Concept of health, illness and wellness. Stages of illness 1, Transition of health to illness tis the first stage of illness in which the person will experience- unpleasant sensation, loss of stimulation, decrease ability to normal functioning, pain, indigestion, headache, anxiety, fear of agnosis and treatment, It lasts from the time the person considers that he/she might be ill until he/she and others acknowledge that the person is ill. It has two sub phases- initial shock and denial In initial shock, he may show signs of emotional shock if the illness is acute or severe and disruption to normal life is considerable. In denial, the person does not accept the disease diagnosis. They may just try to forget it or may seck another doctor to diagnosis properly. If denial is strong, he never felt better and engage in more than usual amount of activities. 2, Acceptance of illness In this phase, the person feels the reality and impact of his illness and acknowledges the illness. He secks validation from significant others and also from medical personnel and family members. He enters 4: role with all related behavior like increase dependency, accept treatment, express anger, become aggressive or may passive, worries about loss of job/status/finance, stigma, embarrassment or ‘same, guilt and resentment. All the symptoms must be resolved before the patient enters into the convalescence stage. 3. Convalescence or recovery stage Recovery is a gradual process and varies from person to person depending on the type of surgery oF injury. Recovery from surgery and injury is a period of rest, where regaining strength and becoming healthy is the primary objective. During recovery, the entire rehabilitation process can be long, challenging, and sometimes uncertain. It may be a positive time for some who are keen to recuperate (recover) while others may experience ‘emotional trauma over their illness. Patients who have been hospitalized and are discharged may feel confused and disoriented, ‘Symptoms experienced during recovery (convalescence) Weakness and fatigue «Decrease appetite or loss of appetite + Pain, fever © Poor circulation Scanned with CamScannerShort term memory loss and confusion Dizziness Delayed wound healing, Mental and emotional stres fection ippointment, frustration tors that affect recovery durati For recovery to be truly successful, the patient has to have positive Older people take longer to recover from illnesses. Infection can delay healing. ‘Too much activity too quickly may contribute to relapse Feclings of depression, anxiety, hopelessness, or frustration can slow the healing process Presence of chronic diseases may a prolong recovery time. ‘Weak immune system, anemia, or fatigue may also contribute to slow recovery. determined attitude and be ‘surrounded by a team of dedicated health professionals and supportive, caring group of family and friends. Various factors ° * * * successful recovery (convalescence) Follow medical advice Nutrition Counseling and therapy Physical therapy Family support Recovery tips Pee eeees Sufficient sleep and rest Eat healthy foods Gentle exercise Practice deep breathing exercises Reading books, listening music, watching movie, Interaction with friends and family Resume previous interests and hobbies ‘Try and get out of the house for short periods of time. Scanned with CamScannerTasks of convalescences: Certain task must be accomplished, in addition to solving the practical problems of returning home from hospital, to go from illness to physically and emotionally healthy. 1, Reassessment of meaning of life In this stage, the patient thinks about goal and purposes of life and perhaps even the meaning of death and redirects energies toward developing a full potential for living. He redefines the meaning of life and tries to set a goal for maximum productive and potential for daily living. He also tries to question himself like ‘who am I?°, ‘why Iam here?” ‘Where am I going”, ‘what is my future plan?" ete, In this situation, meaning of life has a bottom ling; life and death. If someone cannot adequately construct any sense of meaning in life, for instance, then one would likely be suicide. Lack of a perecived sense, purpose and direction in life is associated with various forms of impaired mental and Physical health, 2. Reintegration of the body image ‘When the patient is less concemed about any threat to life scaring, deformity impaired functioning or removal of valid organs, this stage occurs. This is successful adaptation stage in which the client accepts his new body image positively which depends on functions and significance of the part of body. E.g. after mastectomy. ‘The person must work through feeling dependent, unattractive or totally unacceptable to certain others, moreover, he may not feel the same even if there has been no actual change in body structure or function. 3. Resolution of role changes ‘The third task must be worked out within the patient and in relation to family members. There must be an understanding of the significance of family, social group, occupation and religion as well as of other sources of love, comfort and support. The person’s self concept, body image, ability to recognize and cope with reality, response to dependency, pain will influence the overall reaction. Other crucial factors that influence the overall reaction and the nature of specific illness of the organ or body system affected along with its symbolic as well as real significance to person; the type of treatment required; previous relationships and experiences, cultural influences and the degree of functional loss and disfigurement. Scanned with CamScannerFactors which influence health status/health beliefs/health ‘A. Internal environmental Factors 