REVIEW OF COAL GENESIS

IN ZIMBABWE AND
SUMMARY OF THE
MAJOR DEPOSITS

Brent Barber - Jan 2016

First Reports Coal
• David Livingstone noted coal N of Zambezi
River in Zambia in 1857.
• Carl Mauch observed coal close to the Bubye
River in 1868.
• Mid-Zambezi Basin in Zimbabwe coal first
reported Bari Coal Locality, confluence
Katswanzwa and Ume Rivers, by Armstrong,
de Noon and Payne early 1890’s.
• Albert Giese pegged claims vicinity Hwange
Colliery in 1894.
Brent Barber - Jan 2016
COAL DEVELOPMENT - 1
LOWER KAROO:
• Permo-Carboniferous deposited arctic to
warm temperate climatic interval.
• Late Carboniferous – Late Permian /
Early Triassic = Sag Basin: Low strain
lithospheric thinning prior rifting
• Coal intercalated fluvial, deltaic, paludal
and shallow water lacustrine sediments
Brent Barber - Jan 2016
COAL DEVELOPMENT - 2
LOWER KAROO GROUP: MID-ZAMBEZI BASIN

Matabola Formation
• Upper Madumabisa Mudstone Member (k5c-f)
• Lower Madumabisa Mudstone Member (k5a+b)
• Upper Wankie Sandstone Member (k4)

Hwange Formation
• Black Shale And Coal Member (k2-3)
• Lower Wankie Sandstone Member (k1)
Brent Barber - Jan 2016
 MID-ZAMBEZI BASIN

Brent Barber - Jan 2016

COAL DEVELOPMENT - 3

 Economic seams developed diachronous

Coal And Black Shale Member and
equivalent strata in Zambezi and Save-
Limpopo Rift Systems.

 Only sub-economic developments coal

recognised younger Lower Madumabisa
Mudstone Member and equivalent strata.
Brent Barber - Jan 2016
Burnt Coal
Except river sections coal
measures often poorly exposed
as readily weather - burnt coal,
mottled brecciated rock,
sometimes define outcrop.

Brent Barber - Jan 2016

CONTROLS PEAT ACCUMULATION

• Facies – telmatic / limnic / paralic

• Climatic conditions incl. temperature peat
• Organic matter input – plant types
• Nutrient supply
• Rate subsidence – compaction peat
• Water-table fluctuations - oxidation
• Water pH and Eh
Brent Barber - Jan 2016
Karoo Basin Sub-Saharan Africa

Brent Barber - Jan 2016

COAL FORMATION - 1
• Dissimilarity coal Hwange to banded coals Europe
noted Lamplugh (1907) – suggested reflected differing
conditions accumulation.
• Lightfoot (1914 and 1929) argued detrital opposed in-
situ origin coal citing:
 Lack of any seat-earths underlying seams.
 Interlamination bright and dull coal as representing
alternating argillaceous and organic deposition.
 High ash content due accumulation clastic particles with
organic matter.
 Largely fragmentary nature of the plant remains in the coal
as supporting maceration prior to deposition.
 Reputed improvement quality coal away from interpreted
basin margin.
Brent Barber - Jan 2016
COAL FORMATION - 2
• Bond (1955) initially supported coals detrital but later,
Bond (1967), concluded some in-situ accumulation,
occurred explaining , "under the cool climatic
conditions of Ecca [Permian] times, the rate of [plant]
growth would be slow, and dead vegetation would be
exposed to oxidation and particularly to mechanical
fragmentation for a long time before burial, leading to
a high percentage of ‘organic mush’ [inertinite
macerals and ash] in the coal".
• Watson (1958 and 1960), reasoning differences due
climatic variation, flora and sedimentary settings,
contended none points Lightfoot established
allochthonous opposed autochthonous coal formation.
Brent Barber - Jan 2016
COAL FORMATION - 3
• Main Seam generally richer vitrinite coal above
which contains more inertinite - indicates basal
coals deposited stable anaerobic environments
where peat, lowering groundwater, subject periodic
oxidisation.
• Increased fusinitisation overlying peat - drier
environments - reflected increase interlaminated dull
& bright coal = greater inertinite content.
• Megascopic logging & petrological studies indicate:
 Relatively shallow groundwater, denoted intercalated bright and dull coal
logged 50.815 – 54.405m (3.095m).
 Predominantly high ash coals deposited 42.985 – 50.815m (7.830m),
supported rise ash content upwards, indicate increase groundwater level.
 Further increase denoted carbonaceous mudstones, containing intercalations
dull coal, logged 37.955 – 42.985m (5.030m).
 Rises groundwater levels, indicated carbonaceous mudstone interbedded
bright and dull coal intersected 34.500 – 37.955m (3.455m).
 Additional increase water depth signified mudstone 34.500m upwards.
Brent Barber - Jan 2016
Brent Barber - Jan 2016
concluded:

subdued topographic relief.

