ADANI INSTITUTE OF INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL & INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING

Concrete Technology

NAME OF STUDENT:

ENROLLMENT NO:

SEMESTER:

YEAR:
 INDEX

Sr. Pg.
Title of Experiment Date Remarks Signature
No. No.

Fresh Concrete Test

1. The Slump Test of Concrete 1

2. Compaction Factor Test of Concrete 5

3. Vee- Bee Consistency Test of Concrete 9

4. Flow Table Test of Concrete 13

Harden Concrete Test

5. Compressive Strength of Concrete 17

6. Flexural Strength of Concrete 21

7. Split Tensile Strength of Concrete 25

Non-Destructive Test

8. Rebound Hammer Test 29`

9. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test 33

Concrete Mix Design

10. IS Concrete Mix Design 37

 Fresh Concrete
Test

Compaction Vee- Bee

The Slump Test Flow Table Test
Factor Test of Consistency Test
of Concrete of Concrete
Concrete of Concrete
Date: Experiment: 01
THE SLUMP TEST OF CONCRETE

Aim:

To determine the consistency of concrete mix of given proportions by the slump test.

Reference:

IS: 7320-1974, IS: 1199-1959, SP: 23-1982

Theory and Scope:

Slump is a measure indicating the consistency or workability of fresh cement concrete. This
test can also be used to determine the water content to give specified slump value. In this test,
fresh concrete is filled into a mould of specified shape and dimensions, and the supporting
mould is removed. The unsupported fresh concrete cone flows to the sides resulting in a sinking
in its height. This vertical settlement is known as slump.

In this test, the slump increases as water content is increased. For different works different
slump values have been recommended.

Apparatus:

 Iron pan to mix concrete;

 Weighing platform machine;
 Spatula,
 Trowels;
 Slump test apparatus with 300 mm scale;
 Tamping rod;
 Balance to weigh up to 30 kg mass to an accuracy of to 10 g and graduated cylinder.

Page | 1
Procedure:

Step 1. Clean the internal surface of the mould thoroughly and dampen it with moist cloth.
Step 2. Place the mould on a smooth, horizontal, rigid and non-absorbent surface.
Step 3. Place the fresh concrete sample in the cleaned slump cone mould in four layers, each
approximately 1/4 of the height of the mould. Tamp each layer 25 times with tamping
rod distributing the strokes uniformly over the cross section of the mould. For the
second and subsequent layers the tamping rod should penetrate in to the underlying
layer.

Page | 2
Step 4. After the top layer is rodded, strike off the top with a trowel or tamping rod so that
the mould is exactly filled.
Step 5. Remove the cone mould by raising it slowly and carefully in the vertical direction.
Step 6. As soon as the concrete settlement comes to a stop, measure the subsidence of
concrete, i.e., the difference in level between the height of the mould and that of the
highest point of the subsided concrete.
Step 7. Measure the subsidence of concrete in mm is the slump of the concrete.

Observations and Calculations

Any slump specimen that collapses or shears off laterally gives incorrect result and if this occurs
the test is repeated, only true slump should be measured and reported.

Result:

Slump Compacting
Degree of
Use for which concrete is suitable
workability
mm in Factor

Very dry mixes; used in road making. Roads vibrated

Very low 0-25 0-1 0.78 by power operated machines.

Low workability mixes; used for foundations with

Low 25-50 1-2 0.85 light reinforcement. Roads vibrated by hand operated
Machines.

Medium workability mixes; manually compacted flat

slabs using crushed aggregates. Normal reinforced
Medium 50-100 2-4 0.92 concrete manually compacted and heavily reinforced
sections with vibrations.

High workability concrete; for sections with

High 100-175 4-7 0.95 congested reinforcement. Not normally suitable for
vibration

The slump of fresh concrete sample is_______________ mm.

Page | 3
Conclusion:

_________________
Signature

Page | 4
Date: Experiment: 02
Compaction Factor Test of Concrete

Aim:

To determine the workability of fresh concrete mix by compaction factor test.

Reference:

IS: 1199-1959, SP: 23-1982

Theory and Scope:

Compaction factor test is adopted to determine the workability of concrete, where nominal size
of aggregate does not exceed 40 mm .It is based upon the definition, that workability is that
property of the concrete which determines the amount of work required to produce full
compaction.
The test consists essentially of applying a standard amount of work to standard quantity of
concrete and measuring the resulting compaction. The compaction factor test to determine the
workability of freshly prepared concrete is carried out as per IS: 1199-1959.
Apparatus:

 Compaction factor apparatus;

 Trowels;
 Graduated cylinder of 1000 ml capacity;
 Balance to weigh up to 30 kg (nearest to about 10 g);
 Tamping rod and Iron buckets.