1. Personal characteristics A Age- age influences illness susceptibility as well as behavior. Age is related not only to the frequency but also sever 4 Sex- sex of the person affects disease susceptibility; certain genetic and acquired diseases are ‘more common in one sex than in the other. E.g. certain chronic diseases such as diabetes, hyperthyroidism and obesity are more common in women than in men. 4 Race: race of the person is related to cultural and ethnic experiences, values, and attitudes, as ‘well as responses of others to the person. Behavioral patterns may vary with the race as doe’s susceptibility to illness. E.g, sickle cell anemia, 4 Intelligence: the ability to deal with complex abstract material is influenced by inheritance, environment, and socio-cultural influences. é Biological rhythms: are self-sustaining repeating patterns or inner clocks. It help explain why some people are mentally sharp at 6:00 am while others work to Full capacity at 10:00 pm. 2. Physiological Processes Itincludes biophysiological regulation mechanism, physical growth, maturity of systems, immunity power, metabolic process, ete. These physiological processes differ individual in oceurrence of different discases. Such as ‘ GL. diseases- malabsorption Endocrine- hypo/hyperthyroidism, diabetes Cardiovascular- hypo/hypertension, atherosclerosis. Respiratory- asthma, COPD, cold and cough ote Thoughts or behavior which results in maturation of mental capacity, leaning abilities. 3. Physical Growth and Development It may affect in health positively or negatively. E.g. tall, shor, thin, obesity, very fast, very slow ete. ‘Teen aged girls/boys may be shy and self conscious about their growth and development. This may affect emotional health which effect in total personality. Physical abnormality may present different personality and differs response from other person. E.g. dwarfism, Body tissue repair mechanism also affect by growth as injured tissue need cell reproduction to compensate the cell loss. Scanned with CamScanner4, Human Behavior ‘Human behavior like hygiene eating habit, alcohol drinking habit, using drug, exercise habit, lifestyle pattem (sedentary or non-sedentary) ete. affect in health status of the person, These behaviors are modifiable. Unhealthy behavior may lead to occurrence of different diseases like communicable diseases (typhoid, tuberculosis), coronary heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, accidents ete, B. External Environmental Factors 1. Physical Variables contains a wide variety of potential stimuli: gravity, light, sound waves, and meteorological stimuli such as temperature variation, wind velocity, atmospheric pressure, humidity, solar radiation, air pollutants, ozone, oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide level, electromagnetic field and day-night and seasonal periodicity. The physical environment affects health. Air, food, water, and other pollutants are directly or indirectly the eause of one-half of all cancers. Morbidity and mortality rates from cancer, as well as other disease differ according to geographic region. In winter, calcium, magnesium and phosphate blood levels are lowered; thyroid and adrenocorticoid activities are elevated; hemoglobin levels are increased; and gastric acid secretion is high. These changes are gradual and reflect the thermostatic properties of the hypothalamus in conservation of heat and energy during cold winter months. Daily variation in thermal stimuli simultaneously affects the person. Response to an approaching cold front include diuresis without increased fluid intake; increased thyrotrophic produ elevated leukocyte and thrombocyte levels; elevated hemoglobin; lowered erythrocyte sedimentation rate; and increased fibrinolysis. 2. Biological variables- living agents of disease, such as bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, fungi, protozoa and metozoa, 3. Socio-cultural variable- In our society, change occurs so rapidly that old values and relationships no longer have the same importance or meaning. Social instability produces conflict and alienation between groups, creates lack of direction for members, and contributes to illness. “The impact of social variables has both positive and negative aspects on the health of individual and communities. A favorable social environment can improve health and provide to the quality offlfe, Language, religion, family organization, child caring patter, food habits vary greatly. Scanned with CamScanner+ Socioeconomic class and occupation- influence the roles assumed at various times of the day, preventive health measures practiced, and susceptibility to disease, The worker in an industrial plant may be exposed to carcinogenic materials, The miner living in poverty develops respiratory disease. When availability of resources becomes restricted because of economic or geographical reasons, lifestyle and behavior become restricted. Poverty, smoking, abuse of drug and alcohol, social isolation, maternal deprivation etc. Other variables affecting health Psychological attributes of climate and weather- + Some people have optimal performance in cold weather; others in warm weather. + Some people associate fog and rain with depression; to others such weather symbolizes security. ‘The psychological environment- ‘+ The person’s perception of his environment is a major determinant of behavior. + The reactions of others contribute to development of self-concept and self-esteem, foster support to and involvement with the person, stimulate maturity and convey limits upon behavior. Socio-cultural attributes of climate and athe of clothing worn, the food eaten, or the acti re reflected in the person's lifestyle, the kind ies engaged in, Scanned with CamScanner