Barber (1987, 1993, 1994 & 2001)
COAL FORMATION - 4a

Group formed largely deciduous

interval following Dwyka glaciation.

• Palaeo-surface postulated exhibited
flourished cold to temperate climatic
Gangamopteris – Glossopteris flora -
• The Carbo-Permian coals Lower Karoo

Depth (m)
38.50

51.50
51.00

53.00
43.00
36.00

54.00
53.50
42.50
41.00
40.00
37.50

45.00
41.50
37.00

54.50
52.50
52.00
50.50
49.00
48.50
48.00
47.50
47.00
46.50
46.00
45.50
44.50
44.00
43.50
42.00
40.50
39.50
39.00
37.50
36.50
35.00
34.00

49.50

50.00
35.50

Sample No.
2

9
8
7
6
5
4
3

11
10

13
12
36.15

40.24
39.56
37.70
36.55
35.10
34.50

40.87
38.62
37.955
37.075
35.675

Fibrous dull coal

Lower

Bright coal

Bright with dull coal

Bright and dull coal

Dull with bright coal

Dull coal
Water Table
Increasing Depth

Carb.Mst
Wankie
Macroscopic Description

Fissile Mst.

Mudstone

25.0 10
37.4 42.4 32.4 43.8 19.8 9.1 5.2 9.2 20
V:t

52.0 19.4 30
40
Elevation 767,84m

5
15.4 14.2 12.8 14.0 14.6 17.6 10
7.0
Sandstone
S-F

9.2 8.0 9.0 10.4 15

20

16.8 19.2 21.2 16.2 19.8 19.8 10

8.0 26.6 28.4 29.8 27.4
Mac

20

0.6 0.6 0.6 2

0.2 0.2 0.8 1.0 5
M:

0.4 0.4 1.0 0.8

8

20.2 21.8 16.8 26.2 24.2 30.00 24.0 12.5

39.2 21.3 43.4 30.2
25.0
Inert

37.5
Petrological Description (%)

Formation

4.4 1.8 4.0 3.6 2.0

2.2 2.0 4.2 4.6 5.6 4.0
L:pt

2.8 3.6
6.0

1.4 4.8 0.6 1.4 0.4 1.2 5.0

2.8 2.0 2.0 0.2 2.4
Py

10.0

9.2 6.8 6.8 5.0

3.4 2.6 3.0 3.2 2.4 3.2
Mineral matter

Other

6.2 10.0
6.8
0.76 0.75
0.78 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.79 0.79
0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.77
(%)
Mean
Vitrinite

0.79
Reflectance

1.3 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.3 0.5
12 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.4
Coal 234,50-54,05 (19.905m)

0.8 0.7 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.0
Moist

1.5
-B.H. W.C.C 42,61 Wankie Coalfield : Grid Ref. MK 40226510

9.9 7.7 7.3 8.5 10.2 15.0 11.4 13.5 17.5 13.9 16.0 18.1 48.9 59.4 58.8 61.4 56.8 43.2 55.9
43.2 51.1 62.7 20
11.2 17.2 12.4 12.5 24.1 30.4 28.0 73.1 72.7 72.8
AND THE MACERAL COMPOSITION OF THE COAL

10.7 35.9 73.5 50

Ash

38.0 74.5 35.6

59.5 70

28.9 26.7 26.3 25.5 23.1 21.6 21.6 21.8 21.7 21.4 20.7 21.8 21.3 18.1 17.9 23.8 20.8 15.6 24.8 23.1 18.4 19.6 16.1 10
32.3 30.0 29.7 28.0 14.0 20
14.3 14.8 13.2
V.M.

16.2 13.2 12.0 13.5 12.5 13.4 17.8 30

50.0 25
Proximate Analyses (%)

56.2 57.6 59.0 63.0 62.8 63.5 62.5 58.8 58.7 66.0 85.0 64.7 63.8 60.1 63.8 61.0 59.1 56.1 13.3 10.7 12.7 12.5 12.7 19.9
38.7 44.1 25.0 24.7 23.7 23.7 23.8 24.3 50
33.9 32.6 28.2
F.C.

