THE MATHEMATICS OF

APPORTIONMENT
 APPORTIONMENT
➢Method of dividing a whole into various parts.
➢Started in 1790 in the US Constitution when the
House of Representatives attempted to apportion
itself.
➢The issue then was to find how many voters would
be represented by each member of the House.
➢1790— first method – Thomas Jefferson – known as
Jefferson Plan.
➢About 1850 – Alexander Hamilton – Hamilton Plan
To easily solve Apportionment, remember the following:

• Standard Divisor= Total Population

number of people to apportion

• Standard Quota = Population of State

Standard Divisor

• Lower Quota (L) – Standard Quota rounded down to a whole

number

• Upper Quota (U) – Standard Quota rounded up to the next whole

number
 TYPES OF METHOD
➢The Hamilton’s Method
➢The Jefferson’s Method
➢Adam’s Method of Apportionment
➢Webster Method of Apportionment
➢Huntington-Hill Apportionment
Method
HAMILTON’S METHOD
• Lower Quota(L)
-a standard quota rounded down to s whole
number
• Upper Quota(U)
- standard quota rounded up to the next whole
number
 EXAMPLE
Consider a country named Isabela, with
33 000 population and 12 states. Isabela
Constitution calls for 70 representatives to
be apportioned according to the
population of each state.
Municipalities/City Population

Ilagan City 3 250

Burgos 2 750
Cauayan City 3 000
Alicia 2 500
Roxas 3 500
Santiago City 3 300
San Manuel 2 500
Echague 2 250
Naguillian 4 050
Gamu 3 650
Mallig 1 000
Tumauini 1 250
TOTAL` 33 000
Municipalities/City Population Quotient (L) Additional Rep. Number of Rep.

Ilagan City 3 250 6.89 6 1 7

Burgos 2 750 5.83 5 1 6
Cauayan City 3 000 6.36 6 0 6
Alicia 2 500 5.3 5 0 5
Roxas 3 500 7.42 7 0 7
Santiago City 3 300 7 7 0 7
San Manuel 2 500 5.3 5 0 5
Echague 2 250 4.77 4 1 5
Naguillian 4 050 8.59 8 1 9
Gamu 3 650 7.74 7 1 8
Mallig 1 000 2.12 2 0 2
Tumauini 1 250 2.65 2 1 3
TOTAL` 33 000 64 70
 JEFFERSON’S METHOD
➢Same as Hamilton’s Method
➢Uses modified standard divisor(>SD)
➢Uses LOWER QUOTA
Municipalities Populatio (L) MSD (450) Number MSD (440) Number
/City n of Rep. of Rep.

Ilagan City 3 250 6 7.22 7 7.39 7

Burgos 2 750 5 6.11 6 6.25 6

Cauayan City 3 000 6 6.67 6 6.82 6

Alicia 2 500 5 5.56 5 5.68 5

Roxas 3 500 7 7.78 7 7.95 7
Santiago City 3 300 7 7.33 7 7.5 7

San Manuel 2 500 5 5.56 5 5.68 5

Echague 2 250 4 5 5 5.11 5

Naguillian 4 050 8 9 9 9.20 9
Gamu 3 650 7 8.11 8 8.30 8
Mallig 1 000 2 2.22 2 2.27 2
Tumauini 1 250 2 2.78 2 2.84 2
 ADAM’S METHOD
➢By former US President John Quincy
Adams
➢Same as Jefferson’s Method
➢Uses UPPER QUOTA
Municipalities/City Population Quotient SD (U) Quotient MSD (U) Or Number
(471.43) (490) of Rep.

Ilagan City 3 250 6.89 7 6.63 7

Burgos 2 750 5.83 6 5.61 6
Cauayan City 3 000 6.36 7 6.12 7
Alicia 2 500 5.3 6 5.10 6
Roxas 3 500 7.42 8 7.14 8
Santiago City 3 300 7 7 6.73 7
San Manuel 2 500 5.3 6 5.10 6
Echague 2 250 4.77 5 4.59 5
Naguillian 4 050 8.59 9 8.27 9
Gamu 3 650 7.74 8 7.45 8
Mallig 1 000 2.12 3 2.04 3
Tumauini 1 250 2.65 3 2.55 3
TOTAL` 33 000 75 75
 WEBSTER METHOD
➢Uses rules for rounding off numbers
➢Uses MSD if the total of sub-quotas are not
equal to the required number of
representatives
Municipalities/City Population Quotient Rounded Quotient MSD Number of Rep.
Value (470) or Rounded
Value

Ilagan City 3 250 6.89 7 6.91 7

Burgos 2 750 5.83 6 5.85 6
Cauayan City 3 000 6.36 6 6.38 6
Alicia 2 500 5.3 5 5.32 5
Roxas 3 500 7.42 7 7.45 7
Santiago City 3 300 7 7 7.02 7
San Manuel 2 500 5.3 5 5.32 5
Echague 2 250 4.77 5 4.79 5
Naguillian 4 050 8.59 9 8.51 9
Gamu 3 650 7.74 8 7.98 8
Mallig 1 000 2.12 2 2.13 2
Tumauini 1 250 2.65 3 3.19 3
TOTAL` 33 000 70 70
HUNTINGTON-HILL METHOD
Municipalities/C Populatio SQ (L) (U) Number of
ity (471.43) Rep.
n
Ilagan City 3 250 6.89 6 7 6.48 7
Burgos 2 750 5.83 5 6 5.48 6
Cauayan 3 000 6.36 6 7 6.48 6
City
Alicia 2 500 5.3 5 6 5.48 5
Roxas 3 500 7.42 7 8 7.48 7
Santiago City 3 300 7 7 7 7 7
San Manuel 2 500 5.3 5 6 5.48 5
Echague 2 250 4.77 4 5 4.47 5
Naguillian 4 050 8.59 8 9 8.49 9
Gamu 3 650 7.74 7 8 7.48 8
Mallig 1 000 2.12 2 3 2.45 2
Tumauini 1 250 2.65 2 3 2.45 3
TOTAL` 33 000 64 75 70
Municipalities/Cit Population MSD (L) (U) Number of Rep. or
y (470.5) rounded modified
quota

Ilagan City 3 250 6.91 6 7 6.48 7

Burgos 2 750 5.84 5 6 5.48 6
Cauayan City 3 000 6.38 6 7 6.48 6
Alicia 2 500 5.31 5 6 5.48 5
Roxas 3 500 7.44 7 8 7.48 7
Santiago City 3 300 7.01 7 8 7.48 7
San Manuel 2 500 5.31 5 6 5.48 5
Echague 2 250 4.78 4 5 4.47 5
Naguillian 4 050 8.61 8 9 8.49 9
Gamu 3 650 7.76 7 8 7.48 8
Mallig 1 000 2.13 2 3 2.45 2
Tumauini 1 250 2.66 2 3 2.45 3
TOTAL` 33 000 64 7 70