Page | 5
Procedure:

Step 1. Keep the compaction factor apparatus on a level ground and moisten the inner surface
of the hoppers and cylinder.
Step 2. Fasten the flap doors.
Step 3. Weigh the empty cylinder accurately and note down the mass as W1 kg.
Step 4. Fix the cylinder on the base with fly nuts and bolts in such a way that the central points
of hoppers and cylinder lie on one vertical line. Cover the cylinder with a plate.
Step 5. Fill the freshly mixed concrete sample in upper hopper gently and carefully with hand
scoop without compacting.
Step 6. After two minutes, release the trap door so that the concrete may fall into the lower
hopper bringing the concrete into standard compaction.
Step 7. Immediately after the concrete has come to rest, open the trap door of lower hopper
and allow the concrete to fall into the cylinder bringing the concrete into standard
compaction.

Page | 6
Step 8. Remove the excess concrete above the top of the cylinder by a pair of trowels, one in
each hand, will blades horizontal slide them from the opposite edges of the mould
inward to the centre with a sawing motion.
Step 9. Clean the cylinder from all sides properly. Find the mass of partially compacted
concrete thus filled in the cylinder, say W2 kg.
Step 10. Refill the cylinder with the same sample of concrete in approximately 50 mm layers,
vibrating each layer so as to expel all the air and to obtain full compaction of concrete.
Step 11. Strike off excess to level the concrete and weigh the cylinder filled with fully
compacted concrete. Let the mass be W3 kg.

Observation:

Particular Reading Remarks

Mass of empty cylinder, W1 kg
Mass with partially compacted concrete, W2 kg
Mass with fully compacted concrete, W3 kg
Compaction factor,
𝑤2 −𝑤1
C.F=
𝑤3 −𝑤1

Result:

Conclusion:

_________________
Signature

Page | 7
Page | 8
Date: Experiment: 03
Vee-Bee Consistency test of Concrete

Aim:

To determine the workability of freshly mixed concrete by Vee-Bee consistency test.

Reference:

IS: 7320-1974, IS: 1199-1959, SP: 23-1982

Theory and Scope:

This test also measures a particular aspect of workability. The test gives an indication of the
mobility and to some extent of the comparability of freshly mixed concrete. It measures the
relative effort required to change a mass of concrete from one definite shape to another, i.e.,
from conical to cylindrical) by means of vibration.
The amount of effort called remoulding effort is expressed as the time in seconds. This time
required for complete remoulding in seconds is considered as a measure of workability and is
expressed as the number of Vee-Bee seconds. The name Vee-Bee is derived from the initials
of V. Bahrmer of Sweden who developed this test. The method is suitable for dry concrete; for
concrete of slump in excess of 50 mm, the remoulding is so quick that the time cannot be
measured.
Apparatus:

 Vee-Bee Consistometer (IS: 1199-1959) consists of a vibrating table mounted on elastic

supports; Cylindrical container;
 Sheet metal slump cone;
 Standard iron tamping rod;
 Weighing balance and Trowels.

Page | 9
Procedure:

Step 1. Place the sheet metal slump cone within the cylindrical container of the
consistometer.
Step 2. Fill the cone in four layers, each approximately one quarter of the height of the cone.
Step 3. Tamp each layer with twenty five strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod.
Step 4. The strokes are distributed in a uniform manner over the cross section of the cone
and for the second and subsequent layers the tamping bar should penetrate into the
underlying layer.
Step 5. After the top layer has been rodded, struck off level the concrete with a trowel so
that the cone is exactly filled.
Step 6. Move the glass disc attached to the swivel arm and place it just on the top of the
slump cone in the cylindrical container. Adjust the glass disc so as to touch the top
of the concrete cone and note the initial reading on the graduated rod.
Step 7. Remove the cone mould from the concrete immediately by raising it slowly and
carefully in the vertical direction. Lower the transparent disc on the top of concrete.
Note down the reading on the graduated rod.
Step 8. Determine the slump by taking the difference between the readings on the graduated
rod recorded in Steps 2 and 3 above.
Step 9. Switch on the electrical vibrations and simultaneously start the stop watch. Allow
the concrete to be remoulded by spreading out in the cylindrical container. The
vibrations arc continued until the concrete is completely remoulded, i.e., the surface
becomes horizontal and the whole concrete surface adheres uniformly to the
transparent disc.

Page | 10
Step 10. Record the time required for complete remoulding in seconds which measures the
workability expressed as number of Vee-Bee seconds

Workability Workability measurement Vee-Bee time

description Slump, Compacting factor seconds
Extremely dry -
mm -
factor 32-18
Very stiff - 0.70 18-10
Stiff 0-25 0.75 10-5
Stiff plastic 25-50 0.85 5-3
Plastic 75-100 0.90 3-0
Flowing 150-175 0.95 -

Observations:

Particular Reading Remark

Initial reading on the graduated rod, a mm

Final reading on the graduated rod, b mm

Slump, (b – a) mm

Time for complete remoulding, (Seconds),

Result:

The consistency of the concrete is __________ Vee-Bee seconds

Conclusion:

_________________
Signature

Page | 11
Page | 12
Date: Experiment: 04
Flow Table test of Concrete

Aim:

To determine the workability of freshly mixed concrete by the use of flow table.

