b ¶Zvß{ zH
I will have been celebrating. X ÇVƒ;g @*
o¡~
Won't they have been inaugurating?
I won't have been celebrating. o7¡~
X ÇVƒ;g @*
?ÐVƒìg D™7b ¶Zvß{zH Will I have been celebrating? ?ÇVƒ;g@* o¡~H
Why will they have been inaugurating?
Won't I have been celebrating? ?ÇVƒ;g @* o7¡~H
?ÐVƒìg D™ b ¶ZVYvß{z Why will I have been celebrating? ?ÇVƒ;g @* o¡VY~
Why won't they have been inaugurating?
Why won't I have been celebrating? ?ÇVƒ; g @ *o¡7VY~
?ÐVƒìg D™7b ¶ZVYvß{z /////
///// We will have been considering. XÐVƒìg D™g¨ë
He will have been investigating. X Çƒ;g @*
™){z We won't have been considering. XÐVƒìg D™g¨7ë
He won't have been investigating. ™7){z
X Çƒ;g @* Will we have been considering? ?ÐVƒìg D™g¨ë H
Will he have been investigating? ?Çƒ;g @*™){zH Won't we have been considering? ?ÐVƒìg D™g¨7ë H
Won't he have been investigating? ?Çƒ;g @*™7){zH Why well we have been considering? ?ÐVƒìg D™g¨VYë
Why will he have been investigating? ?Çƒ;g @*™)VY{z Why won't we have been considering? ?ÐVƒìgD™g¨7VYë
Why won't he have been investigating? ?Çƒ;g @*™)7VY{z /////
///// You will have been complaining? XÐƒìg D™e $D?
She will have been learning. X Ïƒ„g{z You won't have been complaining. XÐƒìg D™7e $D?
She won't have been learning. X Ïƒ„g7{z Will you have been complaining? ?ÐƒìgD™e $D?H
Will she have been learning? ?Ïƒ„g{zH Won't you have been complaining? ?Ðƒìg D™7e $D?H
Won't she have been learning? ?Ïƒ„g7{zH Why will you have been complaining? ?ÐƒìgD™e $D?VY
Why will she have been learning? ?Ïƒ„g VY{z Why won't you have been complaining?
Why won't she have been learning? ?Ïƒ„g7VY{z ?ÐVƒìgD™7e
$D?VY
///// /////
1 62 1 61
New words: It will have been working. X Çƒ;g @*
™x »t
To revise * Ù Š To debate **
* ZC ™ƒIzc To fight **
± It won't have been working. X Çƒ;g @*™7x »t
To deceive bŠðŠ To advise *™{gt Week
* ß Will it have been working? ?Çƒ;g @* ™x »tH
Essay y* Passage Z•»]g „ Won't it have been working? ?Çƒ;g @*™7x »tH
CONVERSATION ( W ) Why will it have been working? ?Çƒ;g @* ™VYx »t
Ques: Will you have been decling the invitation? Why won't it have been working? ?Çƒ;g @*™7VYx »t
Ans: Yes, I will have been decling the invitation Exercise : Translate into Urud:
Ans: No, I won't have been decling the invitation. Will students have been revising their lessons since morning?
Ques: Will they have been learning tables since morning?
He will have been running his shop for many years.
Ans: Yes, they will have been learning tables since morning.
I will have been waiting for you since 5 o'clock.
Ans: No, they won't have been learning tables since morning.
My friend will have been reading in this school since 2010.
Ques: Will she have been making tea for ten minutes?
Ans: Yes, She will have been making tea for ten minutes. She will have been writing a letter since 12 o'clock.
Ans: No, She won't have been making tea for ten minutes. They will have been fighting each other for three years.
Ques: Will I have been remembering you for five months? Will we have been reading novel since Friday?
Ans: Yes, you will have been remembering me for five months. I will have been advising you for four months.
Ans: No, you won't have been remembering me for five months. You will have been translating this passage for half an hour.
(27)Use of Can, Could, May & Might
™·_»[ÂkZÐ¹q
X ÇVƒ;g @* -Z~
» Can aÆ k Z ÂÔƒD»‰Ü ¤ Åä™Æ x » ËÐ XÔ¿,Z
XÐƒìg D™ŠæÅV'¾Ðávß ?
W "Could" Past Tense »kZgzZD™wEZ
Xì @*
XÐVƒìg D™ƒIzcÐWkŠvßë
D™wEZ » MayaÆkZ ÂÔƒD»ykZ c* ]i YZÐT¿,Z
X Ïƒ„g‡ÐgZ ÂZšã*zy X Ïƒ„g k ->ÎÐw‚q -Z{−{
Xì @*
W "Might" Past Tense »kZgzZX
?ÐVƒìg _m 6,  ëH
Vzh N ƒ X Çƒ;g êŠðŠÐVß ‚F{z
a Æ kZ ÂÔì Óâ ]i YZB‚Æ x Z +Z z [Š Z ð•Z Ð Ë¤ /Z
X Çƒ;g qy*Ð‹q -Z{z ?Ïƒ„gƒlg !* ÐðH
^Ã X D™wEZ» Could gzZ Might
Can not Can't ?ÐVƒìg D™ H~~Wvß{z ?Çƒ;g @* /
™g ë¤Ãga7VY{z
Could not Couldn't
1 64 1 63
Interrogative Sentences: ( ¿DZÎ) Can is used to:
Can / may Subject Main verb To request something.
Can / May I ,we , you , they, he , she, it read? To request a favour from someone.
Could / might I ,we , you, they, he, she, it read? To ask for help.
Interrogative-Negative Sentences: ( ¿tDZÎ) To state the possibility of an event / activity.

To state the ability of someone / something.
Can / may Subject Not Main verb
To request permission from someone or for something.
Can / May I ,we, you, they, he, she, it not come?
To ask request, permission from someone or for something.
Could / might I , we, you, they, he, she, it not come?
Can't is used to:
CONJUGATION /)
( yZŠ¤ To state that something is not allowed.
I can go. X VƒYY~ To request something not to be done.
I can't go X VƒYY7~ To state the inability of something or someone.
Can I go? ?VƒYY~H To deny permission.
Can't I go? í YY7~H
X Vƒ Cahart: Affirmative Sentences: ( ¿µ)
Why can I go? ?VƒYYVY~ Subject Can / May Main verb
Why can't I go? ?VƒYY7VY~ I, We ,You, They, He, She, It can / may go.
/~g7 Ð I, we, you, they, he, she, it ª Subject x Ó
yZŠ¤ I, We ,You, They, He, She, It could / might go.
X ,™w[pÌÅ%1gzZ,™Š c* Negative Sentences: ( ¿t)
I may play. X VƒYö~
Subject Can/May Not Main verb
I may not play. X VƒYö7~
I, We You, They, He, She, It can / may not come.
May I play? ?VƒYö~H
?VƒYö7~H
I, We You, They, He, She, It could / not come.
May I not play?
?VƒYöV¹~
might
Where may I play?
Where may I not play? ?VƒYö7V¹~
™ÉB‚ ÆÀF, ~8 »KZyZŠ¤
/~g7Ð I, we, you, they, he, she, it
166 1 65
Translate into English: X ³7,
g !*
g !*
?Mh™Èb!*ñ\WH ?ƒM h™È{ i ZzgŠ ?H ?ƒY`6~H I could come. X VƒY W~
hJ~ m,
X M ôZvßë ?VƒY Wg0
+Z~H X VƒYYy~ I couldn't come. X VƒY W7~
?VƒY™wEZ¯»\W~H ?Mh™! ²ë H Could I come? ?VƒY W~H
X M , X VƒY™gzŠ ã.6,
hwÅ{ i ZzgŠ\WH !x™ÓZ' ~g v~ Couldn't I come? ?VƒY W7~H
New words: When could I come? ?VƒY W“~
To switch on * ` To understand ' To close **
* ™È When couldn't I come? ?VƒY W7“ ~
To switch off **™È To use *™wEZ Please. x™ñZ'
* , I, we, you, they, he, she, it
To solve the problem ** ™gzŠ ã.6, X ³7, g!* ™ÉB‚ÆÀF,
g !* ~8»KZyZŠ¤
/~g7Ð
CONVERSATION (W ) I might go. X VƒYY~
Ques: Can you swim in the pond? I might not go. X VƒYY7~
Ans: Yes, I can swim in the pond. Might I go? ?VƒYY~H
Ans: No, I cannot swim in the pond. Might I not go? ?VƒYY7~H
Ques: May I sit here? Why might I go? ?VƒYYVY~
Ans: Yes, you may sit here. Why might I not go? ?VƒYY7VY~
Ans: No, you may not sit here. I, we, you, they, he, she, it
Ques: Could I go out?
X K~8»KZgzZB™Š c* /~g7Ð{)z
yZŠ¤
Ans: Yes, you could go out.
EXERCISE : Translate into Urdu:
Ans: No, you couldn't go out.
He can speak English well. She can't write Arabic.
Ques: Could you open the window? I can swim across the river. We cannot go out.
Ans: Yes, of course. Can you carry this bag? Can they sleep now?
Ques: Are you going to Mumbai tonight? Why cannot we play tennis? I may call you.
Ans: Yes, I might go to Mumbai tonight. You may not come. May I come in?
Ans: No, I might not go to Mumbai tonight. May we go out? I might go to the field.
She might phone this evening. It might rain in the morning.
Ques: Could you sleep last night?
Might I see you? May I ask a question?
Ans: No, I couldn't sleep last night. I may not come to the party.
168 167
EXERCISE : Translate into Urdu: (28) : Use of Should
You should go to bed earlier. We shouldn't think so.
» Should ~ ~ m, ôZ ÂÔ ñW {)z ó óÇVƒeL L óc
ó eL L~ ¿ ¤
/Z
They shouldn't watch TV so much. They should work hard. Should is used to express duty or obligation. X D™wEZ
Should we learn English language? We shouldn't ell lies.
Should not shouldn't ^Ã
Chart: Affirmative Sentences: ( ¿µ)
She should be present there. Should he play football?
I think I should buy this cap. He should respect the
Subject should Main verb
You should obey your parents. elders.
I, we, you, they, he, she, it should go.
Translate in to English :
Negative Sentences: ( ¿t)
Xce«7{Š c* iÃ? X ce Á
C|ŠzŠ…
Subject should Not Main verb
XceÜ1~ m,
ôZgzZ!²ÃVÍßë Xce**Y7g Zi !*
ÃkZ
I, we, you, they, he, she, it should not watch.
Xce'Ñ»Ï0 +iKZ… Xce**î7gØÃV”
™7ùŸ‰
Xce** Ü zCZ… Xce**™x » CZVÍßyZ
Should Subject Main verb
New words:
* îgØ To obey 'â ¬ To respect *
Should I, we, you, they, he, she, it buy?
To make a noise * *™]³
Interrogative-Negative Sentences ( ¿tDZÎ) :
To understand ' To do **
™ To laugh «
Ü z Purpose of life. Ï0
*™ùŸ‰ iÑ
Should Subject not Main verb
To waste time * +
Should I, we, you, they, he, she, it not think?
(29) : Use of Must
CONJUGATION /)
( yZŠ¤
MUST MUSTN'T
I should go. Xce**Y=
ó e Ü1 s gz¢=L
Â óc L ƒ It }Ôƒ @*ƒ D»xz²Ð X¿,Z I shouldn't go. Xce** Y7=
I must speak the truth.:Ð}b§kZ~~ m
, ôZ Should I go? ?ce**Y=H
Xì @*ƒwEZ » Must be¬Ð adjective c*noun Shouldn't I go? ?ce** Y7=H
^Ã Why should I go? ?ce** YVY=
Must not Mustn't Why shouldn't I go? ?ce** Y7VY=
/~g7Ð{)z I, we, you, they, he, she, it
X ,™yZŠ¤
170 1 69
New words: Subject Must Main verb
To exercise *
*™ligz Kind-hearted wŠx3, I, we, you, they, he, she, it must write.
To get up **
ƒg ZËÔ 3Z Faithful gZŠ Ãz /////
Early in the morning }k, Îð Obedient ,
g ZŠ' Vâ Û Subject Must be Adjective/noun
Good citizen ~àYZ I, we, you, they, he, she, it must be honest / patriot.
(30) : Use of Ought to CONJUGATION /)

( yZŠ¤
¹ÜZgzZ ~g ZŠ)f kˆZÐ XÔ¿,Z
aÆ kZ ÂÔƒ D» ~È0* I must go. Xce** Ygz¢=
X óc `g»× WÃkZL
ó e** L It}ÔD™wEZ» Ought to I mustn't go. Xce** Y7gz¢=
He ought to drive the car slowly. Must I go? ?ce**Ygz¢=H
Xì ~gz¢**
™wEZ» to ˆÆOught Mustn't I go? ?ce** Y7gz¢=H
Ought not to oughtn't Why must I go? ?ce** Ygz¢VY=
Affirmative Sentences: ( ¿µ) Why mustn't I go? ?ce** Y7gz¢VY=
Subject ought to Main verb Exercise : Translate into Urdu:
I, we, you, they, he, she, it ought to help. We must clean our room. They must go to the library.
Negative Sentences: ( ¿t) You must leave now. I must help him.
Subject ought not to Main verb I mustn't forget to call him. You mustn't touch the wire.
Must I visit him? He must stop smoking.
I, we, you, they, he, she, it ought not to smoke.
She must work hard. I mustn't be sad.
/////
She mustn't go out. We must drive care fully.
Subject ought to be adjective/noun
Xce3Zgz¢}k Îð= Xceã™ligzgz¢…
I , we, you, they, he, she, it ought to be obedient.
,
/////
Xce**ƒgz¢g ZŠ ÃzÃ¥ Xce** Ã{ E
ƒgz¢wŠx3, +‚Z
Subject ought not to be adjective
noun X ce à
Cg ZŠ'
,âÛ… Xcegz¢**
36,Ü z…
‰
I, we, you, they, ought not to be dishonest. Cgz¢|ŠzŠÃ?
X ce Á Xceà
Cgz¢~àYZÃkZ
he, she, it Xce**Îgz¢ÃkZ
172 171
New words: Conjugation
Dishonest yZZ" Jealous ‡q Brave 8Š I ought to go. Xce**Y=
To switch off *
*™È Cautious oZ I oughtn't to go. Xce** Y7=
(31) : Use of Used to Ought I to go? ?ce**Y=H
™x » ðÃ~ èâ Ð XÔ¿,Z
ÆkZ ÂÔƒx¥6,gîÆ ]Š ¬ LL** Oughtn't I to go? ?ce** Y7=H
™|w!*
X å@* Å~wjZ~ L It}ÔD™wEZ » Used to a Why ought I to go? ?ce** YVY=
I used to play football at School. Why oughtn't I to go? ?ce** Y7VY=
a Æ ä¯ ¿ ,Z Ôì 74 **
¯ ¿ tgzZDZÎÐ Used to EXERCISE : Translate into Urud:
X ce *
*™wEZ » Simple past I ought to drink cold water. We ought to work hard.
Subject used to main verb They ought to help the poor. Khalid ought to understand.
We ought not to smoke. Ought we to help them?
I, we, you, they, he, she, it used to work hard.
Ought I to call him? We ought to help the needy.
He ought to serve his motherland.
NEGATIVE SENTENCES ( ¿t) She ought to take care of her child.
Used not to -Or- didn't use to
We ought to respect our parents.
I used to go to Darul Uloom Deoband by train. You ought to love your country.
X å@* YÈ-Šx‰g ZŠ+R,
™ c* =g &
+~ You ought to attend office regularly.
I used to like chocolate in my childhood. Do you think I ought to consult a doctor?
™ HI<e~‚~
X å@* Translate into English:
He used to play cricket. ™|–
X å@* ™{z Xce−7, 7wz** ÃkZ X ce ¢ $CZÃ?
8™Š c*
X ¶C™ J 7,7wz**
{z
ƒ7yZZ"…
Xce** XceÜ17^Ñ…
She didn't use to read novel.
When did he use to live in Mumbai? ?å@* ~~{z
™ ;g“
Xce** ƒo ZÐZ Xce**ƒ7‡qÃ”Zg
Did you use to work in office before marriage?
Xce**™ligzÃVÍßë X ce **™7ù Ÿ‰ Ü z7Z
?¸D™ Hx »~~W¬Ð~Š
á \ WH
Xce** ƒ8Š… X ce * ñ~KÃkZ
*™Èb!*
174 173
Would you like to have dinner with me? CONJUGATION /)
( yZŠ¤
?Ð,™I** 3»]ZgB‚}÷H
3** I used to go. X å@* ™ c*
Y~
Would you give me your pen, please? ?Ð,Š¯CZÆ™ã!*
$\WH I didn't use to go. X å@*™ c*Y7~
What would you like? ?Ð,™IH\W Did I use to go? ?å@* ™ c*Y~H
Would you like to go to Mumbai? ?Ð,™I** Y~\WH Didn't I use to go? ?å@* Y7~H
™ c*
Translate into English: Why did I use to go? ?å@* ™ c*YVY~
?Ð,™I°»\WH ?Ð,™wJ„ ZpgŠ ~÷\WH Why didn't I use to go? ?å@*
™ c*Y7VY~
$\WH ?Ð,™I**
CZÆ™ ã!*
?ÐN Cx ** B‚}g ø\WH
3¸** X B™Š c* /~g7Ð{)z I, we, you, they, he, she, it
yZŠ¤
$ñZ'
?Ð,Šy¯−CZã!* ,\ WH EXERCISE: Translate in to Urdu:
Khalid used to study English.
(33) : Use of Want & Wish
Akbar and Azhar used to go to Delhi in the summer.
Want a Æ kZ ÂÔ}™C
c* éZp ¿ ,Z
Ù ªx| » {)z Õc* She used to start her work at 10.o'clock.
X D™wEZ» Wish I used to live in London.
Conjugation /)
( yZŠ¤ Students used to get up early in the morning.
I want to go. X VƒLe**
Y~ What did you use to drink last year?
I don't want to go. X VƒLe** Y7~ Translate into English:
Do I want to go? ?VƒLe** Y~H X å@* 6,
™Jm Vzh N{z X å@* Yk~‚~
™ c*
Don't I want to go? ?VƒLe** Y7~H X¸D™ c* Y~® ) )—vß{z X å*@™ HwEZ8 IC~
Why do I want to go? ?VƒLe** YVY~ X¸D™ 5~ m, ôZvßë X¸D™Ñ17^Ñë
Why don't I want to go? ?VƒLe** Y7VY~ X¸D™ c* 3yŠÆ]ZÔw‚¸*vßë
å** ?å@*™|w!*
Å{zH
I, we, you, they, he, she, it (32) : Use of Would
+ÐDoesÃ DoB‚ÆuZzp,™Š c*
X ,Šw$ /~g7Ð
yZŠ¤  ZpgŠÔlg Z /
ÂÔVƒ[£{)z]i YZÔ„ Š ¸ÐX¿DZÎ,Z
¦: !*
EXERCISE : Translate into English: ^Ã X D™wEZ» Would aÆkZ
Yy ?
XƒT e** X VƒLeÁ C|ŠzŠ~ I would I'd
X T exg}‹Švß{z X T e−7, ôZvßë
~ m, Would you like to have tea? ?Ð,™I¢
8ñe\WH
176 175
(35) Imperative Sentences 0.À7)
( ¿îG ?ì LeH{z ±?H
?ƒT e**
bŠ ( Advice) {gtc*( Command) e $Z@Ô( Order) ¬ÃË¤ /Z YV¹ë
X T e** ?ì Se**åH{z
XÐ,™Ð÷Z’ZÅ¿Âƒã™ ( Request) „  ZpgŠ c*
Wish
ƒ
Subject Wish Object Object
X ƒ YwjZX Go to School. :‰
¬Ð÷Âƒã™lgZ* c*  ZpgŠ¤
I, we, you, wish you a pleasant
wEZ » Please ~ˆc* „ /ZgzZ
they, he, she, it him journey
X £Š™È{ i ZzgŠx™ÓZ'
,Please Close the door.:‰ÔÐ,™
her
X Vƒø»! x» ~g v~
Close the door Please.
I wish you success.
Now see these Sentences:
I wish you a happy journey. XƒgZÎp^»\Wì Õ~÷
Come here. X ƒ WVŒ I wish him a long life. ™ ÕÅ/DÅkZ~
X Vƒ@*
Go there. X ƒ YV ; z EXERCISE : Make ten sentences in English using wish.
Sit down. X ƒ YÖ
(34) : Use of Have to & Has to
XßÅìCZ
Û Ð XÔ ¿ ,Z
Open your mouth.
» have to a Æ kZ Âƒ D» {)z ~È0*
c*
n
X z™y¯=!x™Ó Z' ,
Ðy·ŠÃVÓsfzgq X D™wEZ
Please Call me.
X ³7,
Please read this book. Xð7,Ã[ÂkZ !x™Ó Z' ,
I have to learn my lesson. Xì * $CZ=
*™Š c*
Ring the bell please. X ƒ Op!x™Ó Z',
He has to work hard. Xì ã™œÐZ
Give me your pen please. XØŠ¯CZÆ™ ã!* $
They have to pay fine. *™ZŠ Z: â ̀7Z
Xì *
EXERCISE : Translate into English
We have to sleep now. Xì ** Î…[Z
X ƒ YK Xð7, Û
yWŒ XbCx ** ,
CZx™{ Z' X ,™Šæ~÷!x™{ Z'
,
You have to take medicine. Xì hðZzŠÃ\W
X zŠ Î_ XØYÖÆ™ ã!* $ XØŠwÅÅ9Æ™ ã!* $
She has to wash clothes. X äðŠ} ÀÐZ
XÐN ¯¿Ðj§kZ ÂÔƒ)zgÐx »ËÃË/
¤Z Translate into English:
Don't play here. XŠ#Ö VŒ Xì ã™k,½ÃkZ Yy…
Xì ** ( ‹ŠÃkZ
Xì " ðAXF
Do not quarrel each other. Ö ~:W
X z±# Xì **
¯]ÃkZ Xì bŠyJZ= Xì **™y¯=
Don't waste your time. Ö ù Ÿ‰
X z™# Ü zCZ ôZÃVÍßë Xì **
Xì G~ m, xg ÃPq
W6, -ZÃVâ ›
Xì G**`R,Û= Xì OÎ~}g !* LZÃkZ
178 177
²
5Ÿ–
4ÓG
Let's play cricket. X èG ™g |‚ÅkZ ÂÔƒŠ°bŠgziÐVÓ/
:Ïƒb§kZ# ¤ ZgzZ
How about reading this book? ?Çìg ÷ −7, [Ât Do come. X ƒ Wgz¢
What about going home? ?Çìg ÷ ** Yy Do call him. X z™y¯gz¢ÐZ
Tell me what to write. ?VHN C= Do remember me. XÅgŠ c*
gz¢=
Tell me where to play. ?VŠV¹N C= :ÐN ¯b§kZ ÂÔƒÐÔÖ#LÔ7LÆ˜/
¤Z
Tell me how to speak. ?Vß1ùN C= Never drink wine. Xk:[ZÑL
(36)Degree ( zgŠ ) Never deceive other. Ö ðŠÃVzuzŠ
X zŠ#
:9&Å ( Adjective)Ú Never tell a lie. Xß1#
Ö L^Ñ
E©EG
{ $
(1) Positive Degree CZ f ÿLGEEG
5 ¿ ÂñY Å ( Polite Request) lg Z*: *
!vÐ Ë/
¤Z
‰ÿLG 5{©$
(2) Comparative Degree E©EG
{ $ :ÐN ¯b§kZ
(3) Superlative Degree ÀÿL 5
G
Would you switch on the fan, Please?
The positive degree of an adjective is the adjective in its
?Ð,™ØiÅä™ß e6\WH
simple form.
Would you switch off the moble, Please?
Þ » ðÃªƒ~ ^KZ ÚZ
Positive Degree ÃkZ ÂÔƒ: . #
Û ØiÅä™Èb!*
?ÐN â ñ\WH
Khalid is a good boy. :‰ Ôþë
Would you mind Closing the door?
The comparative degree of an adjective denotes a higher
degree of the quality than the positive, and is used when two
Û ØiÅä™È{ i ZzgŠ\WH
?ÐN â
things are compared. Would you be so kind as to give me your pen?
Comparative Þ » yxgŠ Æ VñŠ Wc*Vzq zŠ ¤