49.8 38.3 75
FIGURE: 4 PROFILE WANKIE MAIN SEAM COMPARING THE INFLUENCE OF
VARIATIONSIN WATER TABLE DURING DEPOSITION ON PROXIMATE ANALYSES
 Macroscopic Description Petrological Description (%) Proximate Analyses (%)

Dull with bright coal

Bright with dull coal

Bright and dull coal

Mineral matter Mean

Sample No.

Fibrous dull coal

Vitrinite

Depth (m)
Reflectance
Moist Ash V.M. F.C.

Fissile Mst.
Bright coal

Mudstone
Carb.Mst
Dull coal
V:t S-F Mac M: Inert L:pt (%)

COAL FORMATION - 4b
Py Other

12.5
25.0
37.5

10.0

10.0

0.75

0.77

0.79
2.0
4.0
6.0

5.0

5.0

0.5
1.0
1.5
10
20
30
40

10
15
20

10
20

20
50
70

10
20
30

25
50
75
5

2
5
8
Increasing Depth
Water Table

34.00 34.50

62.7

16.1

19.9
1.3
2

35.00
35.10

51.1

19.6

28.2
1.1
3
35.50
35.675

72.8

13.2

12.7
1.3
4
36.00
36.15

55.9
43.2

18.4

24.3
5

1.4
36.50 36.55

43.2

23.1

32.6
6

1.1
37.00 37.075

56.8

17.8

23.8
1.6
7
37.50

 Major seams hyp- and autochthonous -

37.70

24.8
35.6

38.3
8

1.3
37.50 37.955

72.7

13.4

12.5
9

1.4
38.50
38.62

39.00

73.5

12.5

12.7
10

1.3
exotic constituents comprise greater 39.50 39.56

74.5

13.5

10.7
11

1.3
40.00

40.24

40.50

73.1

12.0

13.3
1.6
12

proportion coals overlying basal seams.

40.87

41.00

13.2

23.7
61.4
13

1.7
41.50

58.8

14.8

23.7
1.7
42.00

 Slower rates accumulation peat cold to cool

59.5

14.3

24.7
42.50

59.4

14.0

25.0
1.6
43.00

48.9

15.6

33.9
1.6
43.50

38.0

16.2

44.1
1.7
temperate climate in interior continent,
44.00

28.0

49.8
20.8
1.4
44.50

23.8
35.9

38.7
1.6
45.00

50.0
17.9
30.4
1.7
combined mineral content Gondwana flora, 45.50

18.1

56.1
24.1
1.7
46.00

21.3

59.1
18.1
1.5
46.50

predom. factors relatively high ash Karoo

21.8

61.0
16.0
1.2
47.00

20.7

63.8
13.9
1.6
47.50

21.4

60.1
17.5
1.0
48.00

coals. However, possible derived aerially as

17.6

27.4

30.2

0.79

21.7

63.8
13.5
0.8

5.6

6.8

1.0
9.2

2.4
48.50

21.8

64.7
12.5
1.0
49.00

21.6

85.0
12.4
1.0
49.50

wind-blown loess / volcanic ash.