Theory and Scope:

The flow table test determines the fluidity or consistency of concrete by means of a flow table.
The test consists of moulding the fresh concrete in the form of a frustum of a cone on the top
of the platform of flow table; the concrete cone is then given a specified number of jolts of
specified magnitude.
The spread of the concrete measured as the increase in diameter of concrete heap and expressed
as the percentage of the original base diameter of cone, is taken as a measure of flow or
consistency of the concrete. This test examines stability and mobility aspect of workability.
In general, the test will give a satisfactory performance for consistencies for which the slump
cone test can be used. However, it should be noted that the flow test does not measure
workability, as concretes having the same flow may differ considerably in their workability.
Apparatus:

 Flow table;
 Cone mould;
 Weigh Balance;
 Tamping rod;
 Callipers

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Procedure:

Step 1. Moisten the clean table top and inside of the cleaned cone mould; remove the excess
moisture with a wet cloth before commencing the test.
Step 2. Centre the mould on the table platform and hold it firmly in place.
Step 3. Fill the mould in two equal layers, each layer being given 25 strokes with the standard
tamping rod. The strokes shall be distributed in a uniform manner over the cross
section of the mould and for the second layer shall penetrate into the underlying
layer. The bottom layer should be tamped throughout its depth.
Step 4. After the top layer has been rodded struck off level the surface with a trowel so that
the mould is exactly filled. Remove the excess concrete which has overflowed the
mould and clean the area of table outside the mould.
Step 5. Remove the mould immediately by lifting it vertically by a steady upward pull.
Step 6. Turn the handle 15 times at a rate of 1 revolution per second, such that the concrete
is given a jolt by raising and then dropping it by 12.5 mm.
Step 7. Measure the diameter of the spread concrete at six equally spaced positions along the
circumference with calipers read to the nearest 5 mm and record the average.
Step 8. Obtain the flow or the consistency of concrete by expressing the increase in diameter
of concrete specimen as the percentage of the original diameter of 250 mm.

Page | 14
Observations:

Particular Reading Remark

Original or base diameter, d1 mm 250

Spread diameter, d2 mm
Increase the diameter, d2 – d1 mm
𝑑2 −𝑑1
Flow Percent
𝑑1

Result:

The flow of the concrete is________%.

Conclusion:

_________________
Signature

Page | 15
Page | 16
 Harden Concrete
Test

Compressive Split Tensile Modulus of

Flexural Strength
Strength of Strength of Elasticity of
of Concrete
Concrete Concrete Concrete
Date: Experiment: 05
Compressive Strength of Concrete

Aim:

To determine the compressive strength of concrete of given proportions by testing:

a. Cube specimens

Reference:

IS : 4031 ( Pat 6 ) - 1988, IS : 10080-1982, IS : 650-1966, IS: 269-1976

Theory and Scope:

The compressive strength of the hardened concrete is generally considered to be an index of

the overall quality and strength of concrete structure. There are two types of standard test
specimens, namely cubes used to determine the compressive strength of concrete. The crushing
test is used to determine the compressive strength of 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm concrete
cubes at 28 days.

Apparatus

 Concrete Testing Machine

 Mould 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm
 Container or bucket
 Trowel
 Scoop

Page | 17
Procedure

Step 1. Take representative sample of fresh concrete in case monitoring the quality of fresh
concrete.
Step 2. In the case of trial mix testing, calculate the materials required for the test batch. Mix
them thoroughly in a mechanical mixer until uniform colour of concrete is obtained.
Step 3. Pour concrete in the moulds oiled with medium viscosity oil.
Step 4. Fill concrete in cube moulds in three layers each of approximately 50 mm and
ramming each layer with 35 blows evenly distributed over the surface of layer.
Step 5. Struck off concrete flush with the top of the moulds and cover with a glass plate to
prevent evaporation of water.
Step 6. Keep completely filled concrete mould on vibrating table for proper compaction.
Step 7. Remove the specimens from the moulds after 24 hours; store the cube and prism
specimens in clean water at 27+2°C, until the time of test.
Step 8. After 24 hours of casting, cap the cylinder specimens by neat cement paste of 35 per
cent water content on the capping apparatus. After another 24 hours the specimens
are immersed into water for final curing.
Step 9. After completing curing period of test specimen, Test the cube specimens after
removal from water with surface dry condition. The dimension of specimens is
determined to the nearest of 0.2 mm. The weight of each specimen is also need to
record.
Step 10. Place the specimen centrally on the location marks of the compression testing
machine so that uniform placing is obtained.
Step 11. Apply the load slowly, increase it continuously at a rate of 300 kN/min. for cube.
Record the maximum load carried by each specimen during the test. Also report the
type of failure and appearance of material at failure surfaces and cracks.

Page | 18
Observations and Calculations:

1. Cube strength = Avg. Load / Cross section area of Cube

Compressive strength of concrete cube

Maximum applied load at Compressive strength

Specimen Area of concrete Cube failure (kN) (N/mm2)
No. specimen,

7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days

Average compressive strength, N/mm2

Result:

Conclusion:

_________________
Signature

Page | 19
Page | 20
Date: Experiment: 06
Flexural Strength of Concrete

Aim:

To determine the flexural strength of concrete.