Ã kZ Â Ôƒ . /Z Û {g ZÍØiÅ¶Š¯CZ=\WH
?ÐN â
Khalid is better than Rashid. :‰ Ôë Degree Would you be so good as to lend me some money?
The superlative degree of an adjective denotes the highest Û [zg¼=\WH
?Ð,™ØiÅ¶ŠnŒ
degree of the quality, and is used when more than two things ( Suggestion) {gt*
c ( Proposal) ñZg=g fÆVÓ/
¤Z
are compared. :ÐN ¯b§kZ ÂƒŠ°
Þ »yxgŠÆVñŠ W c*
Superlative ÃkZ ÂÔƒ. +ZiÐ zŠ Z
VzqZ # Let us go to mosque. X áKg
Khalid is the best boy in the class. :‰ Ôë Let's speak English. X B1~ m,
ôZg
180 179
Ã ó yL Âƒ Consonant ¬ Ð kZgzZƒ Y ~y
WÆ Positive Z
# Ð äJ (,ó e r L~ y
WÆ A d j c e t i v e áZz S y l l a b l e q
-Z
a Æ SuprelativegzZ ó era +Ð ó IL
L Æ Comparative gzZ ïŠ w$ :‰Ôì @* Y0 Superlative ÐäJ (,est gzZ Comparative
X D™†ŸZ» ó estL Positive Comparative Superlative Meanings
Positive Comparative Superlative Meanings Small smaller smallest *
Ng
Easy easier easiest y‚W Tall taller tallest M
Heavy heavier heaviest ãiz Kind kinder kindest y!* $
Happy happier happiest lp Clever cleverer cleverest uÑe
Merry merrier merriest lp Young younger youngest yZ
Pretty prettier prettiest ]gß[p Sweet sweeter sweetest Û
Lazy lazier laziest I»ÔN Bold bolder boldest 8Š
Wealthy wealthier wealthiest g Z−â Great greater greatest xÔ Z(,
Dry drier driest È Cold colder coldest ZQ
Healthy healthier healthies q¡ Rich richer richest g Z−â
~y WÆ kZ gzZ ƒ » S y l l a b l e q
-Z sÜ P o s i t i v e Z
# Poor poorer poorest $¾
d
Ã Consonant Âƒ( Vowel )A sw¬ Ð kZgzZƒ Consonant gzZó r Ln Æ C o mp a r t i v e Âƒó e L~ yWÆ P o s i t i v e Z
#
» ó estLaÆ Superlative gzZó erL aÆ Comparative Æ™ Double :‰ÔÐ,™†ŸZ » ó stLnÆSuperlative
:‰ÔÐ,™†ŸZ Positive Comparative Superlatvie Meanings
Positive Comparative Superlative Meanings Large larger largest Z(,
Hot hotter hottest /
x¤ Able abler ablest Þ ‡Ô ëÑ
.
Red redder reddest cuÔwÑ White whiter whitest C
Sad sadder saddest â Wise wiser wisest q=
Fat fatter fattest N*ñ Pure purer purest Ø{
Thin thinner thinnest ‹ Brave braver bravest gŠ ·
Big bigger biggest Z(, Noble nobler noblest pÑ
Fine finer finest {Ô YZ
182 181
Fore further furthest † Zþ Ð comparative Âƒ » Syllable {Š c* -Z Adjective Z
iÐ q #
In inner inmost, innermost +ZÔ~
g0 :‰ÔÐ,™†ŸZ» mostIÐSuperlativegzZmoreI
Up upper upmost, uppermost 6, zZ Positive Comparative Superlative Meanings
Out outer, utter utmost, uttermost Ù !*
C Useful more useful most useful Æ
Later and Latest
Beautiful more beautiful most beautiful ]gß[p
:‰Ôì @* Ü zÐVâzŠyZÔ LatestgzZLater
ƒD»‰
Splendid more splendid most splendid +
g Z0 á Ô{
I slept later than khalid. ÎˆÆ−{~
X c*
Foolish more foolish most foolish ÛZÔs ¸ç
I will call you later. X ÇVz™y¯~ˆÃ\W~
See you later. XÐQ Difficult more difficult most difficult Â
Did you hear the latest news? ?”¸+F, ä\ W H
{ i @* Proper more proper most proper o
ƒ
Latter and Last Honest more honest most honest g ZŠyZZ
:‰Ôì @* ƒD»ªqÐVâzŠyZ Courageous more courageous most courageous È!*
The latter advice is the most important. Xì ëZ¹{gt~y
W Industrious more industrious most industrious ÷
This is his last chance. Xì§ñ~yW»kZt Learned more learned most learned ( ÑZz+ Y)Ý¬
Elder and Eldest
Irregular Comparison ( Þ.»{°‡s Ü)
Û Z i ZgŠ /Æ yZ0
ÆŠ Z -Z wEZ » VâzŠ yZ Eldest gzZ Elder
+{ „ q
Positive Comparative Superlative Meanings
:‰Xì @* ƒ7nÆVzqgzZVzgâ YwEZ»kZìgŠ c* Xì @*ƒa
Shakil is my elder brother. Xì ð¸Z(, Z÷O Good better best YZ
Sohail is my eldest brother. Xì ð¸Z(, Ðƒ  Z÷¢ Well better best YZ
Older and Oldest Bad, evil, ill worse worst g FÔ Z'
,
:‰Xì @* ƒnÆVâzŠVzqgzZVÍßwEZ »VâzŠyZ oldestgzZ older Little less, lesser least N*g
I am older than my brother. X VƒZ(,{Š c*
iÐð¸LZ~ Much more most ¹
This is the oldest house in our city. Xì y**Z6,
Ðƒ  ~à}gøt Old older,elder oldest,eldest **Z6,
Farther and further
Many more most ¹
Far farther farthest gzŠ
+'
h × pÆFuther Z i pÆFarther
# ( more distant)gzŠ {Š c*
-Š 4,
q
:‰X D WÆ( additional)
Nigh nigher nighest
Fore former foremost, first †Z
184 183
Fewer students were present in the class. X¸Šñ~{ ogŠ¥P Delhi is farther from kolkata than Allahabad.
I have less time I will call you back later. XìgzŠ {Š c*
i~«£ÆŠ !* ÃÃ‹Š
W[ZÐ@*
Ü zÁk0*
X ÇVz™‚Zg~ˆÐ\W~Ôì ‰ }÷ You should call your teacher without further delay.
She was encouraged to plead guilty to the lesser offence. X ce *
*™y¯Ãf *ZLZ%Gí@*
+'
h ×»
XŠ
HHg66, Û ZÆx̀LgÐZ
gZŒ Nearest and Next
Now read the following sentences x £ÐNextgzZ óq-Š 4,¹LpÆkZÔì @* ƒD» ~gzŠÐ Nearest
Adnan is smaller than Asrar. gÐg ZuZy**
Xì N* ° :‰X D WÆó† ZLc* ó LpÆkZgzZì @*
ˆ ƒD»
Rashid is the smallest boy of this class.
My office is nearest to the red fort. Xì q ¹Ð°wÑíŠ Z÷
-Š 4,
Xì „ Û ¹Z÷h
 zŠ RŒ +i
Xì »±N*  »k¯kZ”Zg
Zaid is my nearest friend.
gÐƒ
ìˆÆKyZ÷
X ÅZAìg ZŠyZZ ÚZx™Z
My house is next to the mosque.
Akram is as honest as Aslam.
We shall travel by next train. XÐ,™^Ð+R, Œ Zvßë
Hamid is not as poor as Zahid. X@Zi Aì 7d $¾ÚZæq
Former and Latter
á ÎVc*
Aysha has as many dolls as Shazia. X Åtf /âZÅÈ¬
¥
ÆãU*
gzZFormernÆwzZ ÂÔƒ*
*™™f »VzqzŠ c* Û ZzŠ~¿¤
Š Z /Z
Aadil has as much gold as Aarif.
:‰Ôì @* ƒwEZ» Lattern
Æsg ¬Aì **
X k0* ÆwŠ ¬
ÎÚ Zk0*
™œâZ~
Khalid and Rashid both are brothers but the former is more
I work as hard as Ansar. Xg »ZÎVƒ@*
™7œâZ−{
honest than the latter.
Khalid doesn't work as hard as Rashid. X”ZgÎ@*
Xìg ZŠyZZŠ c* ó ¯ZwzZpÔð¸VâzŠ”ZggzZ−{
iÐ™¯ZãU*
™
Rabiah doesn't cook so well as Rashidah.
X {”Zg ACå7YZÚ Z‹Zg
First and formost
:‰Ô ó óþëZ¹L LpÆ Formost gzZ ó óªL LpÆFirst
This is the same pen as Akbar's. Xì »º Z6ì ¯„(zt
This is my first book in English. Xì [Â«~÷~~ m, ôZt
This is the same mobile as mine. Xì Z÷ì b!*
ñ„zt
Namaz is the formost duty of Muslim.
This is the same car as I bought yesterday.
Xì9
Û ë ZÐƒ
 ÅVâ ›i ú
+y
X ~h Àä~ìg »{z¸

Fewer, Less and Lesser
This is the same computer that he bought in the evening.
óÁ L: pÆVâzŠgzZ »g ZlÐ less gzZì @*
ƒD»Š Z®Ð fewer
+y
X åZh  á {zìR,
~x Û„zt
:‰X óëZ ÁzóS
QLpÆlessergzZ óÁÐkZL
186 185
He is clever like a fox. Xì uÑeb§Å~æß{z Irfan is less tall than Imran. Xì MÁÐyZ/ÔyÃ²
You look like a tiger. Xƒ”b§Å&Ðè? iÐVÂgúVŒ
There are more men than women here. X Š%{Š c*
He looks like a girl. Xì 4b§ÅÅ±{z&Xì 4‚Å±{z There are fewer teachers than students here.
I look like my father. X Vƒ4 6−ZzLZ~ +‚Z ÁÐV”VŒ
X { E
She looks like a flower. Xì @ÏwY{z There is less milk than water in this glass.
It looks faded. Xì 4‚ c* Ä%t ~k†kZ
Xì|ŠzŠ ÁÐã0*
He looks slept. Xì 4 ( ‚) Zƒ@*
Î{z This man is a hundred times as rich as you.
This cap looks whitish. Xì ÏC8It HÎÐ?òŠ Wt
Xìg ZŠwâ k
This pen looks bluish. Xì ‚8¯t This bag is three times as heavy as that suitcase.
Past aÆÚðƒµÐverbgzZ ó ishˆ L ÆAdjective VHçÞ Xì ãizk H&ÐR^ÎkZht
Xì * Ð{)zóÏ L ó‚Ð
@YHÀF, L ä™wEZ particple Khalid is better than all other students. Xì D̈¤YZÐƒ
 −{
New Words: Rashida is better than any other woman. Xì]gúhZÐƒ  {”Zg
reddish, bluish, greenish, yellowish, whitish, blackish, Rashida is better than anyone else. Xì ]gúhZÐƒ {”Zg
pinkish, brownish, orangish, violetish. A woman can't be better than Rashida.
lemonish, goldenish, oldish, youngish,longish. Ë ƒ7]gúðÃgzZhZ {Š c*
X$ iÐ{”Zg
I live in a palace of house. X VƒLg~yk#âÆû~ No woman can be better than Rashida.
My lion of a son is respected everywhere. Ë ƒ7]gúðÃgzZhZ {Š c*
X$ iÐ{”Zg
Xì @*0*
]³(C Ùg
C6èZ÷ This is the best book I have ever seen.
They work alike. X D™x » b§q
-Z {z  ~yZÔ@ŠÁÂÎä~
XìthZÐƒ
They think alike. X !Îb§q -Z {z This is the best match, he has ever played.
They look alike. X ”b§q-Z {z  ~yZÔr òæäkZ
XìtYZÐƒ
Just as food is necessary for health, in the same way books There were ten accidents this year against twenty last year.
are necessary for brain. X ñƒ]U* Š qäÆw‚¸*
Š qkŠw‚kZ~«£Æ]U*
X òiÑÁÂaÆr â Š b§ÏZÔì ~gz¢Z½aÆ¡b§T Jamila is beautiful like her mother. Xì ]gß[p b§ÅVâ KZ@
Rushda is ugly just like her sister. Xì ]gß$
+b§ÅÇKZ ò”¥
188 187
The patient is getting worse and worse. Xì ;g Y@* ƒg F{Š c*
i!% Just as birds fly in the sky, in the same way man nowadays
The man is getting better and better. Xì ;g Y@*
ƒYZòŠ W flies in the air.
I prefer milk to tea. X Vƒ@*™I|ŠzŠ {Š c* iÐñe~ Xì @* ~ZƒòŠ WÀ` Wb§ÏZ„D h Z~yW}0
™i Zz6, +b§T
6,
She prefer home to Kolkata. Xì C™Iy{Š c* iÐ„{z This room is far better than that. Xì YZ {Š c*
i}ÐkZ {#t
He would prefer dying to begging. XÇ}™I* iÐ`â„{z
*%Ô{Šc* Arshad is the better of the two students.
They prefer walking to swimming. X D™IøÔ{Š c* iÐä¾{z i~¥VâzŠyZ”g Z
Xì YZ{Š c*
Choice ( I) Reading is easier than writing. Xì y‚W−7, iÐ™
{Š c*
I am fond of caffee. X Vƒ@*™I°»~ Writing a book isn't as easy as reading.
He likes milk. Xì @*™I|ŠzŠ {z [Â Aì 7y‚WÚZ r[Â
X −7,
She has liking for fish. Xì @hZTÃkZ Cooking isn't as easy as eating. 3A7y‚WÚ Z**
X ** å
I have a weakness for blue colours. X Vƒ@* ™I8 -g 8~ It is easier to say than do. Xì y‚WI{Š c*
iÐä™
You have a taste for this kind of sweets. XìIð‹ÅnkZN It is not as dangerous to touch fire as touch a live wire.
He is fond of playing cricket. Xì tØ»É– ™ÐZ gÃg @*
X ** +
{0i A7u **
çÚ Z**
gv W
I am fond of reading books. Xì tØ»"7, ÁÂ= This man is one of the richest if not the richest.
He is fond of gambling. Xì tØ»ÉZÐZ -ZÐ~yZ ÁÐÁ ÂÔ7g ZŠwâ Ðƒ
X „ì Âq  òŠ Wt
I Shouldn't mind a cup of coffee. X ÇVz™I°»à \ q -Z~ He is one of the wisest man if not the wiset.
This toffee is to my taste. XìI°N* t -ZÐ~yZÁÐÁ ÂÔ7òŠ Wq=Ðƒ
Xìgz¢Âq  {z
This food is to his taste. XìIÐZ ** 3t This is one of the most useful books if not the most useful.
This ring is to her liking. Xì ÅIÅkZ_^Zt -ZÐ~yZ Ái ZÁ ÂÔ4:[ÂÆÐƒ
Xìgz¢Âq t
This book is to my choice. Xì ÅI~÷[Ât The higher we go the colder it is.
He doesn't like cricket at all. X @*™7IÇ!* ™{z
– Xì @*
Y@* i,z,zÔD Y6,
ƒZQ{Š c* zZë‰‰
I just don't like cricket ™7IÇ!*
X @* ™~
– The Sooner you go home, the better it is.
Cause of / Couse for L: Xì YZ „Ú Zƒ Yy?¢Î
A dog was the cause of that quarrel. X å:L »} ×k Q Âq -Z The more you work hard the more you get it's fruit.
An accident was the couse of his death. Xå: L »]ñÅkZXŠqq -Z XÐƒ 0* i„ÚZÐVz™œA
V»kZ{Š c*
190 189
It is because he was ill that he was absent. The cause of that quarrel was a dog. L »} ×k Q Âq
X å: -Z
X åg F{zVaå¢q){z The cause of his death was an accident. Xå:L »]ñÅkZXŠqq -Z
It is because it is raining that he can't come. There was no cause for anger. X ¶:zzðÃÅV
Xì „gƒlg !* Ë W7{z
VY $ There is no cause for absence. Xì 7zzðÃÅ~¢q)
Since / As / Seeing that / Now that There was no cause for divorce. X å::L ðÃ»t:
Since he is ill he will go to the hospital The reason for this war is enmity. Xì #ŠzzÅðZ±kZ
7ZakZìg F{zVa
X ÇñYwõ rich enough / so rich
As I am weak I can't run. X Y7hzŠ~nkZÔVƒgz$~Va He is rich enough to buy a new motorcycle.
Seeing that it is raining we won't go to the zoo. Xì Yh
+y¡‚R,
 -Zìg Z−â Ú Z{z
ñ5q
XÐN Y7y c* Va
vßëakZÔì „gƒlg !*
m So rich is he that he can buy a new motorcycle.
Now that we are Muslims we should be honest. Xì Yh
+y¡‚R,
 -Zìg Z−â Ú Z{z
ñ5q
Xce** Š…akZÔy›vßëVa
$c*
ƒgZŠ- He is so rich that he can buy a new motorcycle.
on account of / owing to / in view Xì Yh +y
¡‚R, -Zìg Z−â Ú Z{z
ñ5q
He cant go to school on accoant of bad weather. He is so weak that he can't walk. X Y7^ìgz$ Ú Z{z
X YY7wjZÐzzÅÌñ[Zy {z He works so slowly that he can't complete the work.
He was absent owing to illness. X å¢q){zÐzzÅ~g F ™x »× WÚ Z{z
X Y™7åx »ì @*
I gave him money in view of his poverty. too
ŠBzgÃkZä~ñƒÙ ŠÃ"
X c* $¾ÅkZ I am too tired to speak. X Y7w1VƒZƒÝÚ Z~
due to / through There is too much water in it. Xì ã0* ¹~kZ
The accident was due to carelessness. X ZƒÐzzÅ„Zz6,
ÑXŠ q This work is too hard. Xì Â¹x »t
The office will remain closed today due to heavy rain. There is too much rain in Mumbai. ¹~~
Xì lg !*
X ÇìgÈ~W` WÐzzÅlg !*
gZŠgzi because
You will get prize through hard work. He was absent because he was ill. X åg F{zVY å¢q){z
X ÇA x ÅZÐzzÅœJÃ\W She can't come because it is raining. Xì„gƒlg!* VY$Ë W7{z
1 92 1 91
that / to for / of / from / with
I am very happy that you come in my home. He was punished for telling a lie. X BZwÐZÐzzÅ%1^Ñ
X ñÑp=y}gø\WVƒlp¹~ She was rewarded for speaking the truth.
Šx ÅZÐZÐzzÅ%1s
He is not a child that you give him toffee.
XŠ
Hc*
ÐZ ?7^{z
XƒïŠ °N*
Am I a fool that you can deceive me? I am glad of your success. X VƒlpÐ! x»Å\W~
h}Š »ðŠ=?Vƒs ¸ç~H
?ƒM You are suffering from fever. X 2~g g\W
He is shocked to learn of his death. Xì â™Í¸Å]ñÅkZ {z I am fed up with him. X Vƒ[WßÐkZ~
I am glad to see you. X ðƒÙp~(, ™ïÐ\W She is shivering with cold. Xì „gZêêÐ~Q{z
I pushed the door open. X ÑÅ{ i ZzgŠnŠ .Š ä~ His face is red with anger. Xì ŠHƒwÑÐV{n»kZ
You licked the fingers clean. X Hs ™™êÃVèZä? Her face is wet with tears. Xì Š HƒF,Ð²W{n»kZ
He painted the room blue. X H8™8 -g {#äkZ Her eyes are swollen with tears. X ˆ`ÎÐVƒ²W@WÅkZ
He is dying with hunger. Xì ;g%ÐuÈ{z
(37)Active voice and Passive voice
Partly because of / what with
w!÷szc÷ Partly because of good teachers and partly because of good
Tenses {g !* Ct~$kZ
åÐszc÷Active voice ì ** books he learnt English language.
-7( Tenses): â ig eÐ w!÷Passive voice pÔM
ªk h¯ XŠ
HJy!* L ÆV1ÂhZ¼gzZ{ E
ôZ{z:
i ~ m, +‚ ZiZÂ¼
X Mh¯TensesJ WsÜ What with low salary what with trouble he resigned from
:sfzgqÔáC7 Passive Voice ÐXTenses {z school. Â¼gzZ { Z9Á Â¼
Š}Š ±ZÐwjZäkZÐzzÅ ã.6,
X c*
1. Present Perfect Continuous who
2. Past Perfect Continuous The man, who was found guilty was hung.
3. Future Continuous XŠ
Hc*
d6,
\ xê òŠ W{z
$U*
´MÔ Zƒ"
4. Future Perfect Continuous The students, who work hard succeed.
~¼ ÷~ ¿ a Æ ä¯ w ! ÷Ð szc÷ ìg Š c* X Dƒ[x»ÔD™œJ¥{z
Ð ( Intrastive verb)xiÑ÷VYÔì ~gz¢ **
ƒ» ( Transitive verb)
X Y07 Passive voice
194 1 93
Present Perfect Tense [pÃyZŠ¤
X B™Š c* /sfzgq
/)
Active Passive
I have taken tea. Tea has been taken by me. Conjugation ( yZŠ¤
I haven't taken tea. Tea has not been taken by me.
Present Simple : A book is written. Xì CYè[Â
Have I taken tea? Has tea been taken by me?
Haven't I taken tea? Has tea not been taken by me? Pre.Continuous: A book is being written. Xì „g Yè[Â
Why have I taken tea? Why has tea been taken by me? Present Perfect : A book has been written. Xì _ Yè[Â
X ˆè[Â
Why haven't I taken tea? Why has tea not been taken by me?
Past Simple : A book was written.
Past Simple Tense
Active Passive Pas.Continuous: A book was being written. X ¶„g Yè[Â
I played football. Football was played by me. Past Perfect : A book had been written. X ¶_ Yè [Â
X ÏñYè[Â
I didn't play football. Football was not played by me.
Future Simple : A book will be written.
Did I play football? Was football played by me?
Didn't I play football? Was football not played by me? Futres Perfect : A book will have been written. XÏƒ_ Yè[Â
Why did I play football? Why was football played by me?
Why didn't I play football? Why was football not played by me?
Conjugation of Active and Passive
Past Continuous Tense Present Simple Tense
Active Passive Active Passive
I was driving a car. A car was being driven by me. I eat a mango. A mango is eaten by me.
I wasn't driving a car. A car was not being driven by me. I don't eat a mango. A mango is not eaten by me.
Was I driving a car? Was a car being driven by me? Do I eat a mango? Is a mango eaten by me?
Don't I eat a mango? Is a mango not eaten by me?
Wasn't I driving a car? Was a car not being driven by me?
Why do I eat a mango? Why is a mango eaten by me?
Why was I driving a car? Why was a car being driven by me?
Why don't I eat a mango? Why is a mango not eaten by me?
Why wasn't I driving a car? Why was a car not being driven by me?
Present Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Active Passive
Active Passive
I am writing a letter. A letter is being written by me.
I had sent the message. The message had been sent by me.
I am not writing a letter. A letter is not being written by me.
I hadn't sent the message. The message had not been sent by me. Am I writing a letter? Is a letter being written by me.
Had I sent the message? Had the message been sent by me? Am I not writing a letter? Is a letter not being written by me.
Hadn't I sent the message? Had the message not been sent by me? Why am I writing a letter? Why is a letter being written by me.
Why had I sent the message? Why had the message been sent by me? Why am I not writing a letter? Why is a letter not being written by me.
Why hadn't I sent the message? Why had the message not been sent by me?
196 1 95
Future Simple Tense
Present Simple Active Passive
Active: S+V+O I shall buy a car. A car will be bought by me.
I shan't buy a car. A car will not be bought by me.
Passive: O+is/am/are+v3+by+s/o Shall I buy a car? Will a car be bought by me?
Active: I teach you. Shan't I buy a car? Will a car not be bought by me?
Why shall I buy a car? Why will a car be bought by me?
Passive: You are taught by me.
Why shan't I bye a car? Why will a car not be bought by me?
Active: We eat mango. Future Perfect Tense
Active Passive
Passive: The mango is eaten by us.
I shall have solved the problem. The problem will have been solved by me.
Active: You write a letter. I shan't have solved the problem. The problem will not have been solved by me.
Passive: A letter is written by you. Shall I have solved the problem? Will the problem have been solved by me?
Shan't I have solved the problem? Will the problem not have been solved by me?
Active: They drink water . Why shall I have solved the problem? Why will the problem have been solved by me?
Passive: Water is drunk by them. Why shan't I have solved the problem? Why will the problem not have been solved by me?
Active: He eats apple. [pÃyS ; CY Å V´p¼ a Æ ä¯Passive ÐActive