29.8

43.4

0.79

21.6

66.0
10.4

11.4
0.6

3.6

6.8

1.0
5.2

0.2
50.00

14.6

28.4

21.3

0.79

23.1

58.7
17.2
9.2
9.1

1.0

4.6

2.0

1.0
50.50

25.5

58.8
39.2
19.4

19.8

0.79

15.0
 Inorganic matter coals finely disseminated
51.00

9.0

1.0

4.2

2.0

6.2

0.7

26.3

62.5
19.8

14.0

19.8

24.0

0.79

10.2
1.0
0.8

4.0

1.2

3.2
51.50

30.00

0.78

26.7

63.5
25.0

26.6
12.8
52.00

0.2

3.6

0.4

2.4

1.3

8.5

62.8
43.8

16.2

24.2

0.78

28.9
52.50

1.0
8.0

0.4

2.8

1.4

3.2

7.3
rendering beneficiation difficult. 53.00

0.79

63.0
28.0
32.4

14.2

21.2

26.2
0.4

2.0

0.6

3.0

1.3

7.7
53.50

0.79
19.2
42.4

16.8

29.7

59.0
4.8
2.2

1.4
9.2

0.6

9.9
2.6
37.4

0.76
16.8

21.8
54.00

15.4

57.6
30.0
11.2
3.4
0.6

2.8
1.8

12
0.78
20.2
52.0

10.7

32.3

56.2
6.8

0.8
4.4

1.4
7.0

8.0

0.2
54.50
Lower Wankie Sandstone Formation

FIGURE: 4 PROFILE WANKIE MAIN SEAM COMPARING THE INFLUENCE OF

VARIATIONSIN WATER TABLE DURING DEPOSITION ON PROXIMATE ANALYSES
AND THE MACERAL COMPOSITION OF THE COAL

-B.H. W.C.C 42,61 Wankie Coalfield : Grid Ref. MK 40226510

Brent Barber - Jan 2016 Elevation 767,84m Coal 234,50-54,05 (19.905m)

COAL DEPOSITIONAL FACIES

Two end models proposed:

• Limnic
• Telmatic

Brent Barber - Jan 2016

LIMNIC DEPOSITIONAL FACIES

Duguid (1981) proposed that in the Mid-

Zambezi Basin peat deposition, wedging-out
within 35 km down-dip, occurred
diachronously along gently shelving palaeo-
shoreline areally extensive lake.
OVERFILLED LACUSTRINE BASIN
TELMATIC DEPOSITIONAL FACIES
Nyambe (1999) observed abundance inertinite
indicated episodes aerobic decomposition -
proposed coals deposited alluvial floodplain
environments – analogous Niger delta where
peat accumulates linear back-swamps:
 Lower Wankie and equivalent Maamba Sandstones
alluvial channel deposits. Coal measures paludal
floodplain accumulation.
 Peat accumulation large areas governed subsidence,
with fluvial channels, confined levees higher flood-
plain, maintaining high water table. Detrital matter
(ash) content semi-dependent proximity rivers and
palaeo-topography.
Brent Barber - Jan 2016
PEAT FORMATION ALLUVIAL PLAIN FACIES
LIMNIC & TELMATIC FACIES

Concepts re-introduced Oesterlen & Lepper

(2005) who over-interpreting available data
hypothesised:
 Supposed coal “swamp zone” adjacent
palaeo-limnic shoreline stretching arc E –
Hwange, via Lubimbi, Lusulu, Lubu and Busi
Coal Localities to Sengwa.
 All coal S lake accumulated alluvial plain.
Brent Barber - Jan 2016
HYPOTHESISED LIMNIC / TELMATIC FACIES

Oesterlen and
Lepper (2005)
COAL EXPLORATION
o Coal exploration was until relatively recently routinely
conducted under tenure Exclusive Prospecting Orders [EPOs].
o Reports detailing work undertaken submitted ZGS.
o On expiry reports archived in ZGS library for public access.
o Summaries work completed EPOs 1 – 900 contained ZGS
publications:

o Morrison (1974, 1975 and 1978):

• Bulletin 72 - EPOs 1 to 250.
• Bulletin 74 - EPOs 251 to 400.
• Bulletin 82 - EPOs 401 to 500.
o Oesterlan (1998):
• Bulletin 102 (EPOs 501 – 600).
o Nachsel-Weschke (2002):
• Bulletin 106 (EPOs 651 – 900).
Brent Barber - Jan 2016
COAL RANK
• Rank coal Mid-Zambezi Basin increases WNW
direction - Lignitic at Bari in Matabola Sub-basin
to Bituminous Medium to High Volatile at
Hwange in Mlibizi Sub-basin.
• Variations rank of diachronous coals Mid-Zambezi
Basin largely attributable differing depths burial
and geothermal gradient:
W portion of the Mid-Zambezi Basin coalification
enhanced increased temperatures areas buried
beneath Batoka Basalt Formation - Nyblade et al.
(1990) reported relatively high heat flow of 120
mW/m2 in a drillhole sunk in the Hwange.
Brent Barber - Jan 2016
Mid-Zambezi Basin

Brent Barber - Jan 2016

PRIOR ASSESSMENTS COAL DEPOSITS
• Assessments coal resources Zimbabwe
undertaken behalf GSZ by Barber (2001),
Harrison (1980), Macgregor (1947) and Maufe
(1924) and Montan Consulting GmbH (1983).