Reference:

IS: 516 - 1959, IS: 1199-1959, SP: 23-1982, IS: 10086-1982

Theory and Scope:

Flexure test method covers the determination of the flexural strength of concrete in tension by
the use of a simple 100 x 100 x 500 mm long concrete beam/prism with third-point loading.
The flexural strength of concrete is used in the design of concrete pavements subjected to wheel
loads where in inadequate subgrade support results in bending moments and/or the volume
changes due to temperature/shrinkage causes tensile stresses. The testing of concrete in flexure
yields more consistent results than those obtained with tension test on mortar; the flexure test
is also more easily carried out and may even be more convenient than the crushing test for use
in the field since in this test much smaller loads are required.

Apparatus:

 Universal testing machine

 Prism / Beam moulds 100 mm × 100 mm × 500 mm long
 Mixer
 Weighing machine
 Ramming or tamping rod
 Vibrating Table for compaction

Page | 21
Procedure:

Step 1. Take representative sample of fresh concrete in case monitoring the quality of fresh
concrete.
Step 2. In the case of trial mix testing, calculate the materials required for the test batch. Mix
them thoroughly in a mechanical mixer until uniform colour of concrete is obtained.
Step 3. Pour concrete in the moulds oiled with medium viscosity oil
Step 4. Fill the prism moulds in two layers each of approximately 50 mm deep and ramming
each layer heavily.
Step 5. Struck off concrete flush with the top of the moulds and cover with a glass plate to
prevent evaporation of water.
Step 6. Keep completely filled concrete mould on vibrating table for proper compaction.
Step 7. Remove the specimens from the moulds after 24 hours; store prism specimens in
clean water at 27+2°C, until the time of test.
Step 8. Test Beam/Prism specimens after removal from water with surface dry condition.
Step 9. Place the prism/beam specimen on two 20 to 40 mm diameter steel roller supports
on the 50 kN transverse testing machine; the length of the rollers shall be at least 10
mm more than the width of the test specimen. Use two similar steel rollers, equally
spaced between the outer rollers, for providing loading points to the specimens. The

Page | 22
 distance between the outer or supporting rollers, i.e., span is 3d and the distance
between the inner or loading rollers is d.
Step 10. Note: The test specimen shall be placed in the machine correctly cantered with the
longitudinal axis of the specimen at right angles to the rollers. For moulded
specimens, the mould filling direction shall be normal to the direction of loading.
Step 11. Apply the load slowly without shock at such a rate as to increase the stress at a rate
of 0.06 ± 0.04 MPa/second. Record the load at first crack and also at failure, i.e., the
maximum load.

Observations and Calculations:

𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑀 (𝑊𝐿/6) 𝑊𝐿

Flexural strength =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑍 (𝑏ℎ2 /6) 𝑏ℎ2

Flexural strength of concrete prism/beam

Flexural strength
Maximum applied (N/mm2)
Size of beam
100 × 100×500(mm) load W at failure
Specimen No. (kN)
WL/bh2: a > 133
3WL/bh2 : 113 < a
< 133
7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days
1
2
3
4
5
6
Specified

Flexural strength, N/mm2

Note: ‘a’ is the distance between the line of fracture and nearest support measured on
central line of the tensile side of the specimen. If the fracture occurs more than 5 % outside the
middle third, i.e. a < 113 mm, the test results should discarded.

Page | 23
Result:

Conclusion:

_________________
Signature

Page | 24
Date: Experiment: 07
Split Tensile Strength of Concrete

Aim:

To determine the split tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens of given mix
proportions

Reference:

IS: 516 - 1959, IS: 1199-1959, SP: 23-1982, IS: 10086-1982

Theory and Scope:

This test method which covers the determination of the splitting tensile strength of cylindrical
concrete specimens consists of applying a diametric compressive force along the length of a
cylindrical specimen. This loading induces tensile stresses on the plane containing the applied
load; thus inducing tensile failure rather than compressive failure. Plywood strips are used so
that the load is applied uniformly along the length of the cylinder. The maximum load is divided
by appropriate geometrical factors to obtain the splitting tensile strength.