Passive: The appel is eaten by him. X B™d‚f
Active: She cooks food. Active Passive Active Passive
Passive: The food is cooked by her. I by me He by him
We by us She by her
Present Continuous
You by you It by it
Active: S+are+/am/is+v+ing+o
They by them Who by whom
Passive: O+are+/am/is+being+v3+by+o/s
/////
Active: You are taking dinner.
Active Passive Active Passive
Passive: The dinner is being taken by you.
Can Can be Will Will be
Active: We are playing cricket.
Could Could be Should Should be
Passive: Cricket is being played by us.
May May be Would Would be
Active: They are writing a letter.
Passive: A letter is being writen by them. Might Might be Must Must be
Active: I am calling you. Shall Shall be Ought Ought be

198 197
Past Perfect Passive: You are being called by me.
Active: S+had+v3+o Active: He is beating the child.
Passive: O/S+had been+v3+by+o/s Passive: The child is being beaten by him.
Active: I had switched on the mobile. Present Prefect
Passive: The mobile had been switched on by me.
Active: S+has/have+v3+o
Active: She had knitted the cap.
Passive: O/S+has/have+been+v3+by+s/o
Passive: The cap had been knitted by her.
Active: He has eaten banana.
Future simple Passive: Banana has been eaten by him.
Active: S+will/shall+v+o Active: I have written a book.
Passive: O/S+will/shall+be+v3+by+s/o Passive: A book has been written by me.
Active: You will buy a car. Active: You have taken exam.
Passive: A car will be bought by you. Passive: The exam has been taken by you.
Active: He will tell the story. Past Simple
Passive: The story will be told by him. Active: S+v2+O
Future Perfect Passive: O/S+was/were+v3+by+S/O
Active: S+will/shall+have+v3+o Active: I called you.
Passive: O/S+will/shall+have+been+v3+by+s/o Passive: You were called by me.
Active: I shall have cpmpleted my work. Active: He bought a pen.
Passive: My work will have been completed by me. Passive: A pen was bought by him.
Active: She will have drunk juice. Past Continuos
Passive: Juice will have been drunk by her. Active: S+was/were+v-ing+O
Active: I shall have bought a car. Passive: O/S+was/were+being+v3+s/o
Passive: A car will have been bought by me. Active: I was driving a car.
Passive: A car was being drived by me.
Active: They were speking English.
Passive: English was being spoken by them.
200 1 99
Interrogative Sentences: ( ¿DZÎ) Use of may/can/should/must
Active: S+may/can/should/must+v+o
Active Passive
Passive: O/S+may/can/should/must+be+v3+by+s/o
Do/Does am/is/are Active: You may read this letter.
Did was/were Passive: This letter may be read by you.
Active: Do/Does+s+v+o? Active: He can open the door.
Passive: Am/Are/Is/+o/s+v3+by+s/o Passive: The door can be opened by him.
Active: Do you write English? Active: She should make tea.
Passive: Is English written by you? Passive: Tea should be made by her.

Active: We must respecct the elders.
Active: Does she speak English?
Passive: The elders must be respected by us.
Passive: Is English spoken by her?
Active: S+am/is+are/was/were/has/have/had+to+v+o
Active: Do you not call him?
Passive: O/S+am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had+to+be+v3+by+s/o
Passive: Is he not called by you?
Active: I am to eat a mango.
Active: Did she buy a pen? Passive: A mango is to be eaten (by me.)
Passive: Was a pen bought by her? Active: You are to write a letter.
Active: Did you not beat them? Passive: A letter is to be written (by you.)
Passive: Were they not beaten by you? Active: We were to help the needy.
Active: Can/May/Will/Shall+s+v+o? Passive: The needy was to be helped (by us.)
Passive: Can/May/Will/Shall+o/s+be+v3+by+s/o? Active: S+should have+v3+o
Active: Can I eat rice? Passive: O/S+should have been+v3+by+s/o
Active: He should have called me.
Passive: Can rice be eaten by me?
Passive: I should have been called by him
Active: May I buy a mobile?
Active: There+is/am/are+noun+to+v1
Passive: May mobile be buoght by me?
Passive: There+is/am/are+noun+to be+v3
Active: Will you help the needy?
Active: There is no time to play.
Passive: Will the needy be helped by you? Passive: There is no time to be palyed.
202 201
0.À7
( Imperative Sentences) ¿îG Active: Shall I teach you?
Passive: Will you be taught by me?
Active: V+O ---- Passive: Let+O+be+V3
Active: Who +V+O
Active: Bring a glass of water.
Passive: By Whom+verb"be"+s+v3
Passive: Let a glass of water be brought.
( Command Negative) 4÷
Active: Who opened this window?
Passive: By whom was this window opened?
Active: Do not+V+O --- Passive: Let+O+not+be+V3
Active: Who will recite the holy Quran?
Active: Do not play a chess.
Passive: By whom will the holy Quran be recited?
Passive: Let a chess not be played.
~pðÃ~kZÂÔƒqzÑÐW.H.Family]¤ /Z{z´ÆWhom V Hç³Þ
Active: Don't play a game.
:wVX ÇñW~„qzÑ,W,H,~VâzŠ PassivegzZ ActiveªÔ Ïƒ7
Passive: Let a game not be played.
Active: Why did he call you?
Advice ( {gt) Passive: Why were you called by him?
Active: V + O ---- Passive: O + Should be + V3 Active: When will he buy a car?
Active: Take care your child. Passive: When will a car be bought by him?
Passive: Your child should be taken care. Active: Where did he put the mobile?
Active: Write down your name. Passive: Where was the mobile put by him?
Passive: Your name should be Written. VÓµaÆä¯ Passive voiceÂÔƒqzÑÐ Please]¤ /Z
XÐN ¯b§kZ¿ÐMightgzZ Could Ô Ought to You are requested not to ~ VÓtgzZ You are requested to ~
Active: We ought to obey our parents. :‰Ôì @* YH†ŸZ»
Passive: Our parents ought to be obeyed by us. Active: Please give me a glass of water.
Active: He could speak English. Passive: You are requested to give me a glass of water.
Passive: English could be spoken by him. Active: Please don't waste time.
Active: Munazir might play cricket. Passive: You are requested not to waste time.
Passive: Cricket might be played by Munazir.
204 203
Changing of persons (38)Narration
us gzZ our, my, me, we, I, ª First Person » Reported Speech( 1) (Direct and Indirect Speech)
ƒsp._ÆSubjectÆReporting VerbLZ {)z
:wVÔì Lg @* ~szŠì GLG
" Zzg
Direct Speech: He says, "I am ill." :9zŠ Åä™yÒÃx¯Æ( Speaker)gHË
Indirect Speech: He says that he is ill. :yÒôZzšc*Še $Zzg Direct Speech( 1)
Æ Reporting Verb LZ ( I ) » Reported Speech VŒ actual ) b§ÏZ Ç!*ì ¹ä V rZ b§TÃ]!* ðƒ ½Å Ë
XŠ
Hw$+Ð( he) Subject :‰ÔëŠe $Zzgª Direct SpeechÃä™7~( words
{)z you gzZ your ª Second Person » Reported Speech( 2) Direct Speech: He said, "I am going."
ƒsp._ÆObjectÆReporting Verb
:wVÔì Lg@* :yÒôZß !*
c*
~se $Zzg Indirect Speech( 2)
Direct Speech: He says to me, "You are my bosom friend." Without quoting exact ) ~ y!* ðƒ ½ Å Ë
i KZ Ã ]!*
Indirect Speech: He tells me that I am his bosom friend. :‰Ôë ~se $ZzgªIndirectìg ¹!* x| **™7b§kZ( words
ÆReporting VerbLZÔ You» Reported Speech~¿kZ Indirect Speech: He said that he was going.
XŠ
Hw$+Ð( me) object :Dƒ( Parts) b zŠÆ¿~ Direct Speech
:wVÔ Ïƒ7~pðÃ~Third PersonÆReported Speech( 3) ] ÑZz ¬ ÐC o m m a ª] ÑZz qzÑ : R e p o r t i n g V e r b ( 1)
Direct Speech: He says to me, "He is a good teacher." Xì @*B Reporting verb
Indirect Speech: He tells me that he is a good teacher. Inverted commasª] ÑZz ˆ Æ Comma : Reported Speech( 2)
Þ ì ðƒ7~p~ he ÆReported Speech ~¿ kZ
KZ. Xì @*B Reported Speech]ÑZzg0 +ZÆ
Xì ¹!*
6,
q
ª He says, "I am writing a letter." :‰
Changing of Tenses Xì Reporting Verbó ó He saysL L~¿kZ
Âƒ~ Future Tense c*Present Tense ¤
/Z Reporting Verb ( 1) Xì Reported Speech "I am writing a letter"gzZ
7~pðÃ~ ÷Æ Reported Speech ‰ Ü z D ¯ Indirect Speech †ŸZ » thatÆ™sv .Ã Comma~Indirect SpeechìgŠ c*
:‰X Ïƒ Inverted b§ÏZ Ô D Yƒ »„ Ç!* Inverted Commas gzZì @ *YH
Direct Sp: He says, "Khalid eats mango." (Present Tense) *
Indirect å@ Y –~ Capital Letter swª » g0 +Z Æ Commas
Indirect Sp: He says that Khalid eats mango. (Present Tense) Xƒ: Proper NounðÆÇñY–ÐSmall Letter~Speech
206 205
are changes into were X ðƒ7µZz~pðÃ~¿kZ
have / has changes into had
Dir. Sp: Rashid will say, "Akram recited the holy Quran."
was / were V+ing changes into had been+verb-ing
verb 1st form changes into verb 2nd form (Future Tense)
verb 2nd form changes into had + verb 3rd form Ind. Sp: Rashid will say that Akram recited the holy Quran.
can changes into Could
(Future Tense)
go changes into come
this changes into that Xì ðƒ7µZz~pðÃÌ~¿kZ
these changes into those p ÖZÆ Reported SpeechÂƒ~Past Tense¤/Z Reporting Verb( 2)
now changes into then
:sf î0<EgqX CƒV´p¼~
here changes into there
ago changes into before Direct Speech Indirect Speech
here changes into there Present Simple becomes Past Simple
hereby changes into thereby Present Continuous becomes Past Continuous
hither changes into thither Present Perfect becomes Past Perfect
hence changes into thence Present Perfect Continuous becomes Past Perfect Continuous
just changes into then Past Simple becomes Past Perfect
thus changes into so Past Continuous becomes Past Perfect Continuous
says to changes into tells Past Perfect becomes Past Perfect (no changing)
told ÃkZ ÂñW Object ðÃˆÆ said ¤
/Z~Reporting Verb VHç³Þ Past Perfect Continuous becomes Past Perfect Continuous (no changing)
(Future) Shall changes into should
:‰Ô7:gzïŠw$ +Ð (Future) Will changes into would
Direct Speech: He Said, " I write a story." today changes into that day
tomorrow changes into the next day
Indirect Speech: He Said that he wrote a story.
yesterday changes into the day before
Ðtold Ã said akZÔì 7ObjectðÃˆÆsaid~¿kZ the day after tomorrow changes into two days after
X ÇñYH7sp tonight changes into that night
Direct Speech: He said to me, "You are doing well." last night changes into previous night / the night
next week changes into before the following week
Indirect Speech: He told me that I was doing well. next month changes into the following month
told Ã said to a kZì (me)Object ˆ Æ said ~ ¿ kZ last month changes into the month before
X ÇñYc* +Ð
Šw$ do changes into did
is / am changes into was
208 207
}°‡ë ZÆä¯ Indirect Ð Past }°‡ë ZÆä¯IndirectÐFuture*
c Present
Past TenseVâzŠ Reported SpeechgzZ Reporting VerbZ
# #
Reported SpeechgzZƒ~Past TenseÔ Reporting VerbZ
Past Ô Past Continuous gzZ Ð Past Perfect Ô Past Simple Âƒ ~ ÆÏZÃ Reported Speech ÂÔƒ~ Future Tense c*Present Tense
Past gzZ Past Perfect ìg Š c*
Xì @* +Ð Perfect Continuous
Y w$ +~ Past Tense ._
Ã willb§ÏZ ;Ð should Ã shallgzZÐ,Š w$
X Cƒ7µZz~pðÃ~Perfect Continuous XÐ,Š™spÐWould
:‰Ôì * @Yc*Šw$+Ð Past Perfect Ã Past Simple : 1 :{°‡ :‰Ô ÇñYc* +ÐSimple Past Ã Simple Present : 1 :{°‡
Šw$
Direct Speech: He said. " I wrote a letter." Direct Speech: Akbar said, "Khalid goes to market."
Indirect Speech: He said that he had written a letter. Indirect Speech: Akbar said that Khalid went to market.
c* +Ð Past perfect continuous Ã Past continuous : 2 : {°‡
Š w$ :‰ÔÇñYc* +Ð Past Continuous Ã Present Continuous : 2 :{°‡
Šw$
:‰Ôì @* Y Direct Speech: He said, "My sister is cooking food."
Dir. Sp: He said, "I was remembering my lesson." Indirect Speech: He said that his sister was cooking food.
Ind. Sp: He said that he had been remembering his lesson. :‰Ô ÇñYc* +Ð Past Perfect Ã Present Perfect : 3 :{°‡
Šw$
:‰ÔCƒ7~pðÃ~gzZ Past perfect :^â Direct Speech: He said, "I have taken tea."
Dir sp.: He said "I had written a letter." Indirect Speech: He said that he had taken tea.
Ind Sp.: He said that he had written a letter. Past Perfect Ã Present Perfect Continuous : 4 : {°‡
:‰ÔCƒ7~pðÃÌ~Past Perfect Continuous b§ÏZ :‰ÔÇñYc*Šw$+Ð Continuous
Dir sp.: He said "I had been writting a letter." Direct Speech: He said, "It has been raining."
Ind Sp.: He said that he had neen writting a letter. Indirect Speech: He said that it had been raining.
/Z Reporting Verb : 3 : {°‡
Reported SpeechgzZƒ~ Past Tense¤ +Ð would ( will)gzZÐ should( shall) » Future Tense : 5 : {°‡
w$
~pðÃ~Verb ÂñW must gzZ should, would, could, might ~ :‰Ôì @* Y
:‰Ô Ïƒ7µZz Direct Speech: Arshad said, "I shall read."
Direct Speech: He said, "Rashid might come." Indirect Speech: Arshad said that he should read.
Indirect Speech: He said that Rashid might come.
Direct Speech: They siad, "We will play cricket."
Direct Speech: He said, "I could lift the box."
Indirect Speech: They said that they would play cricket.
Indirect Speech He said that he could lift the box.
210 209
Direct Speech: He said, "I am glad to be here this morning." Direct Speech: He said, "I would play tennis."
Indirect Speech: He said that he is glad to be here this morning. Indirect Speech: He said that he would play tennis.
Ð Direct Â}™C Ù ªÃx|Æ ( Nearness) d $Œ Û p ÖZ {z : 7 : {°‡ Direct Speech: He said, "I should sleep now."
Ü z D ¯ Indirect
p ÖZáZz ä™ZŠ Z Ãx|Æ ( Distance) ~gzŠ Ãp ÖZ yZ ‰ Indirect Speech: He said that he should sleep then.
:‰ÔïŠw$ +Ð Direct Speech: He said, "I must help the poor."
Direct Sp: He said, "I am calling my brother now." Indirect Speech: He said that he must help the poor.
Indirect Sp: He said that he was calling his brother then. gzZÐ could Ã can Âƒ ~ Past Tense ¤
/Z Reporting Verb : 4 : {°‡
Direct Sp: He said, " I am working here." :‰ÔïŠw$ +ÐmightÃ may
Direct Speech: He said, "I can do this work,"
Indirect Sp: He said that he was working there.
Indirect Speech: He said that he could do that work.
Direct Sp: He said, " I am glad to be here this evening."
Direct Speech: He said, "I may play football."
Indirect Sp: He said that he was glad to be there that evening.
qËÐ{)z now, here, these, this( Speaker)gH¤
Indirect Speech: He said that he might play football.
( c* /Z : 8 :{°‡
gzZƒ ~ Past Tense ªèâ Reporting Verb¤
/Z : 5 : {°‡
Ü zD ¯IndirectÐ DirectÂÔƒt ‚ÆkZ}™{g
Reported
kZ‰ á Zs§Å‰ Ü zc*
ÂƒD» ónó YH:g ïZÐT|{zL Lª( Universal truth)ÐSpeech
:‰Ô Ïƒ7µZz~pðÃ~p ÖZÆn
gzZComma sÜÏƒ 7µZz ~pðÃ~ Verb Æ Reported Speech
Direct Speech: They said, " These are our books."
:‰ÔÐ,™wEZ » that™ UÃ Inverted Commas
Indirect Speech: They said that these were their books.
Dir. Speech: The Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) said
Rules Of Interrogative Sentences
"Allah is one and only."
( °Z ¸ÆVÓDZÎ) Ind. Speech: The Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) said that
Yes[ Z »X¿DZÎ, Z
Direct SpeechÃyZ ÂÔN YØŠ~ Noc* ( I) Allah is one and only.
c*said Æ Reporting Verb aÆ ä™sp~ Indirect Speech Ð Dir. Speech: He said, "The sun rises in the east."
X ïŠw$ +Ð enquired c*asked Ã said to Ind. Speech: He said that the sun rises in the east.
Æ™sv .Ã Inverted Commas gzZ Comma Æ Direct Speech ( II) X ðƒ7µZz~pðÃ~VÓ{gÃè
that ~Indirect Speech b§ÏZX D™ wEZ » Whether c* if 6,( Same place) ( ÏZ c* Ü z„q
( Same period) ‰ -Z ¤
/Z : 6 : {°‡
Interrogative Æ Reported Speech 2 ;ì @
* ƒ w EZ
Yƒ »Ì{z å @* :‰Ô Ïƒ7µZz~pðÃ ÂÔƒ** ¯IndirectÐDirect
212 211
Indirect Ô Imperative Sentence» Direct Speech ìgŠ c* DZÎ~y
WÆ¿gzZì @* Y c* +~Assertive Sentence Ã Sentence
Š w$
Y0Assertive Sentence~Speech
:‰Ôì @* Xì @*
Yc* ¡E
Î ( Full Stop)\6Z ÿ(
N
Å ( Question Mark)y¶
K
Order Dir. Sp: He said, "Are you driving a car?"
Direct Sp. : Akram said to Arshad, " Go to school." Ind. Sp: He asked whether I was driving a car.
Indirect Sp. : Akram ordered Arshad to go to school. Dir. Sp: "Do you remember your lesson?" said the teacher.
Advice Ind. Sp: The teacher asked whether I remembered my lesson.
Dir. Sp.: The doctor said to me, "Take medicine in time." Dir. Sp: He said to Adnan, "Can you speak English?"
Ind. Sp.: The doctor advised me to take medicine on time. Ind. Sp: He asked Adnan if he could speak English.
Request Dir. Sp: He said, "Will you listen to me?"
Dir. Sp.: My friend said to me, "Please wait here till I return."
Ind. Sp: He asked them whether they would listen to him.
Ind. Sp.: My friend requested me to wait there till he returned.
Wh-Question
Command
Z’Z Å Reperted Speech ¤
which, when, where, why, /Z
Dir. Sp.: "Call the first witness," said the judge.
XÐOg ¹!*
Ì~ Indirect Ãp ÖZ yZ ÂÔVƒÐ p ÖZ‰{)z what, who
Ind. Sp.: The judge commanded them to call the first witness.
:‰ÔÇƒ7wEZÌ» if c*whether, that2
Reported Ã Reporting Verb ÆDirect SpeechìgŠ c*
VHç³³³³Þ
Direct Speech: He said to me, "Where do you live?"
Xìg (Z~VâzŠy ¸zxlªì YY–ÌˆÆSpeech
Indirect Speech: He enquired where I lived.
Prohibition
Direct Speech: She said, "What are you writing?"
ÔƒD»1zgÐ x » ËÃËªó óÆ˜L LÐ Reported Speech¤ /Z
Indirect Speech: She enquired what I was writing.
b§ÏZXì * @Yƒ »Do not gzZì @* ƒwEZ » forbade (Å said to Â
:‰ÔM h™ÌwEZ » not to
Direct Speech: Akram said, "Which pen did she take?"
Indirect Speech: Akram asked which pen she had taken.
Direct: I said to him, "Do not eat more."
Indirect: I forbade him to eat more. 0.À7)
Imperative Sentences( ¿ îG
Direct: I said to him, "Do not waste time." suggested, requested, Ã said to ÆReporting Verb ~ VÓ , Z
Indirect: I forbad him to waste time. ƒo ðÃÐ ~ {)z advised, commanded, ordered, asked, told