• Additionally, using information archived ZGS and

held companies, detailed evaluations individual
deposits completed Barber (1986, 1987b+ c, 1988
and In Press) and Palloks (1984 and 1987).
Note: That available on Lubimbi, which as reported by Thompson (1981) documents
investigations Industrial Development Corporation directed establishing material
suitable production synthetic fuel, judged inadequate by Palloks (1984) for Coal
Resource estimation.

Brent Barber - Jan 2016

RE-ASSESSMENT COAL DEPOSITS

Insufficent public domain data

available at the ZGS ~ 1990’s
to Present ~ to facilitate the
re-evaluation resources any
coal deposit in Zimbabwe.
Brent Barber - Jan 2016
COAL RESOURCES & RESERVES
1. Describe coals accordance method developed
Diessel (1982) macroscopic characterisation highly
variable, laminated and thinly banded Gondwana
coals which, containing organic constituents
intermediate banded bituminous Carboniferous age
and younger N hemisphere coals, often problematic
categorise using definitions International Committee
For Coal Petrology (1963 and 1971) based on
lithotypes proposed by Stopes (1919 and 1935).
2. Report coal rank accordance standards adopted
American Society Testing and Materials (1958 and
1991).
3. Estimate coal Resources and Reserves in accordance
Australian Guidelines Estimation and Classification
Coal Resources (2014).
 Brent Barber - Jan 2016
COAL LITHOTYPES
BRIGHT COAL (VITRAIN): Vitreous to sub-vitreous lustre - 5% dull bands 5mm.
Represents gelified woody material .

BANDED BRIGHT COAL (CLARAIN): Bright, thinly bedded coal, with shiny, black
satin lustre – 5 to 40% bands dull coal 5mm.

BANDED COAL (DUROCLARAIN): Approx. equal proportions, 40 – 60%, bright and

dull coal bands 5mm thick.

BANDED DULL COAL (CLARODURAIN): Predom. dull coal with uneven fracture
containing 5 – 40% bands of bright coal 5mm thick.

DULL COAL (DURAIN): Tough, dull coal, with matt lustre and uneven fracture,
containing 5% bands bright coal 5mm thick. Product oxidised organic
matter.

FIBROUS COAL (FUSAIN): Dull, dirty, friable coal with satin lustre - 5% bands
other lithotypes 5mm. Represents material subjected oxidation or fire.
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JORC INVETORY COAL, COAL RESOURCES
AND COAL RESERVES
NON - JORC JORC
(Govt & Internal Reports) (Public Reports)

INVENTORY COAL COAL RESOURCES COAL RESERVES

(Reasonable Prospects (Application Predicted Yield
Economic Extraction) And Moisture Factors)
↓
Increase Geological Confidence

Inferred Inferred

↓ ↓

Indicated Indicated Probable Probable Marketable

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

Measured Measured Proven Proven Marketable

↓ No Modifying Factors Consideraton Modifying Factors:
Mining / Processing / Metallurgical/ Legal /
Marketing / Environmental / Govt / Social
Mid-Zambezi Basin

Brent Barber - Jan 2016

LARGER COAL DEPOSITS - ZIMBABWE
o MID-ZAMBEZI RIFT SYSTEM:
 Entuba
 Hwange
 Lubu ??? Lubimbi ???
 Lusulu
 Western Areas
 Sengwa N & S
o SAVE-LIMPOPO RIFT SYSTEM:
 Bubye
Brent Barber - Jan 2016
 Brent Barber - Jan 2016

BUBYE COAL LOCALITY

• Four of six seams, Bubye Bottom, Bubye No: 2,
Bubye Main and Bubye Top, assessed possess
economic coal potential.
• Due widespread igneous activity no average coal
seam quality data reported.
• Rank high ash coal based proximate analyses ranges
Bituminous Medium Volatile to Anthracite. Coal
possesses coking characteristics.
• Tonnage in-situ Inventory coal, Inferred standing, in
Bubye E and W estimated total 438mmt. Greater
proportion delineated Bubye Main and Bubye
Bottom. Majority only exploitable u/g mining.
 Brent Barber - Jan 2016