Apparatus:

 Compression testing machine

 Two packing or bearing strips
 Supplementary steel bearing bars
 Cylinder moulds of 150 mm diameter and 300 mm height
 Weighing machine
 Mixer and Tamping rods

Procedure:

Step 1. Preparation of test sample: The test sample should be sufficient for casting three
cylinders of 150 mm diameter x 300 mm length (about 40 kg).
Step 2. Take representative sample of fresh concrete in case monitoring the quality of fresh
concrete.
Step 3. In the case of trial mix testing calculate the materials required for the test batch. Mix
them thoroughly in a mechanical mixer until uniform colour of concrete is obtained.
Step 4. In mixing by hand, the cement and fine aggregate shall be first mixed dry to uniform
colour and then the coarse aggregate is added and mixed until the coarse aggregate

Page | 25
 is uniformly distributed throughout the batch. Now the water shall be added and
whole is mixed until the resulting concrete is uniform in colour. Mix at least for two
minutes.
Step 5. Pour concrete in moulds oiled with medium viscosity oil. Fill the cylinder mould in
four layers each of approximately 75 mm and ram each layer more than 35 times
with evenly distributed strokes
Step 6. Remove the surplus concrete from the top of the moulds with the help of a trowel.
Step 7. Cover the moulds with wet mats and put the identification marks after about 3 to 4
hours.
Step 8. Remove the specimens from the moulds after 24 hours and immerse them in water
for the final curing. The tests are usually conducted at the ages of 7 and 28 days.
The age shall be calculated from the time of addition of water to the dry ingredients.
Step 9. Test at least three moist-cured concrete cylinders specimens for each age of test as
follows:
Step 10. Draw four lines on the sides of specimen to mark the edges of load plane; the
diametrical lines on two ends of the specimen are in the same axial plane. Use the
marked lines to align the test specimen before applying the load. The loading
configuration of the test is shown in Fig. 8.10.
Step 11. Determine the diameter of the specimen to the nearest 0.2 mm by averaging the
diameters of the specimen lying in the plane of pre-marked lines measured near the
ends and the middle of the specimen. The length of the specimen also shall be record
to the nearest 0.2 mm by averaging the two lengths measured in the plane containing
the pre-marked lines.
Step 12. Centre one of the plywood strips along the centre of the lower platen or bearing
block. Place the specimen on the plywood strip and align it so that the lines marked
on the end of the specimen are vertical and centred over the plywood strip. Place
the second plywood strip lengthwise on the cylinder centred on the lines previously
marked on the ends of the cylinder.
Step 13. Position the assembly so that the lines marked on the ends of the specimen are
vertical and the projection of the plane passing through these two lines intersect the
centre of the platen.
Step 14. Apply the load without shock and increase it continuously at a rate to produce a split
tensile stress of approximately 1.4 to 2.1 MPa /minute until no greater load can be
sustained. Record the maximum load applied to the specimen.

Page | 26
Step 15. Note the appearance of concrete and any unusual feature in the type of failure.
Step 16. Compute the split tensile strength of the specimen to the nearest 0.05 MPa.

Observations and Calculations:

Identification mark and the date of test

Age of the specimen at the date of test

Curing history

Mass of specimen, Kg

Maximum load at failure, P KN

Diameter of the specimen, d mm

Length of the specimen, l mm

2𝑃 ×1000 𝑃
𝜎sp = = 637 (𝑑𝑙) MPa
𝜋𝑑𝑙

Type of fracture and appearance of concrete

on the fractured face.

Split tensile strength of concrete is ______________ MPa.

Result:

Conclusion:

_________________
Signature

Page | 27
Page | 28
 Non Destructive Test

Rebound Hammer Test Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test

Date: Experiment: 08
Rebound Hammer Test

Aim:

To determine the rebound number of hardened concrete which has close relation with
compressive strength of concrete by using a spring-driven steel hammer (Schmidth Hammer).

References: ASTM Designation: C 805

Theory and Scope:

1. The rebound number determined by this method may be used to access the uniformity of
concrete in situ, to delineate zones or regions (areas) of poor quality or deteriorated
concrete in structures, and to indicate changes with time in characteristics of concrete such
as those caused by the hydration of cement so that it provides useful information in
determining when forms and shoring may be removed.
2. This test method is not intended as an alternative for strength determination of concrete.
3. Optimally, rebound number should be correlated with core testing information. Due to the
difficulty of acquiring the appropriate correlation data in a given instance, the rebound
number is most useful for rapidly surveying large areas of similar concretes in the
construction under consideration.
Apparatus:

 Rebound Hammer (Schmidth Hammer)

 Abrasive stone

Page | 29
Procedure:

Step 1. Calibration of Hammer: Carefully calibrate hammer every time before use. Follow the
instruction manual of each hammer.
Step 2. Selection of the Test Surface: Concrete member to be tested shall be at least 100 mm
(4 in) thick and fixed within a structure. Smaller specimens must be rigidly supported.
Area exhibiting honeycombing, scaling, rough texture or high porosity should be
avoided. For convenience, you may use concrete cylinders casted in Test C-7 as test
specimens.
Step 3. Preparation of Test Surface: A test area shall be at least 150 mm (6 in) in diameter.
Heavily textured, soft or surfaces with loose mortar shall be ground smooth with the
abrasive stone. Smooth-formed or trowelled surfaces shall be tested without grinding.
Step 4. Testing:
a) Firmly hold the instrument in a position that allows the plunger to strike
perpendicularly to the tested surface. Gradually increase the pressure on the plunger
until the hammer impacts.
b) After impact, record the rebound number. Take ten reading from each test area. No
two impact test shall be closer together than 25 mm (1 in). Examine the impression
made on the surface after impacted, and disregard the reading if the impact crushes or
breaks through a near surface air void.