Direct: He said "Don't take tea." Xì @*
ƒwEZto(Å Inverted Commas b§ÏZX ïŠw$ +ÐÂ
Indirect: He ordered not to take tea.
214 213
withÃ fie gzZ with sorrow Ã Oh c* Ah Ô with joy Ã Hurrah p ÖZ Æ Emphatic
»Ã Inverted Commas gzZ Comma 2 X ïŠ w$ +Ð contempt =g fÆDoÂ~T](Z ªÔƒ» Emphatic]¤
kZ ÂÔƒˆÅ Za N @* /Z
~ I n d i r e c t S p e e c h ìg Š c*
Xì @* Y H wEZ » t h a t Æ™ :‰ÔÐ,Š™sv .Ã Do‰ Ü zD ¯IndirectÐDirect~VÓÆn
.ðH#
sv Ö ´ªSing of Exclamation gzZp ÖZx ÓáZzInterjection Direct: He said to me, "Do come tomorrow."
Xì @* Î Full Stop~y
Yc* W¿gzZD Yƒ Indirect: He requested me to come nextday.
Direct: The captain said, "Hurrah! India has won the match." Let / Let us
Indirect: The captain exclaimed with joy that India had won wEZ » that Æ™sv .Ã Inverted Comma gzZ Comma ~ VÓ,Z
the macth. H wEZ » Should ˆ ÆSubject Æ™ sv .Ã Let Â 2 Ô ì @*
YH
Direct: He said, "Alas! he died." said b§ÏZ Xì @
ordered, proposed, requested, ( Å said toc* * Y
Indirect: He exclaimed sadly that he had died. :‰ÔD YG wEZp ÖZƒ  o{)zsuggested
Direct: He said, "How clever I am!" Dir. Sp.: The principal said, "Let no one come late."
Indirect: He exclaimed that he was very clever. Ind. Sp.: The principal ordered that no one should come late.
Direct: I said to him, "Fie! Fie! you have deceived me." Dir. Sp.: Rashid said, "Let us go to picnic."
Indirect: I exclaimed with contempt that he had deceived me. Ind. Sp.: Rashid proposed that they should go to picnic.
Direct: She said, "Bravo! you have done well." Dir. Sp.: They said, "Let us try again."
Indirect: She applauded him, saying that he had done well. Ind. Sp.: They proposed that they should try again.
Direct: He said, "Ah! I failed in the examination." Let
Indirect: He exclaimed with sorrow that he had failed in the
said Æ VÓ,Z ÂƒC
Ã said to c* Ù ªx|» desire c*wish Ð let ¤
/Z
examination.
:‰Ôì @*Yc* +Ðdesiredc*
Šw$ wished
Exclamatory Sentences with How, What, So, and Such
Direct Sp: He said, "Let me play."
%$+Ãp ÖZyZ ÂÔ ñW SuchgzZ So What, How~¿Ô<Z¤ /Z Indirect Sp: He wished that he shoud play.
:sfzgq}°‡Æ Direct Sp: She said, "Let me help you."
ˆÆ kZQgzZ Adjective ˆÆ What ¤ /Z ~ Direct Speech ( 1) Indirect Sp: She desired that she should help me.
7µZz~pðÃ~¿gzZì * @Yc* Š™ » Waht ~Indirect ÂñW Noun Exclamatory Sentences
Direct: "What a beautiful girl you are!" :‰Ôì Cƒ Reporting Æ VÓ×Hc* Ô<Z ªExclamatory Sentences
Indirect: You are a beutiful girl. InterjectiongzZì @
* Y c* +Ð ExclaimedÃ said to c*saidÆVerb
Š w$
216 215
Dir: The teacher said to his students, "My dear students, +Ðvery ÃkZ ÂÔñW Adverb c*Adjective ˆÆHow¤
w$ /Z ( 2)
Work hard." :‰Ôì @*
Yc*
Š
Ind: Teacher called his students my dear students and
Direct: "How beautiful she is!"
advised to work hard.
Indirect: She is very beautiful.
Yes or No
:‰Ôì @* Yc*Šw$+Ðp ÖZƒ  oÂñW NounˆÆwhat¤
/Z ( 3)
Affirmative ~ Indirect Speech Ã yes ÆDirect Speech
Direct: "What a place!"
:‰Ôì *
@Yc* +~ Negative Ã NogzZ
Šw$
Indirect: A lovely place.
Direct Sp.: He said "yes, I can speak English."
Indirect Sp.: He replied in affirmative and said that he could Optative Sentences ¿ðÕ
speak Engish.
Direct Sp.: She said to her, "No".
{)z¬Š$+c*¬ŠgzZY iZÔ ÕÔéZpÐyZgzZƒÐ May Z’Z ÅX¿{z
Indirect Sp.: She replied her in negative.
cursed, prayed, blessed, Ã said to c*saidÆVÓÐZ ÂƒC Ù ªx|»
Direct Sp.: Akram said, "No I shall not eat."
(Å Inverted Commas gzZ Comma2Xì @* Yc* +Ð{)zwished
Š w$
Indirect Sp.: Akram refused to eat.
:‰ Ô ì @* Î Full Stop ~y
Yc* WgzZ that
Direct: He said, "May you live long! "
Direct Sp.: He said, "Yes, I was telling lies."
Indirect: He wished that I might live long.
Indirect Sp.: He admitted that he had been telling lies.
Direct: He said to him "May you die soon! "
Sir or Madam
Indirect: He cursed him that he might die soon.
:‰Ôì *
@Yc* +ÐrespectfullyÃ MadamgzZSir
Šw$
Direct: The teacher said to me, "May you get success!"
Dir.: The student said, "Sir, grant me leave for three days."
Indirect: The teacher prayed that I might get success.
Ind.: The student requested respectfully to grant him leave
for three days. Vocative +
( Z0q)
ª
(39)Emphatic Sentences (¿~N @
* ) gzZ addressed ( Å said to ÂÔƒ ~ Vocative Case ] ¤
/Z
It is I.X Vƒ~Ât&X VƒÂ„~ It is Rashid. Xì Â„”Zg Ôì @* Y –] ¹!* ˆ Æ kZ as QgzZ Object 0Ð Reporting Verb
It is we. X Â„ë It is education. Xì Â„½ :‰ Ôì @*Yƒsv .asÐä™wEZ Called(Å Addressed
It is he. Xì Â„z It is you. XƒÂ„? Dir: I said to him, "My friend, I am here."
It is they. X Âvß„z It is students. X Â„¥ Ind: I addressed him as my friend and said that I was there.
218 217
She starts cooking. Xì @äå{z It is leaders who have ruined this countey.
They start complaining. Xì ”ä™e $D{z Xì HŠ !*
,
' Ão Â„äVƒ Ég yZ
I began to write X Î™~ It is I who have taught you English. Xì c* ‹ZÃ?Â„ä~
J 7,
It started raining. X Ðäƒlg !* It is education that makes us good. Xì C¯YZ…Â„½
nothing but It is they who have broken this lock. Xì Zh ÂÑ@*
Â„äVrEZ
X VƒLg„k7, ~ Š“
I do nothing but read. It is Uzma who has made tea. Xì ð¯ñeÂä„ ö+W
He does nothing but sleep. Xì Lg „DÎ{z does /do /did
You did nothing but play. Xìg „ È ? She does know English. Xì Â„Y~ m,ôZ{z
We did nothing but fight. Xìg„D ±ë I do speak English. X VƒÂm1~ m,
ôZ~
X Vƒ8 Š ã0*„ã0*
~
X åÂHy¯Ã?−{
I see nothing but water.
Khalid did call you.
There is nothing but flowers here. Xì wY„wYVŒ
Certainly / surely / only
There is nothing but poverty here. Xì R¾„R¾VŒ
I will certainly come. X „ÇVƒ W~
about to
He will surely go. X „ÇñY{z
He is about to die. Xì ÑZz„ä%{z
X –ä„1Z
XìÃ„äƒ: Zzg {z
Only Ajmal wrote.
She is about to start.
My brother is about to come. Xì ÑZz„äWð¸Z÷ I ate only mango. 3x WsÜä~
X c*
The train is about to arrive. Xì Se„** W+R, goes on / keeps on / went on / kept on
As / just as / As soon as / No sooner He goes on laughing. Xì Lg ª{z

As I reached station, it began to rain. She keeps on writing. Xì Sg—{z
X Ðäƒlg !*
å„àøZ~ They keep on reading. X Tg _7, {z
Just as I reached station, the train started. I go on listening. X VƒLg ù 7~
X ˆÁ~h Ç å„àøZ~ She kept on singing. X „g CÇ{z
As soon as I left home, the mobile began to ring. He went on waiting. ™g OZ{z
X ;g @*
XŠ ñ å„Ðy~
HƒqzÑ½b!* begin to / start
No sooner did I reach bus stand, the bus come. I begin to think. X Vƒ4WÎ~
X ˆ W' å„™ ðAXF
( œZ'~ He begins to laugh. Xì 4©{z
220 219
Khalid doesn't write and neither does Rashid. No sooner / Hardly / Scarcely
X 7Ì”ZggzZì q7−{ No sooner had the police reached then the thieves fled away.
Anwar isn't a wise and neither is Ansar. X ‰ v¸ga¶„â:7
X 7Ìg »ZgzZì 7q=g Zâ Z Hardly had the police reached when the robbers fled away.
He didn't call nor will he. X 7ÌÇ}™gzZ H7y¯äkZ X ‰ v¸ÃZ e „VÂâ:7„V
She didn't buy a car nor can she. Xì $Ë „h+y
 +y
:gzZ~h 7g»äkZ
 Scarcely had the doctor reached when the patient died.
He is not miser nor can he be. X Y7ÌƒgzZì 7k<{z XŠ
H%!% å„àËZe
She is not a leader nor will she be. X 7ÌÏƒgzZì 7Ég { z too / also
not only but also
I, too, went to Kolkata. XŠH®Ì~
This book is not only easy but also useful.
He, too, was absent. X å¢q)Ì{z
Þ ì y‚WsÜ:[Ât
X ÌÆ.
I, also, bought a car. +y
X ~h g »Ìä~
He not only respected me but also helped.
even
Þ Hx Z+Z Z÷sÜ: äkZ
X ÅÌŠæ.
Even a child knows him. Xì }YÌ^q -ZÐS
He not only reads but also writes. Xì Ìq. Þ ì k7,sÜ: {z
Even doctors go on strike. X D™w@* Ù ÌY éE
E 5O…Z
Akram is not only a leader, He is a teacher as well.
X 7ÌÑ1Ðí{z
Xì Ìf *ZÉì ÉgsÜ:x™Z
He didn't even speak to me.
She can't take even water. X$Ë 8 7Ìã0* {z
after
City after city was washed away. XŠ
HËà»à and so
Jungle after jungle was cut dow. XŠH–k»k Zaid eats mango and so does Nasir. gzZì @*
X ÌÜ** +i
3x Wh
Village after village was burnt down. HVVƒ Ç »Vƒ Ç
XŠ Asrar is a leader and so is Ajmal. X Ì1ZgzZì Égg ZuZ
Day after day rolled on. XŠH@* g*yŠ6,yŠ The father is a miser and so is the son. CgzZì k<\!*
X Ìg
Reward after reward received. X ;g Mx ÅZ6,
x ÅZ either / neither / nor
of Sabir doesn't read and Tarique doesn't read either.
He is a teacher of theachers. +‚ÑZ f *Z {z
X { E X 7Ìtg¤gzZì k7,
7',
™
He is a king of kings. Xì YZg »Vƒ YZg {z Rashid isn't a teacher and Zahid isn't a teacher either.
This is a medicine of medicines. Xì ZzŠ ÅVƒ ZzŠt X 7Ì@ZigzZì 7f *Z”Zg
222 221
Whether fish or meats everything is dear. both
Xì µ¼ƒ  Í H ! TH
 !“ It is both a food and a medicine. X ZzŠ Å ZzŠgzZì Z½Å Z½t
Whether teachers or students all were absent. It is both a book and a friend . X„  zŠgzZì [ÂÅ[Ât
 zŠ »„
X¸¢q)ƒ  ! D̈¤H ! f *Z H
 Æƒ each and every
Now.......now There is happiness in each and every home. Xì Ùp~yy
Now he writes now he reads. Xì k7,Lìó qL{z There is mistake in each and every line. Xì t~SS
Now she laughs now she cries. Xì CzgLÔì ®L{z There is a noise in each and every street. XìgØ~‹‹
Now I eat now I drink. X Vƒ¥LÔVƒ@* 3L~ He leads me at each and every step. Xì @ ™ðÉg ~÷6,
* xŠxŠ{z
Myself Each and every child is hungry. Xì »È^^
I myself drive a car. X Vƒ@*`~h ÇŠp~ Each and every field is dry. Xì 3ÎEE
G4EN
She herself knit the cap. Xì ö- E&8 IŠp{z Not to speak / let alone.
He will write a letter himself. X Ç‘âŠp{z Not to speak of workers even great leaders are dishonest.
She will cook food herself. X Ïñå** 3Šp{z X yZZ" ÌÉg} (,
Ág » ÂÁg»
The door closes of itself. Xì @* YÈ„Šp{ i ZzgŠ Not to speak of helping me he didnt even speak to me.
The window opens of itself. Xì CYÁ„ŠpÅ9 !7ÌÑ1Ðí{zƒë]!*
Åä™Šæ
Let alon a computer he doesn't have even a mobile.
(40) Method ( i§zgî) Xì 7Ìb!*
ñÐZI H »R,
Û
how to mush less / much more
*™ÀF,
I know how to translate into English. X Vƒ}Y* ôZ~
~~m, Even relatives didn't help me much less enemies.
She knows how to cook food. Xì „Y**
å**
3{z X Å7Šæ~÷ÌäVzg ZŠ¸gÔ¾ yÃÃÔŠ
He is learning how to drive a car. Xì ;gJ**
`~h Ç{z I help even enemies, much more friends.
saw / found ™ŠæÌÅV7Š Â~Ô¾ yÃÃV2zŠ
X Vƒ@*
I saw her writing / write. X ¬Š}ƒ˜ÐZä~ Whether
I found him reading / read. X c*
0* Ð Z ä~
ñƒ_7, Whether doctors or patients all have to die.
He saw Rashid playing / play. X ¬Š ñƒÈÃ”ZgäkZ Xì **
%Ãƒ
 ! !%H ! ËZ e H
224 223
(41)Measurement, Weight, Size, Rate, He found me eating / eat. X c*ñƒD 3=äkZ
0*
+verb (2nd form) + verb + ing.
Price, Distance, and Speed.
He asked smiling. X Y7ñƒD Z—äkZ
Ù ªg ëggzZ ~gzŠÔ7Ô c3,
X¿á Zzä™C Ö ÔyizÔöe
ÔŠÔ# She came running. X ðWD hzŠ D hzŠ {z
by the + noun.
I told going. X ¹D YD Yä~
I buy bananas by the dozen. +y
X Vƒ@*
h !Ð[ˆÆXgŠ~