ENTUBA COAL LOCALITY

• Palloks (1984), despite inconsistent sampling and analytical
procedures Hwange Colliery, established ±10m Main Seam
decreased quality upwards.
• Basal 1.5m Main Seam straight coking coal and overlying
1.5m blend. Bulk upper portion thermal. Possibility
increase av. thickness coking coal ±3 metres only slight
decrease quality.
• Vitrinite reflectance 0.7 - 1.28 RoV (mean) but readings 0.7
and 1.13 RoV (mean), bhs only 270m apart area, devoid
known igneous activity, contentious. Disregarding results
assessed Bituminous High Volatile rank.
• In-situ Inventory coal, Indicated standing, o/c cumulative
strip ratio cut-off ≤3.5m ob/t coal, estimated total
77.3mmt. Approx. 25% coking and blend coking coal .
• In-situ u/g Inventory coal, Indicated standing, with 19%
coking and blend coking quality, totals 106mmt.
HWANGE COLLIERY
• Main Seam, decreases quality upwards - composed
sub-seams variable thickness and non-established
continuity.
• Bright coal developed base Main Seam formed Sub-
seams 1 and parts 2 and/or 3.
• Inventory Bituminous to High Volatile Bituminous
rank coal, Measured standing, estimated 1,506mmt
in-situ.
• Portion o/c, cumulative strip ratio cut-off 3.5m o/b
per tonne coal, totals 225.7mmt.
• Coking coal totals 472mmt with 66mmt o/c.
• Coal remaining, following depletion mining,
requires assessment.
Brent Barber - Jan 2016
LUBU COAL LOCALITY
• Main seam, relatively high ash Bituminous High
Volatile coal, av. 12.5m thick.
• Best quality coal, with top and bottom portions
inferior, towards centre Main Seam.
• Portions low S coking coal potential.
• In-situ o/c Inventory coal of Indicated standing
estimated total 334mmt – mineable relatively
low strip ratio of 2.9.
• If A–Seam mined tonnage increased ±30%.
• Additional large Inferred tonnage noted to S.

Brent Barber - Jan 2016

 LUSULU COAL LOCALITY
• Rank high ash Main Seam Sub-bituminous to Bituminous
Medium Volatile.
• Best coal, ash content increases upwards, occurs lower
portion Main Seam. Quality coal decreases to SE and SW.
• Portions Main Seam possess some coking potential.
• Coal possess high moisture retaining capacity - on drying
prone spontaneous combustion.
• S content raw coal reduceable 0.6% washing S.G. 1.6.
• Coals overlying A-Seam inferior quality.
• In-situ o/c Inventory tonnage coal, cumulative strip ratio
3.5m o/b per tonne coal, estimated 402.6mmt and u/g
1,492.2mmt. Both Indicated standing.
Brent Barber - Jan 2016
SENGWA COAL LOCALITIES
 Sub-bituminous - Bituminous High Volatile rank non-coking
coal Main Seam.
 Thickness Main Seam, wedges-out E in Sengwa S and S in
Sengwa N, av 14.1m and 12.5m respectively.
 Central portion Sengwa S raw ash content footwall averages
±20%. Then decreases <10% before increasing, ±2m above
footwall, to >20% near top.
 Sulphur Sengwa S low, av 0.24% as opposed 0.75% Sengwa N.
 Phosphorus av 0.095% Sengwa S and 0.168% Sengwa N.
 High moisture content, >3.5% Air Dried, prohibatative caking.
 Drying coal and coaly shale prone spontaneous combustion.
 In-situ Inventory coal, estimated Indicated standing:
• Sengwa N: 205mmt o/c at cumulative strip ratio cut-off
3.5m o/b per tonne coal.
• Sengwa South: 302mmt coal extractable u/g.
SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION - SENGWA

Brent Barber - Jan 2016

WESTERN AREAS COAL LOCALITY
• Ash content and frequency mudstone partings increases
up dip towards outcrop.
• Quality coal deteriorates upwards.
• Up to ⅓ basal portion Main Seam, av ±8m, coking
potential.
• S content raw coal averages 1.5.
• Possible, accepting lower part Main Seam absent, that
Main and No. 1 Seams coalesce o/c, with poorer coal base
upper portion Main Seam and overlying coal No. 1 Seam.
• Medium to High Volatile Bituminous Inventory coal
present Main and No. 1 Seams assessed Indicate standing.
• Main Seam estimated 77.1mmt o/c and 874.8mmt u/g in-
situ coal. In addition, in-situ coal No. 1 Seam estimated
28.0mmt o/c, cumulative strip ratio cut-off 3.5m o/b per
tonne coal, and 143.2mmt u/g.
Brent Barber - Jan 2016