Page | 30
 c) Discard readings differing from the average of 10 readings by more than 7 units and
determine the average of the remaining readings. If more than 2 readings differ from
the average by 7 units, discard the entire set of readings.
d) The rebound number used for estimation of concrete strength should be calculated
from
R = (C*Rdg) + Q
where R is rebound number (to the nearest 0.5),
C is coefficient of the hammer (Nominal value/Calibration value),
Rdg is nominal impact reading and
Q is correction for the inclination of impact as shown in the following table:

Observation:

Location:

Direction:

Sr No Rebound number R
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Average R
Coefficient of hammer ,C
Correction for inclination , Q
Rebound number ,R
Strength (Ksc)

Page | 31
Results:
Average Rebound Number Quality of Concrete
>40 Very good hard layer
30 to 40 Good layer
20 to 30 Fair
< 20 Poor concrete
0 Delaminated

Conclusions:

_________________
Signature

Page | 32
Date: Experiment:09
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test

Aim:

To determine the pulse velocity of propagation of compressional waves in Concrete, for the
purpose of comparatively determining the condition of concrete.

Reference:

ASTM Designation: C 597

Theory and scope:

This method covers the determination of the pulse velocity of propagation of compressional
waves in concrete. For the purpose of comparatively determining the condition of the concrete.
This method can also be used to advantage to access the uniformity of field concrete, to indicate
changes in characteristics in concrete, and in the survey of field structures to estimate the
severity of deterioration, cracking or both.

The results obtained by the use of this method should not be considered as a means of measuring
strength nor as an adequate test for establishing the compliance of the modulus of elasticity of
the field concrete with that assumed in design. The procedure is applicable in both field and
laboratory testing regardless of size or shape of the specimen, within the limitations of available
pulse energy sources.

The method concerns itself with the measurement of the velocity to propagation of groups of
compressional waves in concrete and does not apply to the propagation of other vibrations
within the material. The pulse velocity is independent of the dimension of the body provided
that reflected waves from boundaries do not complicate the determination of the arrival time of
the directly transmitted pulse.

Apparatus:
A set of Portable Ultrasonic Non-destructive Digital Indicating Tester (PUNDIT)
(a) Pulse Generator Circuit and Transducer
(b) Receiving Circuit and Transducer
(c) Time Measuring Circuit and Display Unit

Page | 33
Procedures:
Step 1. Determination of Calibration Correction: Where time intervals are measured, check the
accuracy of the measurement against a calibration circuit. Any difference between the
reading and the calibration circuit indication (this is a calibration correction) must be
included in the determination of the traveling time. Check the calibration over a range
including both the zero correction reading and the received pulse reading.

Step 2. Determination of Zero Correction: Apply zero time correction to the measured time
intervals. The zero correction is equal to the travel time between the transmitting and
receiving transducers with zero thickness of concrete between the two. A control is
provided to set the output to zero when the transducers are held face to face or when
setting to a reference bar.

Step 3. Determination of Travel Time in Concrete: Press the faces of the transducers against the
faces of the concrete after establishing contact through a coupling medium. Wetting the
concrete with water, oil or other viscous materials may be used to exclude entrapped air
from between the contact surfaces of the diaphragms of the transducer and the surface
of concrete. Measure the length of the shortest direct path between the centres of the
diaphragms and the time of travel between the transmitted and received pulse.

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 a) Because the effective beam width of the transducers is wide they need not be
pointing at each other. Transmission times can be measured across corners of
structures or along one face, although in the latter case the maximum range is
reduced.
b) For greater accuracy in the time measurement increase the amplifier gain until the
wave front of the received signal is as nearly vertical as possible, to provide best
delineation of the received signal. The error due to rounding off the received wave
is then minimized.
c) Where pulse velocity measurements on large structures require the use of long
interconnecting cables. The accuracy of the measurement may be reduced.

Step 4. Determination of Velocity:

The pulse velocity through concrete can be calculated as follows:

Where, V is pulse velocity,

L is path length,
T is effective time (measured time minus zero time correction),
Ed is dynamic elastic modulus,
μ is Poisson's ratio and
ρ is density of concrete.
Step 5. Determination of Compressive Strength: The compressive strength of can be
indirectly estimated from the relationship between dynamic elastic modulus and static
elastic modulus (Young's modulus) as follows:

Where, Ed is dynamic elastic modulus,

Ec is static elastic modulus and unit in GPa.
Since the static elastic modulus has been estimated, the compressive strength of
concrete can also be estimated from the relationship between elastic modulus and
strength which is generally known.

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Observation:

Sr No Sample Path Length (cm) Travel Time(sec) Velocity (m/s)

1
2
3
Average velocity (m/s)
Sr No Sample Path Length (cm) Travel Time(sec) Velocity (m/s)
1
2
3
Average velocity (m/s)
Sr No Sample Path Length (cm) Travel Time(sec) Velocity (m/s)
1
2
3
Average velocity (m/s)

Result:

Conclusions:

PULSE VELOCITY CONCRETE QUALITY

>4.0 km/s Very good to excellent

3.5 – 4.0 km/s Good to very good, slight porosity may exist

3.0 – 3.5 km/s Satisfactory but loss of integrity is suspected

<3.0 km/s Poor and los of integrity exist.