Subject + verb + adverb of manner.
Jahangir sells cloth by the meter. Xì ‰Z ÀÐ[ ˆÆ©$˜
I am listening attentively. X Vƒ;gÍÐg¨~
People buy diesel by the litre. X Dh +y
wm,eÐ[ˆÆ{vß
He is playing well. Xì ;göb§hZ{z
Xì @*
+y
h ~!Ð[ˆÆ³{z
Xì „gw1Ðgzi{z
He buys vegetable by the kilo.
She is speaking loudly.
of
Khalid writes clearly. Xì qs ™s ™−{
I want a litre of petrol. Xcewzð{q -Z=
Xceñe”
New words:
He wants a cup of tea. q
-ZÐZ
ÐÈ Happily ÐÙp Ðã‚ W
k†q
ã0* -ZäkZ
Boldly Easily
+y
X Zh
Slowly Ð× W Gladly
He bought a glass of water.
ÐÙp Wisely Ð~W
I want a basketful of apples. X ce Â L ~™Iq-Z=
She wants a spoonful of salt. Xce#>q -ZÐZ as
Akram bought a cartload of wheat. +y

X Zh  V[ ~h Çq
-Zäx™Z Do as parents tell you. X ë\!* Vâ »6z™„(z
She gave him a handful of rice. X c*Šwze½¯ÃkZäkZ I will do as you tell me. XÐ}\W6óz™„(z~
weight / measurement / size Do as you like. X VƒI»6z™„(z
This baby weighs ten pounds. Xì &
+7kŠyiz»akZ as if / as though + were / it would.
This bag is fifty kilos . Xì ³kyiz» „kZ He runs as if he were a rabbit. XƒlÍy
 c*Íì @*
hzŠ b§kZ{z
I am fiv feet seven inches. X VƒMõZ]‚Åõ0* ~ He runs as thoug he were a rabbit. XƒlÍy  c*Íì @*
hzŠ b§kZ{z
This river is a thousand kilometres long. Xì D¢a³gZDÙ ~0
+t It sees as if / as though it would rain. X Ïƒlg!* Íì 4 (Z
c*
This house is a hundred feet by fifty feet. The rope looked as if / as though it were a snake.
Xì ZhaÅkgzZ MÅÎq
-Zykt Xì ,
$‚c*ÍÐ+ZÏg
This room is fifteen feet by ten feet. He laughs as if / as though he were mad. Xì É0*Íì ª(Z{z
c*
Xì ZhaÅkŠgzZ MÅ{gG{#t
226 225
Poor as he is, he is happy. Xì lpÌQÔì d
$¾{zp¤ /Z rate / price
Rich as he is, he is a miser. Xì k<ÌQÔìg Z−â {zp¤
/Z What does this pen cost? ?ì H7Å¯kZ
Even if / no matter It costs five rupees. Xì »9zg õ0*
t
Even if you forget me, I will remember you. The price of this pen is five rupees. Xì9zg õ0*
7Å¯kZ
»~Ô ƒ YwÈ=?ì e
X ÇVÅgŠ c* Rice sells at twenty rupees a kilo. Xì M³9zgäwze
No matter you foget me, I will continue to write you Wheat sells at fifteen rupees per kilo. Xì M³9zg{gGN*
W
X ÇVƒg q»~Ô ƒ YwÈ„@=? Distance
However How far is it to the railway station. XìgzŠXøZ} wgÐVŒ
However big officer he may be he can't be honest. It is five kilometres. Xì ¢
a³õ0*
t
X Y07g ZŠyZZ {zÔƒfZZ(,
ÌHì e{z It is not far from here. Xì 7gzŠÐVŒt
However hard he may work he can't be successful.
It is not far off. Xì 7gzŠ¹t
X Yƒ7[x»{zÔ}™œJ„X{z It is far off . XìgzŠ¹t
It is far away. XìgzŠ¹t
as
The train is running at hundred kilometres per hour.
Write as he will, I won't reply.
Xì „g^Ðg ëgÅ‚ °¢
a³Î+R,
X ÇVzŠ7[Z »kZ~Ô‘ ÌH{zì e
The bus is running at fifty kilometres an hour.
Xì „g^ÐgëgÅ‚ °¢
aúk'
Abuse as you will, I can't harm you.
X Yà7yv»~ÔzŠ à ÇÌX?
what (42) Contrast Ù ªŠ §)
( ¿áZzä™C
Say what you will, I can't agree with you. Though / although
X Yƒ75Ð?~Ô¼Ì¼ì e? Though he is child he is wise. XìW{zÌQÔì^{zp¤

/Z
Do what you will, I have no objection. Although you are poor you are happy.
Xì 7nZ ‹ZðÃ=Ô,™Ì¼ì e\W X lp\WÌQÔd

$¾\Wp¤ /Z
Cook what she will, I won't eat. X ÇVî 37~Ô ñåÌ¼ì e {z
Though he is rich he is a miser. Xì k<ÌQÔìg Z−â {zp¤
/Z
He may be a leader but, is dishonest.
Xì yZZ"{zÌQÔì Ég {zp¤
/Z
228 227
(43)Conditional Sentences ( ¿ºÑ) Whatever
Whatever you may write, I wotn't read it.
If you take medecine, you will get well.
7ÃkZ~ÔÌ¼ ?ì e
X ÇVð7,
XÐN YƒiZ ÂÔÐN 3ZzŠ\W¤
/Z
Whatever he may call, I won't respond.
If you help the poor, God will help you
X ÇVzŠ7[Z~Ôá™y¯„H{zì e
.ÂÔÐz™ŠæÅV'¾?¤
X Ç}™Šæ~g vZ} /Z
Whatever may happen / Come what may
If I were a poet, I would write an epic.
Whatever may happen, he can't take bribe.
X V~šq á ~¤
-ZÂÔVî Yƒ² /Z
X Yá7]Øg {zÔƒÌ¼ì e
If he were a prime minister, he would give 20% reservation
Come what may, I can't forgive him
g‚B 20ÃVâ ›ÂÔ DƒWZk
X ïŠczg m, , /Z
iz{z¤
X Y™7s çÐZ~ÔƒÌ¼ì e
for Muslims.
If she had worked hard she would have been successful.
Inspite of / Despite / For all
X Cƒðƒ[x» ÂÔCƒÅœJ{z¤
/Z Inspite of weakness he is healthy. Xìq¡{zÌñƒDƒÆf
Despite badness he is a good man. XìòŠWYZ{zÌñƒTgÆ!Zy

Had I gone home, I would have eaten mango.
X @*
ƒc* ƒŠ
3x W ÂÔ @*Hy~¤
/Z For all his wealth he is unhappy. Xì â{zÌñƒTgÆª
zŠ
If I had gone to market, I would have bought a pen. while / whereas
X @* +y
ƒZh ¯ÂÔ@*
 ƒŠ
Hg Zi !*
~¤/Z While they tell lies,I speak the truth.
in case X Vƒm1s~V;zÔs1^Ñ{zV˜
Write me a letter in case you need rupees. Whereas he hates orphans, I love them.
X râÂÔƒ]gz¢Å9zg»¤ /Z ™g \ ÃyZ~V;zÔì @*
X Vƒ@* ™]ÐÐVB{zV˜
Use raincoat in case it rains. X z™wEZC‚' , ÂÔƒlg !*/Z
¤ while on the one hand ...... on the other
Take this medcine in case you fall ill. g F¤
X î 3ZzŠtÂÔ î Y7, /Z While on the one hand there is extreme poverty, there is vast
Unless wealth on the other. Xì ª s§~uzŠV;zìR¾s§q
zŠ ~(, -ZV˜
Unless you read this book, you can't learn English. While on the one hand there is destruction, there is
hJ7~ m,
XM ôZ\W ÂÔÐ³7,
7[Ât\W¤
/Z construction on the other. Xìys§~uzŠV;zÔìd
$Cs§q
-ZV˜
Unless you respect your elders, you can't be succesful. While on the one hand there is creation, there is death on the
hƒ7[x» ?ÂÔÐz™7]³ÅVz(,
XM LZ ?¤
/Z other. Xì ]ñs§~uzŠV;zì öZa s§q
-ZV˜
230 229
Imperative Sentence + and + Assertive Sentence Once
Read this book and you will learn English. Once you make a promise keep it. -Z ?¤
X z™ ÃzÐZÂÔz™{°zg !*
q /Z
ôZ ?Ôð7,
XÐî YJ~ m, Ã[ÂkZ Once you read this book like it.
Be leader and you will be rich. XÐî Yƒg ZŠwâ ?Ô´Ég XÐz™IÐZ ÂÔÐð7, -Z ?¤
Ã[ÂkZg !*
q /Z
Interrogative + then + Imperative provided/provided that/on conditiopn that/so long as
Do you lik to speak English fluently? Then read this book. You can get success provided you work hard.
Ã[ÂkZ Â?T eÜ1B‚ÆãZzg ~ m,
X ³7, ôZ\WH X z™œJ?ªÆÔƒM
h™Ýq!x» ?
Do you want mental peace? Then belive in Allah. I can forgive you provided that you seek forgiveness.
vZÂ?T eyj6f\WH
X OgGz½6, X ùâ °ç?ªÆÔVƒY™s ç»~
Supposing / suppose
Supposing you became primeminister, what would you do? I can lend you five hundred rupees on condition that you
?Ðz™ H ?ÂÔ î YƒWZk
,iz?z™n
Û return it in a week.
Suppose the rat became a cat, what would happan? X ,Š™:Zz~ßq Û [zgÎõ0*
-Z\WªÆÔVƒY}ŠnŒ Ã\W~
?ÇƒH ÂÔñYƒ©;az™n
Û You can sit in the class so long as you don't commit this
Supposing you win election, what will you do? mistake again. X z™:Qt+Z?ªÆÔƒM
hÖ~{ ÇkgŠ ?
?Ðz™ H ?ÂÔ W[NZ ?z™n Û whether
Æ¿gzZPresent tense ~z¬Æ¿Âƒ ó eŠÅg¦¤ /Z V Hç³³³Þ Whether he remembers me or not, I can never forget him.
/Z gzZFuture tense ~ { }uzŠ
Past ~ V”VâzŠ Æ ¿ Âƒ e**
¤ X Y7wÈLÐZ~Ô}™: c* ì e={z
}™Š c*
X ÇƒwEZ » tense Whether she reads or not, I am not worried about her.
Let it be ™7{ Zz6,
X @* ÅkZ~Ôñ7, ñ7,
: c* ì e{ z
Let it be a tree. Xì |
# gŠq Û
-Ztz™n Whether you write with a pen or pencil, you should write clearly.
Let ABC equal to CD. XÆCDì' , ,
Z' Û
ABCz™n Ð¯?
Xcers ™s ™»ÔÐRc*
Let it be a circle. Xì {], -Zt<n
ZŠq Û whether we are rich or poor, we all must die.
always / constantly / continually Xì „**  ëÔd
%Ãƒ Vƒ÷Zë
$¾c*
He is always playing. ì Lg nå{z
232 231
was going to / intended to / intended to have She is constantly scratching her head. A²uå{z
Xì Sg C é£E
Iwas going to write a letter. X å»™â{Š Zg Z Z÷ They are continually writing. X Tg ˜' , ,
Z'{z
I intended to write a letter. X å»™â{Š Zg Z Z÷ used to
I intended to have written a letter. Xì »™â{Š Zg Z Z÷ He used to play cricket. X ån&å@*
™|–™{z
X ¶Sg&¶C™ ;g~®{z
(45) Aim / Purpose ( n¾&Ñ)
She used to live in Kolkata.
would + adv. of frequency
There is / There are
He would often write a letter. ™ –âLL{z
X å@*
There is a peon to ring the bell. Xì ÏZðq-ZaÆäOp She would frequently sing a song. X ¶C™ c*
ÇŒLL{z
There are books to read. X ÁÂnÆ"7, Xì @* ƒwEZ» Adverbs of frequeneysfzgq~VÓ,Z
There is some food to eat. Xì **
3ZhðnÆä3 often, occasionally, frequently, regualarly, sometimes etc.
(44) Intention x ³Ô {Š Zg Z
has / have
He has a room to live in. -ZaÆ>gÐZ
Xì {#q
I have some money to spend. XìBzg ZhðÃä™ ay }÷
k0* I am going to learn English. ôZ~
X Vƒ;g YI~ m,
to
He is going to get married. á {z
Xì ;gYä™~Š
I went to market to buy a cap. XŠ äh
Hg Zi !* +y
8 I~ She is going to be a mother. Xì „g Y“
WVâ { z
They are going to hold conference. X ìg Yä™÷Ð»vß{ z
He came here to meet me. WVŒä™]‡5Ðí{z
X c*
intend
has / has ..... for
He has gone to buy. Xì Š
HaÆäh +y
{z I intend to help him. Xì »ä™ŠæÅkZ {Š ZgZ Z÷
He has gone for a swim. Xì Š
HÃä¾{z I intend to go home. Xì »äYy{Š ZgZ Z÷
He has gone for a bath. Xì Š
HaÆä™<{z I intend going home. Xì »äYy{Š ZgZ Z÷
curious / anxious / eager / ready
He intends to learn Arabic. Xì »I! ²{Š ZgZ »kZ
He is curious to know. X ì t ”» + Y { z intention
She is anxous to hear. Xì u"aÆG g{ z My intention is to invite all. Xì »¶Š]úŠÃƒ  {Š ZgZ Z÷

His intention is to deceive every body. Xì bŠ »ðŠÃƒ
 {Š Zg ZeZ
I am eager to meet. X Vƒt ”»Y~
They are ready to go. X g »ÃäY{z
234 233
*
Write it down so that you may not forget it. X î Y: wÈ @ßÉÐZ for
with a view to / to aim at / without any aim / without He bought a book for me. +y
X ~h 
[Âq -Zn}÷äkZ
any purpose / aimlessly / at random / no use / any use I bought a pen for him. +y
X Zh ¯aÆkZä~

He worked hard with a view to pass. I wrote a book for Khalid. X è[Âq -ZaÆ−{ä~
X ÅœJaÆäƒk0*
äkZ for the sake
He went to Deoband with a view to seeing Darul Uloom I helped him for the sake of Allah. X ÅŠæÅkZaÆvZä ~
Deoband. HÈ-Š {zaÆÚ ŠÈ-Šx‰ZgZŠ
XŠ He sacrificed everything for the sake of the country.
She aims at win. Xì ÛA Š°»kZ X c* Û ¼ƒ
Š™y!*
Œ  aÆízäkZ
He wanders about without any aim. Xì @*
Q\ x „V-{z :‰Xì @
*ƒwEZ Ì» to nÆä™ÀF, » óa
ó ÆL LLL VHçÞ
He goes to market without any purpose. Xì @*YgZi !*
„V-{z to
She plays aimlessly. Xì ‡„V-{z It is no use to me. Xìg Za}÷t
He is flying kite at random. Xì ;g Zh ZX„V-{z It is no use to all. Xìg ZaÆƒ t
He is kicking the ball at random. Xì ;gg â t„V-{z wEZ » object (Å for nÆä™ÀF, ó ÆL L~VÓ¼ : HçÞ
» óa
It is no use to anybody. Xìg ZnÆƒ  {z Subject+Verb+Object+Object :‰Xì @*
ƒ
It is no use to play now. Xìg Zo[Z She made me a sweater. ¯ñ ðM^Nn}÷äkZ
X c*
Is it any use to me? ?ìÆa}÷tH I bought him a pen. +y
X Zh ¯nÆkZä}

