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Hydro-Distillation Process in Extracting
Hydro-Distillation Process in Extracting
ESSENTIAL OIL
Zainal Abidin Bin Ahmad1, Zamri Bin Yusoff2, Ahmad Fikri Bin Awang3, Muhamad
Azizi Fifadli Bin Mohd Nor Rudin4, Muhammad Saiful Hamizan Bin Mohd Zait5,
Mohd Hafizulfikry Bin Roslan6, Mohammad Zaki Iskandar Bin Mat Zaid7
1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Politeknik Kuching, Sarawak
zainal.abidin@poliku.edu.my, zamri.y@poliku.edu.my, fikriee942@gmail.com,
azizi_fifadli@rocketmail.com, saifulhamizan@yahoo.com, fikryhafizul@yahoo.com,
blackheartcry98@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The main problem which needs to be addressed revolves around the issue of
creating a standard by which to evaluate and assess the quality of essential oil
produced from agarwood. Currently no applicable standard exists and prices as well
as the quality of oil are arbitrarily determined by traders and clients. Another problem
which is highly correlated to the problem of quality is the reproduction of a successful
formula. Current methods of producing perfumes and aromatic products from
agarwood essential oil depend greatly on experience and lack scientific backing and
suitably rigid procedures to ensure that a successful formula can be replicated. This
also brings to light the problems faced by law enforcement agencies and nature
preservation groups that are trying to stop indiscriminate felling of Aquilaria trees.
The woeful lack of information on agarwood and its essential oil has lead to exports
being approved with little information on the species and not knowing whether
exploitation is within sustainable levels.
3.0 METODOLOGY
Main focus of our project is to design and fabricate a mini plant and find a
suitable process or mechanism for production of high quality essential oil from
agarwood. Our mini plant just to extract the essential oil using distillation process.
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3.1 Fabrication
The capacity of 20 liters Mini Plant being fabricate and took 4 months to
finish.starting from designing the plant, fabrication takes quite sometimes to finish as
certain design need to be modified during the process. Figure 1 shows the schematic
diagram of Mini Plant which consists of main compenents such as burner, pressure
cooker, condenser, cooling tank compenents. The solid model of the plant as shown in
Figure 2.
3.2 Process
3.2.1 Materials
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Hose
Pressure Condenser
Cooker
LPG
Cooling
Water Tank
Centrifugal
Pump
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4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The aim of this work was to find the condition providing the highest oil yield
recovery of aquilariamalaccencis inside the experimental domain explored. And the
result has been compared with essential oil composition obtained through hydro-
distillation as shown in Table 1 and Table 2.
The following tabulated data Table 3 and Table 4 showed the result of solvent
extraction on obtaining the gaharu and cendana extraction oil. The time interval was
set at 2, 4 and 6 hours for each solvent used at temperature range of 80-110 degC. 1kg
gaharu and cendana were used and mixed with 20L of solvent.
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Table 3: Experimental data for type of solvent used for gaharu.
Time (hr ) Type of Solvent Gaharu Volume oil Oil yield (ml)
solvent volume (ml) mass(g) collected (ml)
1 Water 100 10 0.0 0.0
Acetone 100 10 0.01 0.0
2 Water 100 10 0.01 0.0
Acetone 100 10 0.02 0.0
3 Water 100 10 0.02 0.0
Acetone 100 10 0.03 0.0
The result provided that water and acetone produce 0.0% oil yield recovery.
This was determined both by observation made on samples and rotary evaporation
conducted on each sample where no presence of dark brown oil. As expected from
grade D gaharu woods.
The basis of this experiment, which used water as one type of solvent, had
provided insightful knowledge on the suitable parameters that should be applied upon
using water as solvent. The parameters need to be modified included the duration of
the experimental works and solid to solvent ratio. This indeed should be implemented
to all samples and solvent as well. The results of using water at 100oC had produced
0% oil yield, due to the observation made such as gaharu were not fully dissolved and
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no aroma smell was detected. On the other hand, the usage of acetone provided quite
an interesting result on the essential oil recovery. The collected the essential oil is
about 0.01ml.
Steam distillation, as set up in Table 4 above was used as control. The mixture
of gaharu and water were steam-distilled for 6 hours. The distillate collected is about
1.2L, however the presence of essential oil was undetected. This show the original
time taken (6 hours) is not sufficient enough to extract gaharu essential oil. According
to Azah et.al (2008). The hydro distillation of gaharu was run for 16 hours using
Clevenger type apparatus. Thus, comparing the results, the extraction of gaharu oil
using steam distillation at 6 hours is not feasible.
5.0 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Azah M.A., N., Chang, Y., Mailina, J., Abu Said, A.,AbdMajid, J., SaidatulHusni, S.,
et al. (2008). Comparison of Chemical Profiles of Selected Gaharu Oils from
Peninsular Malaysia. The Malaysian Journal ofAnalyticalScience ,338-340.
Cassel, E., Vargas, R., Martinez, N., Lorenzo, D., &Dellacassa, E. (2007). Steam
distillation modeling for essential oil extraction process.
210
Fonari, T., Vazquez, L., Torres, C, Ibanez, E., Senorans, F. L,&Reglero, G. (2008).
Countercurrent supercritical fluid extraction of different lipid-type material:
Experimental and thermodynamic. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids,
Volume 45, Issue 2, June 2008, Pages 206–212
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