_________________
Signature

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 Concrete Mix Design

IS Concrete Mix ACI Concrete Mix

Design Design
Date: Experiment: 10
IS Concrete Mix Proportioning-Guidelines

Aim:

To design a concrete mix in accordance with Indian standard mix proportioning Guidelines.

Reference

IS 10262-2009, IS 456 -2000

Theory and Scope:

The concrete mix design method uses the Indian Standard mix proportioning guidelines to
achieve specified Characteristics, i.e., workability of fresh concrete, and strength and durability
requirements of hardened concrete at special age. The guidelines are applicable to ordinary and
standard concrete grades only. All the requirements of IS 456-2000 are also satisfied in the mix
design process.

Based on the guidelines, the preliminary or trial mixes are made and desired properties of the
trial mixes are checked; suitable adjustments are made to produces concrete possessing
specified properties both in fresh and hardened states with the maximum overall economy.

Apparatus:

 Sieve sets for finding maximum nominal size,

 Grading of coarse and fine aggregates;
 Weighing balance;
 Trowels;
 Tamping bar;
 Moulds;
 Universal compression testing machine;
 Graduated cylinder;
 Slump cone apparatus and Buckets.

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Procedure:

Step 1. Perform sieve analyses of both the fine and coarse aggregates available to
determine:
a) The maximum nominal size of coarse aggregate,
b) The grading of fine and coarse aggregates and
c) The grading zone of fine aggregate.

If necessary, combine two or more different size coarse aggregate fractions so that
the overall grading of coarse aggregate conforms to table 2 of IS 383 for the
particular nominal maximum size of aggregate.

Step 2. Determine the unit weight, specific gravities, and absorption capacities of both the
coarse and fine aggregates.
Step 3. Determine the target mean compressive strength F’CK in MPa from the specified
characteristic compressive strength at 28-day F’CK in MPa and the level of quality
control.
f’ck = fck + 1.65 S

Where S is the standard deviation in MPa obtained from Table 1

Table 1 Assumed standard deviation

Assumed
Group Grade of standard
Quality control
No concrete deviation,
(MPa)
1 M10 3.5 The values correspond to the site control having
M15 proper storage of cement, weigh batching of all
2 M20 4.0 materials, controlled addition of water, regular
M25 checking of workability and strength. Where there is
3 M30 5.0 deviation from the above, values given in this table
M35 shall be increased by increased by 1.0 MPa.
M40
M45
M50
M55

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Step 4. Determine the water-cement ratio using the relationship between strength and free
water-cement ratio established for the materials to be used in the job. In the absence
of such data, selection the preliminary free water-cement ratio (by mass)
corresponding to the target mean strength at 28 days using the empirical relationship
between compressive strength and water-cement ratio give in Fig. 1 .Check the
selection water-cement ratio against the limiting water-cement ratio for the
requirements durability given in Table 2: the lower of the two value is adopted.

Table .2 Minimum cement content and maximum water-cement ratio of concrete with normal
weight aggregates of 20 mm nominal maximum size subject to different exposures (adapted
from IS 456-2000)

Sr. Exposure Plain concrete Reinforced Concrete

no condition
Mini Minimum Minimum Mini Minimum Minimum
cement free grade cement free grade
content, water- concrete content, water- concrete
Kg/m3 cement Kg/m3 cement
ratio ratio
1 Mild 220 0.60 - 300 0.55 M20
2 Moderate 240 0.60 M15 30 0.60 M25
3 Severe 250 0.50 M20 320 0.45 M30
4 Very 260 0.45 M20 340 0.45 M35
severe
5 Extreme 280 0.40 M25 360 0.40 M40
Adjustments to minimum cement contents for Aggregates other than 20 mm Nominal
Maximum Size
Nominal Maximum Size, mm Adjustment to minimum cement contents,
Kg/m3
1 10 +4
2 20 0
3 40 -30

Step 5. Determine the water content per unit volume of concrete, for the required workability
and maximum size of aggregates (for aggregates in saturated surface dry condition)
from Table 3 for computing cementitious material contents for trial batches.

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Table .3 Maximum water content for nominal maximum size of aggregate

Nominal Maximum
Sr.
maximum size of water Validity conditions
No.
aggregate, mm content, Kg
1 10 208 1 Applicable to angular coarse aggregate

2 20 186 2 Water content corresponds to saturated

surface dry aggregate,
3 40 165 3Applicable to slump range of 25 to 50 mm
Adjustments in the water content for the change in type of aggregate and workability
Change in condition stipulated above Adjustment required in water
content
1) Shape of aggregate
a. Sub-angular aggregates -10 Kg

b. Gravel with some crushed particles -20Kg

c. Rounded gravel -25Kg

2) Workability
a) For each additional 25 mm slump. +3 per cent

Alternatively, required water content

may be established by trial.
b) Use of chemical admixtures Water reducing admixtures and

conforming to IS 9103 superplasticizers usually decrease

water content by 5 to 10 per cent and
20 per cent and above, respectively,
at appropriate dosages.