Subject + Verb + Noun + Infinitive + Preposition
(46) Programme and Plan
I have a house to live in. Xì yq-ZaÆ>gk0*
}÷
( ¿á Zz ä™ÙCª/µ*
c x Z/
¤z,
6) I have eyes to see with. X @W~÷aÆÚ Š
The President visits Mumbai next week. that / so that / lest + adv. cluse
XÐN W~ß{ÒWr
# ™gœ He works hard that he may get success.
The Prime Minister is visiting Akkalkuwa next month. Xnƒ[x» @* ™œ{z
ì @*
X ìgWZÃÀZ·{ÒWWZk
,iz Start at once so that you may catch the train.
Subject + am / is / are + to + verb Xjñ+R, î Yƒ: Zzg Ug ¯
@*
I am to leave for home. X VƒÑZzäYy~ Write it down lest you should forget it. X î Y:wÈ @*ßÉÐZ
236 235
:,™g¨6
, VÓ Question-Tag sfzgq[Z He is to take his examination. Xì ÑZz¶ŠyJZ{z
I am a student, aren't I? ?**VƒÂD̈¤~ They are to come now. X áZzäW[Z{z
You are well aren't you? ÂiZ\W
?** Subject + was / were + to + verb
She is beautiful, isn't she? ?**ì ]gß[p{z Subject + was / were + to have + past participle
He is tall, isn't he? ?** ì M{z I was to call him. X åÃä™y¯ÃkZ~
They are happy, aren't they? ì Âlp{z
?** I was to have bought a car. X åÃäh
+y~h Ç~
Rashid is rich, isn't he? ?**ì Âg Z−â ”Zg They were to sell their house. X¸Ã&y{z
Khalid is not rich, is he? ?**ì 7÷Z−{ They were to have sold their house. X¸Ã&y{z
I have two brothers, haven't? ?**Âð¸zŠ}÷
She has sons, hasn't she? d
?** WÆkZ (47) Question-Tags
He hasn't a car, has he? ì 7~h ÇÅkZ
?** :}°‡Æä¯Question-Tags
You haven't a pen, have you? ?**ì 7¯k0* }g v Negative aÆä¯ Question-Tage » Affirmative Sentences( 1)
You eat mango, don't you? ?**D 3x W\W Affirmative » Negative Sentences gzZì @*W Question-Tag
You don't eat apple, do you? ?**D 37Â L \W Xì @* W Question-Tag
He plays cricket, doesn't he? ?**ì n– ™{z Xì Cƒ will you?^Å Question-Tag ˆÆ Imperative ( 2)
Rashid doesn't play cricket, does he? ì n7–
?** ™”Zg Xì Cƒ aren't ^Å Question-Tag ˆÆI am ( 3)
He will help you,won't he? ?**Ç}™ŠæÅ\W{z Xì @*ƒqzÑÐAuxiliary Verb åQuestion-Tag( 4)
He won't help you, will he? ?**Ç}™7ŠæÅ\W{z X 7Noun ì @* ƒ Pronoun åSubject» Question-Tag(5)
Rabia will make tea, won't she? ?**Ïñåñe‹Zg î0*Ð®pÔì @* W will you ^Å Question-Tag B‚Æ Let %Z î0*Ð®( 6)
Rabia will not make tea, will she? Ïñå7ñe‹Zg
?** Xì @*W shall we B‚Æ Letb &
Rabia will not make tea, I suppose? Ïñå7ñe‹Zg
?** pì @* W didn't c*usedn't B‚Æ Used to Ý » w©z ]Š ¬( 7 )
Rabia will make tea, I suppose? ?**Ïñåñe‹Zg Xì4{Š c* iwEZ » didn't
I can help you, can't I? VƒY™Šæ~g v~
?** Rule: A Positive Sentence A Negative Question-Tag
I can't help you, can I? VƒY™7Šæ~g v~
?** A Negative Sentence A Positive Question-Tag
I can help you, I hope? VƒY™Šæ~g v~
?**
238 237
It is raining cats and dogs. Xì „gƒl!* g JŠ sñ He used to play tennis, usedn't he? ?**å@* ™|9{z
Do you have a watch on you? Xì ~{k0* Æ\WH He used to play tennis, didn't he? ?**å@* ™|9{z
Do you know how to tell the time? ?… Y9 Š ~{\WH Bring a glass of water, will you? ?** ƒ Ñã0*k†q -Z
Do you know telling the time? ?… Y9 Š ~{\WH Open the door, will you? ?** zŠwÅ{ i ZzgŠ
Do you wind your watch everyday? ?ïŠ!e~~{:Zizg\WH Rashid wrote a letter, didn't he? ?**–âä”Zg
My watch has stopped. Xì ˆƒÈ~{~÷ It's raining, isn't it? ?**ì „gƒlg !*
My watch is not working. Xì „g™7x » ~{~÷ They have bought car, haven't they? ?**} h +y
 g »{ z
Is your watch slow? ?ì ( N )ú~{Å\WH í
Is your watch fast? ?ì ( !)ÐW~{Å\WH (48) Time and Season Ü z)
( ¿0ÆÌñgzZ‰
This watch loses ten minutes a day. Xì ¹N4kŠizg ~{t It is 10 o'clock. Xì OkŠ ÌZ
This watch gains ten minutes a day. Xì ¹ÐW4kŠizg ~{t It is Friday. Xì-` W
This watch neither gains nor loses. Xì ¹Ç~{t It is morning. Xì ð
This watch is timed to the radio. Xì ðƒBÐ-i +g~{t It is evening. Xì x á
These wall clocks synchronized. XðƒBÐ}uzŠq -ZVc* {gZ-Št It is March. Xì ag ât
What time is it now? ?ì Zƒ‰Ü zHÌZ It is the 1st of January today. Xì ~g†J ` W
Time please! ?£Š C‰ Ü z!x™Ó Z', It is Sunday today. Xìg ZÂZ` W
It is ten to five. Xì ¹!*4kŠ~tõ0*
(49)Condition and State Ù ªwq )
( ¿á Zzä™C It is spring. Xìg ·
He became a king. XŠ á Š !*
Hƒ{ {z It was winter. X åÌñ»} h Y
He went mad. XŠ
HƒÉ0* {z It is very hot today. Xì ò¤ /
¹` W
Apples turned red. X ‰ƒwÑÂ L It is very cold today. Xì ~Šu¹` W
Milk turned sour. XŠ
Hƒ\|ŠzŠ It is raining. Xì „gƒlg !*
He fell ill. XŠ
Hƒg F{z It is drizzling. Xì „gƒg;Y
She fell in love . X ˆƒg ë¤
/ ~›{z It is blowing hard. Xì „g^Zƒ!
He fell behind. XŠ
H{gú{z It is snowing. Xì „gƒ~g !* s' ,
240 239
The fan is on. Xì ;g^6 The mobile went dead. XŠ
HƒÈb!* ñ
The tap is on. Xì ;g^9 His hair turned white. X ‰ƒCw!* ÆkZ
The college is in session. Xì ;g^Ò» It is getting dark. Xì „g YO g @*
The assembly is in session. Xì „g^ÔZ X ,™wEZ » (Verbs)wdZsfzgqaÆVÓÆnkZ V HçÞ
The negotiation is in progress. Xì „g^’ A ]!* become, turn, fall, get, go, grow, come
The election is in full swing. [³}g7$Z
Xì6, come, go, rise, fall, melt, lose
The show is on. Xì ;g^ö Spring is come. Xì ˆ Wg·
Leaves are falling. X ìg¤ /í The snow is melted. Xì _£s' ,
The train is moving. Xì „g^+R, The bell is gone. Xì _ #p
My pen is lost. Xì ŠHƒË¯Z÷
(50) Happiness, Sorrow, Surprise and Hatred He is gone. X ì [Y { z
Ù ª]ÐgzZÀÔ §ÔÙp )
( ¿áZzä™C The tree is fallen. Xì [¤ /|
# gŠ
What The sun is risen. Xì Š
Hƒqƒ`gÎ
What a place! !ì(t Marvellous! ! YZ¹ on/in/off/at
What a fall! ! wZzi ÷ Excellent! ! [p¹ He is on duty. Xì6, x »{z
What an idea! ! w ì÷ Fantastic! ! {¹ He is off duty. Xì 76, x »{z
Wonderful! !&À Marvellous! !ì w¾ He is offline. Xì íÑszZ {z
How He is online. Xì íÑyzZ {z
How attractive! ! HŠ ÷ How nice! ! {H He is in trouble. X ì ~1 { z
How beautiful! ! ]gß[p H How sweet! ! ,è ÷ I am at home. y~
X Vƒ6,
How pathetic! Þ ‡H
! 3g. How dirty! ! {n H He is on leave. Xì6, ”{z
How naughty! ,
!kÑH How wise! !q =H He is in. Xìg0+Z {z
How charming! !!*
°Š H How brave! !gŠ ·H He is out. XìCÙ !*{z
How intelligent he is! !ì 0f H{z The radio is on. Xì ;g#-i +g
what an intelligent boy he is! !ì »±0f H{z
242 241
There was a sweet smile on her face. X å+,è6,}nÆkZ How sweetly he sings! !ì @*
Ç,ÑH{z
He is in a jolly mood. Xì ~™{z How affectionately she teaches! !ì CJ 7,Ðg \ Ä {z
Her joys know no bounds. X 7•ZÅÙpÅkZ How kind of you to help me! ! ÅŠæä\WÐ~Šg^X
They are bantering. X ìg™tZèçvß{z How wise of you to work! ! Hx »ä\WÐð** ZŠX
Anger ( ×) How wicked of him to throw stones! ! ²ßäkZÐ]g ZÑX
He is filled with anger. Xì ~×{z so / such
He is out of temper. Xì ~×{z So dishonest and our leader! ! Ég Zg øgzZyZZ"(Z
He is brusting with anger. Xì ;gOÐ×{z So deceitful and my friend!  zŠ Z÷gzZi !*
!„ ¸Š (Z
He is boiling over with rage. Xì ;gƒ!$v WÐ×{z Such a man and my captain! ! yL Z÷gzZòŠ W(Z
He got angry. XŠHW~V{z My brother and so lazy! ! I» Ú ZgzZð¸Z÷
He flew into a rage. XŠHW~V{z » AdjectiveˆÆsogzZ Noun ˆÆ such ~VÓ ~ m, ôZ VHç³³³Þ
He has brittle temper. Xì @* Yƒ×Zêg¯{z Xì @* ƒwEZ
Don't talk nonsense. X z™#Ö , -, - She burst into tears. X ~ 7,
zgÐgzi{z
Get out. / Be off. X ƒ YƒgzŠÔƒ Y−C Ù !* She is shedding tears. Xì „g ·²W{z
Go your own way. X7**3 Zg CZ Her eyes are filled with tears. X ˆ½ÐVƒ²W@WÅkZ
Don't poke your nose into my affairs Ö 4Š~x »}÷
X zŠ# She is groaning. Xì „g { Z™{z
Hold your tongue. / Shut up. ! lñ{ She is shocked/grieved. Xì Î.Š ZÐZ
Mind your own business. X z™x » CZ&z™„KZ She is in anguish. Xì ~¤¹{z
Have you gone off your head? ?ƒ‰ƒÉ0* H Happiness ( Ùp )
Are you in your senses. ?7c* ƒ~lƒ Bravo! á
! l!*

Go to the dogs. X ƒ Y~3 Well done! ! H[p
I will teach you a lession. X ózŠ š{' × Ã?~ Hurrah! we have won. X‰ Û
A vßë ! { Zz
I am fed up with him. X VƒŠ HWßÐkZ~ Excellent! ! [p¹
I am exhausted. X VƒZƒÝ~ She burst in to laughter. X ~ 7, |{z
She was smiling. X ¶„g Z—{z
244 243
+æWlp
Welcome h Love
Bye, Bye, see you. XÐQÔYZÔYZ He has fallen in love. Xì ŠHƒGÐZ
I am glad to meet you. X ðƒ]ä~(, ™ïÐ\W He is making love. Xì ;g™g \ {z
How kind of you to come. $XÅäÑp=VŒä\W
! Å ã!* She is his sweet heart. Xì/8ÅkZ{z
What brings you here? ?Zƒù **WVŒ»\W She is having a love affairs. Xì ;g^G»kZ
Don't stand on ceremony. X ,™: Ø He is love-sick. Xìga~Gt
How do you do? ?ù\W It is cow-love. Xì ›: é{z
Excuse and Forgiveness °çgzZ]gm Is it love or lust? ?kƒc*ì Gt
I am sorry. !ì k\Z= Congratulations Š ·g I
Excuse me. Û sç
!N â Hearty Eid greetings! !ƒug IÏ
Pardon Please. !<s ç Wish you a pleasant journey. !ƒ¯6,^»\W
I beg your pardon. X N VZØiÅì {g !*zŠ My blessings to the newly married couple.
I am sorry, I can't come. X Y W7~ì k\Z= á6
!N ¬Š ~÷Ã} h {”~Š
I regret, I wasn't able to come. X e: W~ì §= Wish you a happy and prosperous wedded life.
Condolence $±
e !ƒwqlpzgzäÏ0
+ á Å\W
i{”~Š
I offer my condolences. ™gÖZ»e
X Vƒ@* $±~ May heaven's bleesings be showered on you!
Have faith in Allah. XÅgGz½6,vZ $Å Z}
! VƒV*!* .6,
\W
This is the law of nature. Xì yâ ‡¸ »]gŠ May you rise from strength to strength and achieve the
Everyone has to taste demise. Xì ){' × »]ñÃ¿C Ù noblest ends of human life.
What is lotted cannot be blotted. Xì Yw$ +yÃÃk
,¼ ! ,™ÝqÃœ£xÆÏ0 + ta]Zg ãzŠyŠ\W
igzZ,™ ¹F,
Have pateince. X <ñ Hearty congratulation! ug IàŠ
!Š !*
May Allah enter him paradise! !}™4ZŠ~¼ A ÃyZvZ Many many thanks for your letter. !t]¹¹nÆâ
May his soul get eternal peace! !A yjEZŠÃbzgÅyZ A million thanks for your hospitality. !t]¹nÆ~i Zây¶
Don't worry now, pray for him. X ,™ ¬Š nÆyZÔ,™:„[Z
246 245
(51)Some useful sentences ( ¿ÆP) It's no use worrying. X 7{Z
+ÃðÃÐ§
What is the matter? ?ì ]!*H Don't lose heart. X , g ; :È
It is a serious matter. !ì ]!* Ât
~(, Expressions ]!*
.g ÖZ
_
Once it so happened. Xì ]!* Å‰Ü zq
-Z Excuse me, May I use your mobile?
I placed everything before him. X Ogt ‚ÆkZ'!* ~g ‚ä~ ñ»\W~H ! <s ç
?VƒY™wEZb!*
Don't worry about trifles. Ö „ÅVÂ!*
X z™# KgKg Excuse me, Could I use your pen?
He went back on his word. XŠ
H(ÐVÂ!* KZ { z ?VƒY™wEZ¯»\W~H ! N â
Û sç
Ididn't pay heed to him. X ~Š7zÂ6,VÂ!* ÅkZä~ Excuse me, Sir, may I know your name?
It is no laughing matter. X 7]!* Å©t ?VƒYyYò Z¤
/ÌZ »\W~H ! ,™s ç
The matter took serious turn. X ˆ™¹]!* Support $×
e
We should take advantage of this situation. Up with democracy! !Š !*
{0+ $g/
ie
Xce** +ÃÐµñkZ…
VZ {Z Up with social justice! !Š !*+
{0 is »ZY
We should not take undue advantage of this situtaion. Up with revolution! !Š !*+
{0i[zZ
VZ7{Z
Xce** +Ã^ ÐµñkZ…
,Y** Opposition ( ¿# )
He perplexed. XŠ
Hƒã0*
ã0* {z Down with capitalism! !Š !*{Š%~g ZŠtâu
His hopes were dashed to pieces. XŠ
H½ã0*6,VzyZÅkZ Down with dictatorship! !Š !*{Š%e$%W
There is no room for you. Xì 7(a}g vVŒ Down with Black Bill !Š !* Þ Ñ»
{Š%.
Xì 7b k0* }÷À` W
These days I am out of pocket.
Caution Ò
These days I am penniless. Xì 7b k0* }÷À` W
Beware! / be careful! / Take care! ! ƒ Yƒg ZŠ¸
He is in search of a job. Xì ~lˆÅx »{z
Beware of pic pockets! !g âƒÐVzÄÙ A
He likes to attain his own end. Xì LeÜïx » CZ {z
Beware of dogs! !g âƒÐVÆ
Your reputation is spearding far and wide.
Danger! !{ç
Xì „g’s§Vzge]àÅ\W
Careful! !oZ
Why was your name struck off? ?Š
H– »\W
 VYx **
248 247
He is having loose motions. Xì ;gƒ„  Š ‹Ð Z He is a notorious thief. Xìgaò ** {z
He is having a high post. Xì6, }Ç‘zZ {z He died / He is dead / He passed away / He breathed X Š H %{z
She is receiving higher education. Xì „g™Ýq½œzZ {z his last. / It is all over with him / He departed from X Š H %{z
He is a great man. Xì òŠ WZ(, {z the world / He paid the debt to nature / His soul left for X Š H %{z
Small wits, great boast. X ]!* ~(,
ìN* g the heavenly abode/ He kicked the bucket. XŠH %{z
He is my bosom friend/close friend/fast friend. Xì „  zŠ åZ÷{z Your work is praise-worthy. Xì p°ÿLE &‡x » »\W
He is a man of word. Xì å»]!* {z Your name will be written in gold. X ÇñY–~szw,ïx** »\W
He is a reliable person. Xì òŠ Wå{z How brave of you. ! Hx » » ~gŠ ·Xä\W
This is an authentic news. Xì¸5t The soil of this place is fertile. Xì&gièÅVŒ
This is a fast colour. Xì 8 -g åt He has enough money. XìBzg °»k0* ÆkZ
This is a brick-built house. Xì ykåt There is waist-deep water here. Xì ã0* ½#VŒ
This is a mud-built house. Xì yk™t There is knee-deep water here. Xì ã0* ½RQVŒ
This is a raw hand. Xì òŠ W™t There is chest- deep water here. Xì ã0* ½BVŒ
This is a tender age. Xì/Åt He has very mild fever. Xìg g − − Ð Z
That opportunity slipped through his fingers. X Î7 B;ÐZµñ{z Water is ice cold. Xì ZQ¹ã0*
It will last long. X Ç− [pt He is having acute pain. Xì ;gƒŠgŠ¹ÐZ
It won't do. X Ç− 7x »ÐkZ He was given a warm welcom. X ZƒwLZ¹»yZ
The pulse is running. Xì ;g^q He was given a cold welcom. X ZƒxlíÁ»kZ
À5E±
She is ogling. Xì „gNŠÐ ö {z He got a severe punishment. X BZwJÐZ
He is peeping at me through a window. Xì ;g7 -ÄÐÅ9={z He is stone-hearted. Xì »wŠJ{z
Fruit has gone bad. Xì Š Hƒ[Zy  V He is a man of blunt intelligence. Xì òŠ W»=Kñ{z
His face resembles yours. Xì MÐ?{n»kZ He gets a bumper salary. Xì Q{ Z 9~(, ÐZ
I posted the letter. Š™: Zzgâä~
X c* He gets a handsome salary. Xì Q{ Z 9~(, ÐZ
He takes bribe. Xì @* 3]Øg {z This is a coarse cloth. Xì ZÀ N* ñt
The river is full to brim. Xì ~½̈]~0 + She has a faint voice. Xì ¡i ZzWÅkZ
250 249
who / that He always poisons his ears. ½y» »kZå{z
Xì @*
The student who works hard gets success. I felt pity. XŠHW3g=
Xì @*ƒ[x»{zì @* ™œD̈¤ Coins are jingling. X ìg mõÁO]
Boys who tell lies get punishment. Xì @
* Zw{zì m1^Ñ»±
0* He is stammering. Xì ; g » { z
The pen that is here is mine. Xì Z÷{zì VŒ¯ I am in urgent need of some money. Xì ]gz¢JÅVkzg¼=
It It is out of order. Xì Š
Hƒ[Zy t
It is hoped. X ìy Z I don't mind. X 7nZ ‹ZðÃ=
It seems / It appears / It looks. Xì 4&ì @*ƒx¥ Give the cards a good shuffle. X zŠ−[pÃl@*
It is likely. Xì Yƒ The fault lies with us. Xì Zg øg]
It is possible. Xì e To
It is impossible. Xì e** To tell lies is a sin. HÜ1^Ñ
Xì { k
It is surprissing. Xì À To telling lies is a sin. HÜ1^Ñ
Xì { k
It is regretted. Xì k\Z It is useful to drink milk. XìÆÁ C|ŠzŠ
It is sad. XìÄŠ&ì § how to / what to / when to / where to
It is said. Xì @*Y¹ How to learn English is easy. Xì y‚WtZù ~ m, ôZ
It goes without saying. X 7]gz¢Åì What to do is a problem. XìXq -Zt,™ H
It is crystal clear. Xì ãZz % it,™7H
What not to do is under consideration. Xìg¨æLG
When to return is not decided. Xì 7ðt›ß“ 
(52) Proverbs ( wVÑZ[¢) Where to stay is not decided. Xì 7ðt,IV¹
"A" Why / When / What / That
After death the doctor. X EIo à Vc*
Z
m # Ô]ƒHñD[Z Why she is sad is not known. Xì 7x¥tì SgkZŠ ZVY{z
All that glitters is not gold. XgzZÆä3›gzZÆä3Ô- $ZŠÆ¶; When she will come is uncertain. Xì ³)tÏñW“  {z
All's well that ends well. X >ƒ Â> ì GE
"QR What he speaks is not clear. Xì 7ãZztì m1H{z
All are not alike. X 7', ,
Z'VÄ_ZVv0* That he is honest is known to all.  ìg ZŠyZZ{z
Xì x¥Ãƒ
All is fair in love and war. ,Y¼ƒ
X^  ~k B gzZ› That the earth is round is known to all. Xì x¥Ãƒ
 tì wÍ}i
252 251
A nod to the wise and a rod to the fool. Adversity flatters no man. ƒ7¶‚ðÃ~¤
X @*
X Z&
+eaÆV¸çZ á ZaÆVzW
# ì °»{g As many mouths, so many opinions. X '!* âZìæ
A small leak may sink a great ship. XìY™{nÃi˜}g7c ZgÎN*
g As you sow, so you shall reap. X ã½+zã™Ü
A honey tongue, a hearth of gall. X ~q~;x Zgx Zg~ì An idle mind is a devil's workshop. X y»y-wŠ à {
A rotten sheep infects the whole flock. A drawing man catches at a straw. X Zg–»xÃ Ize
}g7Tq
Xì îŠ™{nÃ[Ñ@* -Z A guilty mind is always suspicious. X ~Sh Ze Åga
A fan does not dispel a fog. X ø7k\ ÐkzZ A bad carpenter quarrels with his tools. X Jd‰WäY: a**
A tree is know by its fruit. Xì CƒÐVÆkZgŠÅ| # gŠ A rolling stone gathers no moss. X ~h Çx **
»¹
"B" A cry in the wilderness. X i ZzWÅðî~ä{g é¨G O$E
Better alone than a bad company. X4ËÐÄ~æE %N A bird in hand is worth two in the bush. XgJŠ Z {¾:×â
Bad habits die hard. Xì ¦gÐÂ]Š ¬~' , A word to the wise is enough. X °»{g á ZÃq=
Barking dogs seldom bite. X 75' ,{z”¤
/ A little learning is a dangerous thing. X yYÒçœ4
Birds of feather flock together. X N(Æ$„q -Z A burnt child dreads the fire. Xì ¥™7 -Y7 -YÃb Y°»|ŠzŠ
Beggars can't be choosers. X 3g"wŠjwâ A new broom sweeps clean. Xì @* Î0™{Š c* i! ðŠ *
Belly teaches everything. Xì êŠ 2¼ƒ ù A nine days wonder. X ã0
+eÅyŠg e
Better late than never. X4í@* Ð7 A drop in the ocean. ,
X {k i~ìÆ. $zZ
Between the devil and the deep sea. X ð3úVZ.ÐW A dog is a lion in his lane. Xì @* G
ƒèÌé5Oµ~‹KZ
Better a clever foe than an ignorant friend. A man is slave to his stomach. Xì xÝ»ùòŠ W
X >ÔŠ **  zŠyZŠ **
ZŠÐ„ An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
Beauty needs no ornament. X 7]gz¢Å]Zg-iÃ Cgß[p ]Ð~g FgzZ ƒ 3Â
X ƒ 0* Lq
-Z: Zizg
Bad news travels fast. Xì Ä~¢¸~æE %N An onion a day keeps everyone away.
Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder. X ñY¸ÃÃì „zŒ XÅggzŠÐ\WLZÃƒ  gzZƒ 3i \ q
-Z: Zizg
"C" A friend in need is a friend indeed. X ñWx »~¤ { z„  zŠ
Contentment is a blessing. Xì Ú~(, )¤
® A wolf in sheep's clothing. X ~q~;x Zg~ì
Charity begins at home. X ÷zgŠ øZˆ÷pwzZ A still tongue makes a wise head.
Cleanliness is next to godliness. Xì yZZÛðÌ Xì @*
ƒq=„Ú Z{zì @*
ƒlñ{A
254 253
Every rise has a fall. Ù
Xì wZziÃ`z²C Cut your coat according to the cloth. Xce** ;Vƒ 0*™NŠgŠ e
"F" Casting pearls before swine. × »ugŠ ZäYHgÈ
X {'
First come, first served. ¬ƒ W¬
X ƒ 0* Cured cows should have short horn. X}Š:o** Ã. Z}
.
Fools praise fools. Xì **
Y J¢Ãñ¢ Chip of the same block. X N(Æ$„q -Z
Fortune favours the brave. Xì îŠB‚»VzgŠ ·ë "D"
Failure teaches success. XìÜi »! x»ò » ** Do evil and look for like. %NƒÂZæE
XƒZæE %N™
Familiarity breeds contempt. ,
X' ,
Z'wZŠ©%Åy Distance lays charm. X Dƒä–wðeÆgzŠ
"G" Diamond cuts diamond. Xì Ò»„;ßÃìß
God's mill grinds slow but sure. X 7ƒ0
+Zìk
,ŠVŒÆZ}
. Drawing man catches at straw. X Zg –»xÃ Ize
God helps those who help themselves. Death keeps no calendar. X 7Gz½ðÃ»]ñ
Xì @*
™ŠæKZì @*™ŠæÅkZZ}
. Do in Rome as Romans do. X ï(zöŠ 6
Good mind, good find. à Â>\W
X >d Distance lends enchantment to the view. ,
X' ,
Z'wZŠ©%Åy
Great boast, small roast. yZ+ ¯y»ŠœzZ Don't look a gift horse in the mouth. ?÷ 9 Š-$ZŠ »} h˜Æj
Grapes are sour. X opgùZ Ö yÒ~VÍßÃAçCZf
Don't wash your dirty linen in public. Xz™#
Give loan, enemy own. X < #Š £Šg JŠ Z Don't postpone your work for tomorrow. X wN* Ö 6,
# Àx » » ` W
Give someone an inch and they will take a mile. "E"
X fâ(ÅäÎÂzŠ(Åá̂ÃË Excess of everything is bad. X 7hZ CŠ c*
iÅqË
"H" Empty vessels make the most noise. i@'
Xì ¬{Š c* ,à{
Habit is the second nature. Xì Cƒ6U* ]¡]Š ¬ Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy
Handsome is that handsome does. Xì Zg \ x »7Zg \ x e and wise. Xì @*¯q=gzZqª zŠÔq¡ÃòŠ W3Z~¢gzZ ** Î~¢
GYE!
Himself a beggar and beggar at the door. X÷zgŠ}gZzŠÔ ð3½5 Vx\W Example is better than precept. X ÃÎnq -Z
Heads I win, tails you lose. X ~÷Ì2 $~÷Ìh # Escaped with life, millions found. X ñ0*VÅÑÂ`yY
Hunger is a good sauce. X ]¸´!* äY: uÈ Every potter praises his pot. X H7\Ã„Š LZ ÑZÍ
Health is wealth. Xì Úg ZD Ù 4gH Expect not good in return. X wZ e~c* gŠ™n
G
He makes a hole in his own dish. X}™ cZgÎ~ÏZñ3~~& +;T Early bird catches worm. xå¨3.ÐÉ¯Z
G
256 255
Money makes the mare go. X x »ñ¯x ZŠ Honesty is the best policy. Xì iÕ+4~g ZŠ- $c*Š
Many a little makes a mickle. XŠØc*gŠ {¢{¢ Haste makes waste. X »y-x » ~¢
Morning show the day. ÙÙÆZz'
X ]0* ,g.ƒ Hasty climber gets a sudden fall. Xì @*/7
Y¤-eZi !*
¢
Many heads, many minds. X vZg CZ µe KZ "I"
"N" It is never too late to learn. X 7{Å/aÆI
Nearer the church, farther from God. X Zƒ0+ZÒr Zl
 Ill got, ill spent. X ðZr~x Zwð¾Åx Zw
Necessity is the mother of invention. Xì Vâ ÅŠ XZ]gz¢ It's no use crying over spilt milk. X 7@* WB;Q‰ Ü zŠ
H
Neither fish nor fowl. XrJŠ WÞJŠ W It takes two to make a quarrel. Xì ¿ÐVð;VâzŠ à @*
No rose without thorn. X @*ƒ7[†ÆVŠ»% F7uÈÐz®Æð
It is no use building castles in the air. X ‚
No vice like avarice. Xì š~æE%NÓÑ It takes all sorts to make a world. X vßÆb§C Ù ~*Š
No pain, no gain. X @ ƒ7x »%ØŠ1Ãy$
* +&X M7VÆœ% It never rains but it pours. X 5 N*W~¿
Nothing ventured, nothing gained. Xì @* 7, Å¼aÆä0*
** ¼ If the sky fell, we would catch larks. X Ïd ** JŠ Zg: Çƒ%èE!Mâ:
No sooner asked then wed. $«i
X { Ò2 # "K"
"O" Kill two birds with one stone. -Z
Xg DzŠÐ¾q
One swallow doesn't make a summer. hY7h ¸Oñ Z
X @* Knowledge is power. Ü ¤~(,
Xì ‰ -ZD
q
Once bitten, twice shy. Xì ¥™7 -Y7 -YÌb Y°»|ŠzŠ "L"
One learns by failure. Xì F„ˆÆ•™^yK̈Z Look before you leap. XaÎ¬Ðä™
One nail drives out another. Xì mï†»„†» Lost time is never found again. X 7@*WB;Q‰ Ü zŠ
H
One post a hundred candidates. Xg FÎg **-Z
Zq Life is better than bags of gold. X ñ0*VÅÑ`yY
Out of sight, out of mind. X czZh NÍzZçW Like teacher, like taught. /
XŠ¤ á (zf *Z6
,
Out of the frying pan into the fire. X i ú~ 7 Œ ÔäZö{ izg¸‰ Light reflects light. X >ƒÂ>™
One eyed is the king in the kingdom of blind. XzZg ** »~Vð0 +Z "M"
"P" Might is right. X åÅkZ_ÑÅT
Prevention is better than cure. Xì 4Ð` ´Ì6, Make hay while the sun shines. ðŠB;~I˜
X **
Practice makes a man perfect. 2x »Ãx »
Xì @* Misfortune seldom comes alone. W~¿
X 5 N*
258 257
To make much ado about nothing. X „ahh N ZŠÅ Penny wise, pound foolish. X$6,VÃgzZ™V5ÑZ
To swallow a camel, to strain at a gnat. X Ì6, ÐV©gzZ **3¥ / Policy goes beyond strength. Xì îŠÛD
+ îŠ7x »{z]¸
There is something fishy in the bottom. Xì Ñ»¼~wZŠ Pride must have a fall. X —u»w1} (,
The wearer knows where the shoe pinches. Xì }Y„{Š%wq»G "R"
Time and tide wait for none. X @*™7g OZ»Ë‰ Ü z Rome was not built in a day. Ò
X ç7„Š6,
Tit for tat. X@
OÃ‰ "S"
The face is the index of mind. Xì @* Y**TÐ}nòŠ W Small wit, great brag. X ]!*~(,
ìN*g
"U" Small cost, great show. X eÑ!* Á
ay
Under the grass lies the serpent. Xì @
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X D YƒŠ Zi Wƒ ƒ7gZŠ)fZ
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260 259
Double edged. X pzfÔ ÑZzVsZzŠ (53) Idioms & Phrases ( }LgzZ}gzõ)
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Die in harness. X xg D™x »J
-‰ Ü zD%Ô** Y%ñƒD™x » At once. X Ug ¯
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X ** At stone's throw. Xd$Œ Û¹
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X: D1. Þ ÆË
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X ** Clip one's wings. X bŠ ¯'"zg6
High and low. X(C Ù Come off with flying colours. X Rß[x»
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X*
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X* á pÔ *
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Ins and outs. X ]¬x Ó Drop in the ocean. X ZhðÇ!* Ô#~L W
2 62 2 61
Make the most of. X ** +Ã{Š c*
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Make a clean breast of. ™Y ]Zi ZgÔ **
X ** ™tt In the family way. Xnq
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Now and then. X LL Ill at ease. ƒx ZgW"Ô **
X ** ƒ~1
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264 2 63
(54) Letter Writing ( +âoè) Right now. X Ug ¯Ô‰Ü zÏZ
There are five kinds of letters ( 9õ0*
Åoè) Ready money. Ü ß ZòZgÔö×ÔBzg×
X‰
(1) Personal Letters ( oèCZ f )
See eye to eye. ƒwìëÔ **
X ** ƒ5
(2) Business Letters ( oèCg ˆ) See the light. X **ƒù á
(3) Official Letters ( oè~ íŠ ) Settle an account. X* *™Z×
(4) Social Letters ( oèY ) Settle a quarrel. X**™ »Z×
(5) Invitation Letters ( ó**
]úŠ ) Strike while the iron is hot. X **
VZ{Z+ÃÐµñ
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There are six parts of personal letters: :Dƒ{bÀÆâCZ f Take advantage of. X ** +Ã
VZ{Z
:Dƒ{zŠÆkZ :( The Heading)qu( Z ) Take into account. *™g¨
X*
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X*
X ( Date) õg *
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gzZce r6,( Top left hand corner)}u~6, zZÆäÃN !* ( address Up to date. +]
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X i Z + i
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( Full stop)\:Z…Ðy WgzZ( Comma))Ã‰ Ü z˜ØÀ` W VHç³³³Þ White elephant. Xg Z
[Z pÔ å q~ äÃN ZŠ Ø CZ A $»¬ b§ÏZ X D YØŠ™sv . With might and main. X™ Î‰ Ü ¤~g7
Xì ` Zzg »™+ $YN !* Weal and woe. X §gzZÙp
:ì YYc*CZÃq-ZËÐ~Vh§sfzgq‰ Ü z˜ õg @*
(1) 5th January, 2011 (2) March 3, 2011
(3) September 12th, 2011
:ƒÐVh§sfzgq~™ õg @*
(1) 15.03.2011 (2) 06/04/2011
266 2 65
Complimentry * c Subscription) Â ò !Z ( 4)
c Lea-talking * nÆ Heading ÐZ :( Salutation) [ ZŠ Wz [ØZ ( 2)
$Y N !*
SŠ W+
Xì @*Ù ª¸g CZB‚ÆDZ[¯Ð~gÎ Zz~ b
™C ¬A$»~{kZ:( close @*
Y c*
Š™sv Y –™hgSÁ¼Ð
WÀ` WgzZXì @*
.Ã ( Comma))ÃÐy
:‰Ôì ` Zzg »™+ nÇÆ Body of the letter ÃkZ
$YN !* inXì
:ìgYbŠ[ZŠ Wz[ØZáZzäƒwEZ {Š c*
Yours faithfully Yours sincerely Respected Father, Dear Father, Dear Mother, My dear Father,
Sincerely yours Yours affectionaly My dear Mother, My dear Parents, My dear Brother, My dear
Your affectionate son Your loving son Sister, My dear Uncle, My dear Faithful Wife, My dear
Your loving brother Your sincere friend Husband, My dear Abrar, My loving Saad, My dearest
qx ** $»~{ kZ :( Signature) \Š ( 5)
CZnÆSubscription A Shaista, My dear Friend.
Yours faithfully :‰Ôì :( Communication *c Body of the letter)y*»â*

c âÝZ ( 3)
Md. Sohail Ahmed :ì Œ6, V”&t
6 ± Ö ( 6)
6zZÆ±Ö:( Superscription on the envelope)Ø ,
, {)z]Ü~ A $»~{kZ :( Introduction)sg¬( ³Z )
@Y–( Complete postal address)Ø å»DZ[¯n™É To,
ó *
gzZì (1) Assalamu Alaikum w.w. :‰Ôì q
Xì qØågzZx ** CZA$»nÆFrom, + $Y}uzŠÆ±Ö (2) I am quite well and hope you are hale and hearty.
(3) Peace be with you and God's mercy.
Letter from son to his father
(4) I hope this lette will find you good health.
Ù ªÑ»™âÔA
Jamia Islamia Isha'atul Uloom
Xì @*
™C $»~{kZ :( Message)x 1( [)
At. Po. Akkalkuwa
»Ði Z0+ZiZÃy*ÆâÔA $»~{kZ :( Closing)x !Z( ` )
Dist. Nandurbar
Maharashtra - 425415 (01) My best wishes with you. :}Ôì @*
™
10th March, 2011 (02) My best regards and love for all the members of the family.
My dear father (03) Rest when we meet. (08) All the best.
Assalamu Alaikum W.W. (05) Take care. (09) Lots of love.
I am quite well here and hope you will be happy there. (06) Rest is well. (10) Rest is O.K.
I should have written to you earlier, but here, I was so busy in (07) Nothing more to pen down.
my study. I hope you will forgive me for not writing to you (08) Please convey my Salam to my brother.
for a long time.
Nowadays I am preparing for my half yearly examination
268 267
( Date) õg *
@( 2 ) because my examination is just around the corner. Please
The date is written below the sender's address. remember me in your prayer so that I can succeed in the
:‰Ôì CYè õg @*
nÆØÆáZz− examination. After the examination is over, I have planned to
20th December, 2011 or July 10th, 2011 spend my holidays at home. Insha Allah, I will stay with you
Ü z˜ õg @*
:,™:wEZ »Vh§sfzgq‰ people for fifteen days. Now I am in crying need of one
5.03.2011 or 15/6/2011 thousand rupees to reserve the ticket. Please credit the
( Receiver's Address)Ø»áZzä* 0 ( 3) amount with the following account No.:...................................
Xì *@Y–nÇ!* ÆSender's addressÃkZ Name: Md. Muzakkir, Branch: Akkalkuwa
( Salutation)[ZŠ Wz[ØZ( 4) My best regards to all the members of the family.
Sir aÆ kZ ÂÔƒ râx **

Dear c* ÆÁ c* I], -Z Ë¤
Ze Ô¿q /Z Hoping to meet you soon.
– Madam aÆ]gúgzZDear Sirs c* Sirs ÂÔƒ rx **

Æy»Š c*vÔSir Yours affectionately
:‰Ôì *@Y–x **»kZ ÂÔì ‚ÙÐDZ[¯A $»¤ /ZXì @*

Md. Arshad
Y
Dear Md. A. Azeem Business Letters ( oèCg ˆ)
( Subject Heading)quÅy*( 5) +Z : *zŠ gzZ ( Informal) Šg) Ô ( Personal letters) oè CZf
i Z0
Xì @*ƒìY1¿ Ôì * @Y–nÆSalulationÃkZ +Z ( Formal) ŠgÔ ( Business letters)oè Cg ˆZ
i Z0 # ÔD Y‘~
( Body of the letter)y*»â* c âÝZ( 6) z ]Ü ~ ª ( Introduction) sg ¬ ~ oè Cg ˆX D Y ‘ Ð
à {Ð Vzq ~gz¢)x Ógz Z c e **
ƒ ì Y 1¿Ç !* â Cg ˆ ñƒ “Ð Vzq ~gz¢)~ oè Cg ˆX Cƒ 7]gz¢Å™Æ [ZŠ W
X c e **
ƒ Xì @*YHÈ¯ÃVzqÝZgzZëZsÜ
( Complimentary close or Subscription)Ø{( 7) Parts of Business Letter ( {ÆâCg ˆ)
:‰Ôcer+ $YN !* nÇÆ Body of the letter ÃkZ There are eight parts of Business letter:
Yours faithfully :Dƒ{J WÆâCg ˆ
Yours truly Sender's Address at the top-right hand. :Ø»$
A » ( 1)
Yours ÂÔì Š
H–x **» DZ [¯ ~ Salutation ¤
/Z ìg Š c* (or nowadays left hand)
Xì @*Y– Sincerely $»ìgŠ c*
CZ A Xì qØ åCZ + ÆâA
$Y N !* $»~{kZ
Xì ` Zzg »™ „+ [ZpÔ åq~äÃN ZŠ¬Ø
$YN !*
270 2 69
( Signature) \Š ( 8)
Letter for Ordering Books åÔ\Š CZnÆComplimentary close~{kZA
gzZx ** $»
Jamia Akkalkuwa :‰Ôì q{Ç CZ
Nandurbar (M.S.) Yours faithfully
10 th January, 2011 Adnan
Darul Kitab Deoband (UP) Managing Director
Sub.: Ordering for Books