Step 6. Calculate the cement and supplementary cementitious material content per unit
volume of concrete from the free water-cement ratio and content per unit volume of
concrete. Check the cementitious material content so calculated against the minimum
content for the requirements of durability: adopt the greater of the two values.
Step 7. Estimate the volume of coarse aggregate of give nominal maximum size from Table
10.8 for the reference water-cement ratio of 0.5 and grading zone of fine aggregate
used; adjust it suitable for the selection water-cement ratio.
For more workable concrete, e.g., pumpable or concrete mixer to be placed around
congested reinforcing steel the estimated coarse aggregate content may be reduced
up to 101 per cent subject to slump, water –cement ratio and strength properties of

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 concrete remaining consistent with the provisions of IS 465 and project
specifications.

Table .4 Proportions of coarse aggregate to control aggregate for different zones of FA

Sr. Nominal maximum Volume proportion of coarse aggregate to total

No. size of aggregate, mm aggregate for different zones of fine aggregate

Zone IV Zone III Zone II Zone I

1 10 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44
2 20 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60
3 40 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.69

Step 8. Estimate the volume of total aggregate by subtracting the sum of absolute volumes
of cementitious material, water and the chemical admixture; and entrained air (if
considered) from unit volume of concrete.
Step 9. Divide the volume of total aggregate so obtained into coarse and fine aggregate
fraction by volume in accordance with coarse aggregate proportion already
determined in step 7. Determine the coarse and fine aggregate by multiplying with
in their respective specific gravities and multiplying by 100 .Alternatively,
determine the volume of coarse and fine aggregate fraction as follows.
𝑐 1 𝑐𝑎 1
V= (w + + )×
𝑠𝑐 𝑃 𝑆𝑐𝑎 1000

𝑐 1 𝑓𝑎 1
V= (w + + )×
𝑠𝑐 (1−𝑃) 𝑆𝑓𝑎 1000

Where,

V = Absolute volume of fresh concrete,

= Gross volume (1.0m3) minus the volume of entrapped air,
Sc = Specific gravity of cement,
W =Mass of water per cubic metre of concrete, Kg
C = Mass of cement per cubic meter of concrete Kg
P = Ratio of coarse aggregate to total aggregate by absolute volume
Fa, Ca = Total masses of fine and coarse aggregate, per cubic metre to concrete,
respectively, Kg.

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 Sfa, Sca = Specific gravities of saturated surface dry fine and coarse aggregate,
respectively.
Step 10. Determine the concrete mix proportions for the first trial mix or trial mix no. 1.
Measure the workability of the trial mix in terms of slump; carefully observed the
mix is different from the stipulated value, adjust the water and/ or admixture content
suitably to obtain the correct slump.
Step 11. Recalculate the mix proportions keeping the free water-cement ratio at the pre-
selected value; this will comprise trial mix no 2.In addition formulate two more
trail mixes no 3 and 4 with the water content same as trial mix no 2 and varying the
free water-cement ratio by ± 10 percent of the preselection value.
Step 12. Test the fresh concrete for unit weight, yield and air content. Prepare trial mix and
cast three 150 mm cubes and test them after 28 days of moist curing.
Step 13. Analyse mix no. 2 to 4 for relevant information, including the relationship between
compressive strength and water-cement ratio. Compute water-cement ratio required
for the mean target strength using the relationship. Recalculate the mix proportions
for the changed water-cement ratio keeping water content at the same level as that
determined in trail no 2.

Observation and calculations:

Characteristic strength of concrete, fck

Early age strength requirements, if required;
Workability in terms of slump, mm
Admixture details, if to be used Exposure conditions
Standard deviation, Exposure conditions
for mean target
strength value
Water-cement
ratio Adopt the lower
for durability value
requirements

Type and grade of cement

Grading zone of fine aggregate
Type of coarse aggregate
Maximum nominal size of aggregate, mm
Specific gravity of cement, Sc

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Water content per cubic metre of concrete, W Kg Before adjustment
After adjustment
Ratio of coarse aggregate in total aggregate by Before adjustment
absolute volume, P After adjustment

Cement content per cubic metric of concrete, C Kg From W/c ratio

from durability
requirements
Total coarse aggregate per cubic metre of concrete, Ca Kg

Total fine aggregate per cubic metre of concrete, fa Kg

Specimen number 1 2 3 4 Age Average

Mix proportions (by mass)
Load, KN
Strength, MPa

Specific gravity of saturated surface dry fine aggregate, Sfa

Specific gravity of saturated surface dry fine aggregate, Sca

Entrapped air (if considered), Per cent

Design Mix:

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Result:

Conclusion:

_________________
Signature

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