Dear Sirs Letter for Replacement of Washing Machine
I shall be very much obliged if you are kind enough to send Markazi colony
the following books for Khadijatul Kubra Library by V.P.P. Near Markaz-e-Islami
Ankleshwar - Guj.
(1) Bukhari Shareef 10 copies
20th December, 2011
(2) Muslim Shareef 25 copies
The Messrs Electronic House
(3) Tirmizi Shareef 30 copies South Extn.
(4) Nisayee Shareef 15 copies Mumbai
(5) Mishkat Shareef 45 copies Subject : Replacement of whirlpool washing machine.
(6) Computer's Short & Deep knowledge 50 copies Dear Sirs
(7) Urdu into English Dictionary 45 copies I bought from your Electronic House an automatic whirlpool
washing machine against cash memo No.: 56339 dated 20th
(8) English into Urdu Dictionary 45 copies
February, 2011, and I regret to inform you that the machine
Please pack and mail them Immediately with reasonable
doesn't work properly.
discount. The payment will be made through cheque. I, therefore, request you to replace the washing machine with
Yours faithfully a new one. The washing machine has been given a two years
Md. Masood warranty against any technical fault. Kindly have it replaced
Chief Librarian at your earliest and oblige.
Yours faithfully
Md. Musa
272 271
Application for Job ( Ö#i 5ñZ, '„ZpgŠ )
aÆ # Ö i 5 b§ÏZ Ô Dƒ { J WÀÆ â Cg ˆ b§T Official Letters ( oè~ íŠ )
CZ {yŠ „  ZpgŠ ~ „
 ZpgŠ Å#Ö i 5pÔ Dƒ{ J WÌÆ „  ZpgŠ Æ {)z yZfZgzZ ¹g 6e Ö7 Ô% ~g »uoèÆ nkZ
‘ k0*
Ôó ó Bio-DataL &
L Ôì @*
™s# Ÿz~}g !* Æ"ŠgzZ‰ Ü 1(Ôsg¬ CZf X ÃZ™wzKs§ÅVE.6, Ô D Y
KZzÂÅyZ @*
Xì @* Y **
YÐ x **Æ ( Curriculum Vitae ) ó ó C.V L L c*
ó ó Resume L L Complaint for the loss of motorcycle
Ë6,gîx ¬Xì YY HÝÌÐ µ Z c* ~„  ZpgŠ ÝZÃ ó ó Bio-DataL L Biprit chowk
X CYèZZpgŠ ÅnkZ~[ZÆ{)zg 3Z Goalpokher
Application for Job U.Dinajpur (W.B.)
Application for the post of an English teacher 5th April, 2011
Ismail Chowk The suprintendent of police
Islampur Goalpokher police station
West Bengal Sub.: Complaint for the loss of motorcycle
The principal Sir
Jamia Millia Islamia I have to lodge a complaint for the loss of my motortcycle
Delhi No.: 2675 wb=60 from Lalkuri Hat. I had stood the
Sub.: Application for the post of an English Teacher. motorcycle outside the clinic of Dr. Shakil and went to buy
Sir vegetables. When I returned, I found my bike missing.
I came to know from some reliable sources that there is a I, therefore, request you to kindly look into the matter.
vacancy of an English Teacher in your institution. Being Yours faithfully
suitable for it, I apply under your kind control for favour of Md. Anis
consideration.
I am a graduate form Darul Uloom Deoband. I have also done
Diploma in English Language and Literature (DELL) two
years course from Markaz-e-Islami Education and Research
274 273
BIO-DATA Centre (MIERC) Guj. I have perfect command over reading,
writing and speaking in English and quite proficiency in
Name : Nasim Akhtar
Father's Name : Iqbal Husaain computer application as well as net surfing.
Gender : Male If appointed, I can assure you I will do my best to give you
Date of Birth : 15-03-1982 satisfaction.
Marital Status : Unmarried I hope you will give due consideration.
Personal detail : Age : 29 years.
Yours Faithfully
Height: 160 cm.
Nasim Akhtar Qasmi
Weight: 60 kg.
Nationality : Indian
Religion : Islam Application for the post of a science teacher
Personality : Confident, Convencing and determined Islamic English Medium School
Hobbies : Reading Islamic Books, News papers
Shahpur bazar
and Magazines etc.
U.D. (W.B.)
Aims of Life : Doing well for the benefit of
The principal
Community and Humanity, Spreading
Universal brotherhood & Peace. IEM School
Residential : Vill. Baggaon Po. Goti Shahpur Bazar
Address : Ps. Goalpokher Dist. Uttar Dinajpur Sub.: Application for the post of a Science Teacher
West Bengal Pin. 733210 Sir
Mobile No : 09733216797
With reference to your advertisement appeared in the Times
E-mail : nasimakhtarbgn@yahoo.com
of India dated 10th January, 20....., applications have been
Correspondence Jamia Islamia Isha'atul Uloom
Address : At. Po. Akkalkuwa invited for the post of a Science Teacher. In this response, I
Dist. Nandurbar (M.S.) 425415 wish to offer my services for the same. My complete bio-data
Educational Qualification : is being given below:
(i) Fazil (=B.A.) from Darul Uloom Deoband,
Saharanpur in 2003, With 80% marks.
276 275
Letter for resignation (ii) Diploma in English Language & Literature
(DELL) from Markaz-e-Islami Education &
Jamia Akkalkuwa
Research Centre, Ankleshwar Guj.
Nandurbar (M.S.)
in 2005 with 95% marks.
25th January, 2011
(iii) Diploma in Computer application from
The principal
MIERC Ankleshwar in 2005 with 98% marks.
Jamia Akkalkuwa, Nandurbar (M.S.) (iv) M.A. form MANUU in 2011 with 63% marks.
Sir Other Qualifications: Well versed in English, Arabic, Urdu,
I would like inform you that due to some personal reasons I Browsing Net, Composing, Receiving
am unable to continue my present service. and Sending E-mail etc.
I, therefore, request you to relieve me from my duties and to Experience : At persent working as English and
clear all my accounts. Thanking you. Arabic Teacher with Jamia Islamia
Yours faithfully Isha'atul Uloom Akkalkuwa
Abdur Rahman Dist. Nandurbar (M.S.) Since 2006.

Job Fields : (i) Arabic, English & Urdu languages
Application for leave on account of illness
teaching.
The principal
(ii) Translation from English into
Jamia Akkalkuwa
Arabic, Urdu & Vice versa.
Maharashtra
(iii) Research work on Islamic Subjects
Sir
Languages known : English, Arabic, Urdu and persian.
With due respect I beg to state that due to a sudden illness, I
Enclosures : Ten attested copies of various
have been confined to bed and cannot attend the class for ten
certificates and testimonials.
days.
I do hereby declare that all the contents of the Resume
I, therefore, request you to grant me ten days leave from 10th
mentined above, are true, complete and correct. I assure you
March to 20th March, 2011.
for the best servic.
Yours obediently
Signature........................
Ziaur Rahman
Date .........................
278 277
Application for issuing duplicate ticket Application for casual leave on account of
Vill. Baggaon an urgent piece of work
Po. Goti Ps. Goalpokher The president
Dist. Uttar Dinajpur West Bengal Jamia Akkalkuwa
10th March, 2011 Sir
The Station Master Respectfully I beg to state that owing to an urgent piece of
Delhi Junction work at home, I am unable to attend the office.
I, therefore, request you to allow me 10 days leave. from 5th
Sub.: Request for issuing duplicate ticket
January to 15th January, 2011.
Sir
Thanking you
Most respectfully, I beg to inform you that I have lost my
Yours faithfully
railway ticket. The details of my ticket are given below:
Md. Tanweer Qasmi
Name: Abdul Azeem Application for leave on the occasion of
Age: 30 Male brother's marriage ceremony
PNR No.: ........................... Ticket No.: .............................. The Head Master
Train No.: .......................... Class: ....................................... Sir
Date: .................................. Most respectfully, I beg to say that my brother's marriage
Boarding station Delhi Reserved up to Kishanganj ceremony will be performed on 1st January 2011.
I, therefore, request you to kindly issue me a duplicate ticket You are, therefore, requested to grant me leave for a week.
so that I can continue my journey. I shall be highly obliged for your act of kindness.
Thanking you Yours faithfully
Yours Faithfully Md. Abrar
Abdul Azeem Application for concession in fee to the principal
Transfer of Savings Account The principal
The Manager Jamia Akkalkuwa
State Bank of India Sir
Most respectfully, I beg to state that I am a student of class
Akkalkuwa
10th. My father is a poor man and has a large family to
Sir
support. He cannot afford the expenses to continue my
I shall be obliged if you will transfer my savings account No.:
education.
............................ to your branch at ..................... at the
I, therefore, request you to grant me concession in fee.
earliest possible time. I shall be much obliged to you.
Yours faithfully Yours obediently
Asrarul Haque Md. Rafique
280 279
( ó*
*]úŠ )
Request for cheque book
(55)INVITATION LETTERS The Manager
Formal Letter of Invitation *]úŠŠg )
( )* State Bank of India, Lodhan
Mr. and Mrs. M.Ashfaque request the pleasure of your Sir
Most respectfully, I beg to state that I am in crying need of a
company on the auspicious occasion of the marriage
cheque book. My account Number is : ....................................
ceremony of their son. Thanking you in anticipation.
Saeed Yours faithfully
with Md. Saad
Sabiha Letter to the Editor
(Daughter of Musa, Jogeshwari West Æ kZ ÂÔ T e * .z ]‚ˆZ LZ ë LL
*™)g fÆg ¶Z Ôg ÖZ »]!*
_
+Zëa
Maiman Society, Mumbai)
Y ¹ Letter to the Editor ÃoèÆnkZX ˜âk0*
@* Æñi
on Sunday, 15th April, 2011 at 11:30 am at their residence,
Bari Colony Madni Gate Aurangabad.
@*Y – Sir sÜñƒ ˜: Dear Sir (Å Salutation ~ oè,ZXì
R.S.V.P Xì 4{Š c*i r Yours truly~Complimentary closeb§ÏZXì
Rahmatpur
With best compliments from
Qasmi Colony Goalpokher
M. Ashfaque U./D. (W.B.)
:ì YYc* -Z ËÐ~Vh§sfzgq‰
CZÃq Ü z˜)**
]úŠ 5th March, 2011
1- Your esteemed presence is highly solicited on the marriage The Editor
The Times of India, Kolkata
ceremony of my brother Khalid to daughter of Shakir ......
Sub: Bad Condition of the main road
at 10:00 am on Friday, 15th March, 2011 at residence. Sir
2- I request the pleasure on the marriage ceremony of my Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I want to
daughter .............................. draw the attention of the administration towards the "Mamu
Bhagina main road" leading to Char Ghariya More. The road
3- The undersigned request the pleasur of your company on
is narrow and full of potholes. Really the road is in bad
the auspicious occasion of the marriage ceremony of my condition. In the rainy season, the water fills these holes and
son .......... poses a great problem to the people. It needs to be repaired
4- Mr. an Mrs. Akbar request the honour of your presence at w it h cement i mmedi ate ly s o as no t to c aus e any
inconvenience to the public. It is hoped that these lines will
the marriage of their daughter ............................................
help to stir the authorities to some sort of action.
on Monday, the sixteenth of July Two Thousand and Yours truly
Eleven at Twelve o'clock at residence. Md. Rafique
282 281
Formal Reply of Declining ( [Z » ~g ïZŠg ) 5- Mr. and Mrs. invite you to share in the joy of the marriage
Mr. and Mrs. Arshad thank Mr. and Mrs. M.Ashfaque for of their son .........................................................................
their kind invitation to their son's marriage on 15th April,
6- With joyful Hearts, we ask you to be present at the
2011, but regret that owing to a previous engagment they will
be unable to attend. They wish the bridegroom and the bride marriage ceremony of our son ............................................
a happy and prosperous married life. 7- Our joy will be more complete if you can share in the
Patliputra Nagar marriage of our daughter ....................................................
(Masjid) Oshiwara
Bride and Groom inviting words
New Link Road, Jageshwari (W)
Mumbai - 400102 1. Please celebrate with us, as we begin our new life together
15th March, 2011 on .......................................................................................
Informal Letter of Invitation *]úŠŠg))
( )* 2. Please celebrate with the freshness of new life and as we
(1) My dear Mr. Rashid, exchange wedding vows on ...............................................
Will you give me the pleasure of your company at lunch
3. Mansoor and Shabnam joyfully invite you to share in their
on Monday the 20th July, 2011, at 8 o'clock?
Md. Zaid happiness as they unite in marriage on ..............................
Baggaon 4. The pleasure of your company is requested at the marriage
20th June, 2011. of ........................................................................................
(2) Dreams do come true we are getting married! You are 5. We would be pleased to have you join us in marriage
invited to attend our wedding event on Monday, May
ceremony on .......................................................................
15th, 2011 at 7 pm at residence.
Informal Reply of Acceptance ( [Z »qJŠg)) 6. Khalid and Zakia cordially invite you to attend the
(1) My dear Mr. Zaid marriage ceremony on .......................................................
I shal be pleased to be with you at lunch on Monday the Formal Reply of Acceptance ( [Z »qJŠg )
20th July, 2011. Thanking you for your kind invitation. Mr. and Mrs. Abrar thank Mr. and Mrs. M.Ashfaque for their
Yours very sincerely
kind invitation to their son's wedding on 15th April, 2011.
Md. Rashid
Akkalkuwa They have great pleasure in accepting the invitation.
20th June, 2011 Mominpur
(2)Mr. and Mrs. Nisar accept with pleasure the kind Mumbai
invitation of Mr. and Mrs. ........................ for Sunday, the
15th March, 2011
twenty five of March, 2011.
284 283
(2) Respected .......................................................................... Informal Reply of Refusal ( [Z » ~g ïZŠg))
It gives us immense pleasure to inform you that MIERC
(1) My dear Mr. Zaid
managed by Darul Uloom Markaz-e-Islami Ankleshwar,
I am awfully glad to accept your invitation for the lunch on
Gujarat, is going to conduct its 8th annual function with
great enthusiasm on Sunday 15th June, 2011 at 9:00 am. Monday, the 20th July, 2011 at 8:00 am. But I am very sorry
The programme will be presided by very celebrated that a previous engagement will prevent me from joining you
islamic scholar. at lunch on Monday.
Maulana Qamruzzaman (sb) Allahabadi Sincerely yours
Therefore, you are cordially invited to grace us with your Md. Rashid
presence.
Akkalkuwa
Yours sincerely
20th June, 2011
M. Ismial Mankrod
(2) Mr. And Mrs. Adnan regret that they are unable to accept
(3) Please join to celebrate the 9th annual function on 20th
July, 2011. The programe is between 8:00 am and 12 pm. the very kind invitation of Mr. and Mrs. ............ for Sunday,
Lunch will be served to all the participants. the twenty third of March, 2011.
Principal *]úŠaÆH: Ñ‚ )
Invitation for Annual Function ( )*
M. Mumtaz
(1) Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom Akkalkuwa
Idara Faizul Quran
Celebrates It's
Thikribari Hat U.D. (W.B.)
Annual Function at 8:00 am on 15th July, 2011, in
(4) We would like to cordially invite you to our annual
function scheduled for Friday, May 8 from 8:00 am. Look Maimani Mosque.
forward to seeing you on May 8. Chief Guest: Maulana Arshad Madni, the president of
Please be on time and come prepared to stay till 12:00 Jamiat-ul-Ulama-e-Hind.
pm. You are cordially invited to grace the occasion by your
Don't miss it !!. being presence.
Director: N.A. Qasmi
Principal
Islamic English Medium School
G.M. Vastanvi
U.D. (W.B.)
286 285
FOR SALE |zÛñZ,
(# ') (5) The Principal, Staff and Students of Jamia Islamia Zinatul
Abailable for sale a flat on the ground floor, having three Uloom Beggaon U.D. (W.B.). Request your being
presence on the annual function on Saturday, 25th April,
bedrooms, a sitting room, a dining room, a separate kitchen, a
2011, at 8:00 am to 12 pm.
lobby and space for car parking situated on the main road
Maulana Badruddin Ajmal, the president of All India
close to the Mina Bazar. It is well equipped and fully air United Democratic Front (AIUDF) and MP from Assam,
conditioned with suitable sanitary fittings. Reasonable price. has very kindly consented to grace the occasion as the
The Owner is going abroad shortly. Interested parties are Chief Guest.
requested to contact Mobile No. 09696959310 or Phone Your presence will make the function all the more
attractive and meaningful.
03526-256056.
( óY âZñZ,
Principal and Staff.
LOST 'L {@ ) [|ZsfzgqaÆ¶Š]úŠ6,gîÆàSÈ¶ÃË~x Z¤
/z6,
Lost my black coloured Nokia 2700 classic mobile No. :ì YYc*
CZ
9898000611, round about 5 pm. in the school playground (1) I am writing to you to attend 5th annual function, to be
while playing cricket. Finder may please restore it to the held in october 28th, 2011. I do very much hope that you
undersigned or to the class teacher. He will be served with will be able to accept this invitation.
(2) It gives me great pleasure to ask if you would be willing
cold or hot drink.
to appear as Chief Guest to attend the 8th annual
Md. Ziaur Rahman
programme on Friday, February 25, 2011, at 8:00 am. I do
Class IV (B) hope you can make time in your busy schedule to attend
FOUND (*
**
0) the conference and share your ideas.
Found a wrist watch while walking in the school park during TO LET ( tZ™ñZ,
')
the recess time today. The owner is requested to contact the A well furnished set of three rooms with attached toilet for
undersigned after telling the necessary details and each room and separate bath rooms is available on rent.
identification marks. It will be a great pleasure for me to hand Provision for car-parking also exists. Beautiful lawn in the
over the watch to the genuine owner. front and also in the rear of the house. Expected rent Rs.
5000/- per month. Interested persons can contact F-18,
Md. Rizwan
Markaz Road, Jogabai Extn. Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-25 or
Calss VI ring 09811278657.
287
Missing ( óyK
K̈Z ñZ,
¨ 'L{@ )
Akram a 15 year old boy, 145 cm, round face and curly hair
has been missing from Akkalkuwa (M.S.) Since 25th January
2011. He was wearing a blue shirt. Speaks Urdu, Hindi and
English. The person giving any clue or information shall be
suitably rewarded. Please contact Mr. Alamgir Maulana Cloth
Store Akkalkuwa (M.S.) Mob. 9400000111
SITUATION VACANT ((à {aÆÖ#i 5)

Apllications are invited for the post of an Englsih Teacher for
our Islamic English Medium School. The candidate should be
graduate of either sex between 25 and 40 years with fluency
in English. He/She should be punctual of Namaz, honest,
polite and well-behaved. Candidates must have an experience
of minimum 5 years in teaching. Interested candidates may
send their complete curriculum vitae within 10 days to the
principal of Englsih Medium School, Baggaon, Po. Goti, Ps.
Goalpokher, U.D. (W.B.) 733210 or ring 8055835548.
Travelling allowance will be paid to the candidate for
interview.

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2

How to Learn English? : [ Âx **

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QRSTU Vowels ( Aszw)

Capital and Small Letters

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///// Post office : {uZe Shop y»Š Temple gq

Those are taps. X 9ƒ

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Table ö Tables Cap 8I Caps

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Bone ~A Bones Bikini aÆVÂgú Bikinis

Cake U Cakes Canto » ~š

Blemish 0™ŠÔ r ZŠ Blemishes

Duplex qgzŠ Duplexes Blitz úðZƒJ7

Latex -Zt²»VzŠ7 Latexes Fizz Ø º

Quiz wZÎ Quizes Chintz Z ÀÅ Chintzes Circus $™Ô¾u Circuses

Nouns ending in - y preceded by a consonant, form their Bonus x ÅZ Bonuses Catch **

,yx !Z »XÔY  Z {z :4: {°‡

Baby ^ Babies Cherry á

Army `¯ Armies Copy 8» Copies Address Ø Addresses Church y Y¤

Story ã¹ Stories Diary ~], Ze Diaries Grass kv Grasses Match ò Matches

EXCEPTIONS( ] ¸ ) Cargo i ˜g!* Cargos Cargoes

Singular Meaning Plural Singular Meaning Plural

Grief ôg Griefs Strife Š YÔZ× Strifes Canto »Ä

Dwarf Š- Dwarfs Handkerchief wâ zg Handkerchiefs Memento g ÇŠ c* Mementos Lasso ï Lassos

Belief {o Beliefs Stuff wâ Stuffs Dynamo Û Wt'

Brief ¿ Briefs Handcuff ~Ì Handcuffs áà Zzä™ Za] ¸¹'

a word to make the complete sense. Mrs.(Mistress) /» Mesdames Madame x ZŠ â ÔH Mesdames

Order bŠ¬ Ordered Ordered Ordering Orders **

Open ÜÅ Opened Opened Opening Opens Fail ƒx » **

Punish bŠ Zw Punished Punished Punishing Punishes Fear **

Reach ) Reached Reached Reaching Reaches Iron ™~,Z

Utter IÔÜ1 Uttered Uttered Uttering Utters Kick g â ]Ñ

Tense Participle Participle Singular Bid Îà 1

Teach −7, Taught Taught Teaching Teaches Bet **

Think OÎ Thought Thought Thinking Thinks Hit gâ

Sell Š Sold Sold Selling Sells Knit C

~uzŠ Å÷™ J (,ied c*

( èâ U â i ) Past Tense( 2) ( wqU â i ) Present Tense ( 1) Tense Participle Participle Singular

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense å~g ZòZwqU â i Pay **

(2) Past Tense ( èâ Uâ i ) Reply bŠ[Z Replied Replied Replying Replies

Why is she not calling? Am I not swimming?

How is it not dancing? Are we not remembering?

Are we not reading? ?ìg| 7,7ƒ  ëH Why is it shining?

Why are we reading? ?ìg| 7, VYƒë Interrogative-Negative Sentences with "WH" :

You are writing. XƒìgÉ? Why am I not cleaning?

Ques : Have we locked our room? Xì 13** 3äVÍßë X `NŠ°wÑ\W

Have they been driving? ?ìgD `vß{zH /)

Did you swear? Subject Main verb

Did they take? I went.

Did he speak? We called.

Did she win? You closed.

Did it rain? They stood.

Interrogative - Negative Sentences: ( ¿tDZÎ) He threw.

äŒÐb§hZë Zèx ©Z~Vâ !* iÅyZÃyZ. Þ ÔƒZzb§~g7sÜ: (55)Invitation Letters ( ó**

9~ y!* i Åx ¸Å4ZÃVz9x Óä ]+Z[gvZìzz ¸ Ôƒ ÌgŠ ‡6, ]úŠ Šg) , Formal Reply of

¶Š p»q -Z ÂÔƒÅ 9swi ZzWÅkZpƒÐ AswZ’Z ÅTÂ{z( 3) Answer ëW [Z

,yx !Z »XÔY Z {z :4: {°‡

(2) Past Tense ( èâ Uâ i ) Reply bŠ[Z Replied Replied Replying Replies

Yours faithfully :‰Ôì :( Communication c Body of the letter)y»â*

Xì @Y–nÇ! ÆSender's addressÃkZ Name: Md. Muzakkir, Branch: Akkalkuwa