11 Bio Bot - em 23 - 24

BIO - BOTANY
HIGHER SECONDARY – FIRST YEAR
2023
( - 24
11
English medium
PART - 1
T.PRABU
M.Sc., M.A., M.A., M.Ed., M.Phil., (Ph.D).,SET.,(Life sci & Edu)
P.G.ASSISTANT (BOTANY)
GOVERNMENT HR.SEC.SCHOOL
MELSEVALAMBADI – VILLUPURAM DIST.
CELL : 9943437766
Reviewers
R.SARAVANAN M.Sc.,B.Ed., G.T. BALASUBRAMANIYAN M.Sc.,M.Ed.,M.Phil.,
P.G Asst.in Botany P.G Asst.in Botany
GHSS – Koliyanur RDBGHSS – Gingee
Villupuram dist. Villupuram dist.
A.SENTHIL VELAN M.Sc.,M.Ed.,M.Phil., E.BHARATHIDASAN M.sc.,M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
Head Master P.G Asst.in Botany
Villupuram District Govt.Model School GHSS – Mekkalur
Salamedu, Villupuram Thiruvannamalai dist.
Experts Team
E.VENKATESAN M.Sc., M.Ed.,M.Phil., M.THIRUNAVUKARASU M.Sc.,M.A., B.Ed.,M.Phil.,
GHSS – Sevalapurai GHSS – Vedanatham
Villupuram dist. Thiruvannamalai dist.
C.GOPAL M.Sc., M.Phil.,B.Ed., P.KAMALAKANNAN M.Sc., M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
GHSS - Keelmampattu GHSS - Avanippur
P.PARTHASARATHY M.Sc.,M.Ed.,M.Phil., S.HARINARAYANAN M.Sc.,M.Phil.,B.Ed.,SET., (Ph.D).,
P.G Asst.in Botany P.G Asst.in Biology
GHSS – Melasevalambadi GHSS - Thachampattu
Villupuram dist. Thiruvannamalai dist.
V. KAMALAKANNI M.Sc., M.Phil.,B.Ed., M.RAMANI M.Sc., M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
GHSS - Vellimedupettai GHSS - Vikravandi
P. SUNDARAMOORTHY M.Sc., B.Ed., A. SAKTHIVEL M.Sc., M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
GBHSS - Kanji GBHSS - Thandarampet
Thiruvannamalai dist. Thiruvannamalai dist.
R. PARTHASARATHY M.Sc., B.Ed., C.BASKARAN M.Sc., M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
GHSS - Andampallam GHSS - Theppirampattu
Thiruvannamalai dist. Villupuram dist.
P. KRISHNAMURTHI M.Sc., M.Ed., S. SRIDHAR M.Sc., B.Ed.,
GHSS - Devanur GHSS - Veeranamur
J. SOUNDARAJAN M.Sc., M.Sc., B.Ed., D. HELENZEENA M.Sc., M.Sc., M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
Danish Mission Hr.Sec.School - Nellikuppam GHSS – C.N.Palayam
Cuddalore dist. Cuddalore dist.
Thank You
T.PRABU
M.Sc., M.A., M.A., M.Ed.,M.Phil.,(Ph.D).,SET.,(Life sci & Edu)
PG Asst in Botany
GHSS – Melsevalambadi
Villupuram dist
T.Prabu M.Sc., M.A., M.Ed., M.Phil, (Ph.D) P.G Assistant in Botany, Melsevalambadi -Villupuram Dist. Page 2
Lesson - 1. Living world
1. Which one of the following statement about virus is correct?

a) Possess their own metabolic system b) They are facultative parasites
c) They contain DNA or RNA d) Enzymes are present
2. Identify the incorrect statement about the Gram positive bacteria
a) Teichoic acid absent
b) High percentage of peptidoglycan is found in cell wall
c) Cell wall is single layered
d) Lipopolysaccharide is present in cell wall
3. Identify the Archaebacterium
a ) Acetobacter b) Erwinia
c) Treponema d) Methanobacterium
4. The correct statement regarding Blue green algae is ____________
a) lack of motile structures b) presence of cellulose in cell wall
c) absence of mucilage around the thallus d) presence of floridean starch
5. Identify the correctly matched pair
a) Actinomycete – a) Late blight b) Mycoplasma – b) lumpy jaw
c) Bacteria – c) Crown gall d) Fungi – d) sandal spike
2, 3, 5 Marks Questions
1. Differentiate homoiomerous and heteromerous lichens.

Homoiomerous Heteromerous
Algal cells evenly distributed in the thallus. A distinct layer of algae and fungi present.
2. Write the distinguishing features of monera.
 Prokaryotic organisms.
 It accommodates both autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms.
 Cell wall is present which made of peptidoglycan and mucopeptides.
 It shows both Autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
 It shows both motile and non motile.
 Eg : Cyanobacteria, Mycoplasma.
3. Why do farmers plant leguminous crops in crop rotations/mixed cropping?
 Legume crops increase the fertility of the soil by addition of nitrogen with the help of N2 fixing
bacteria like Rhizophium.
4. Give a general account on lichens.
 The symbiotic association between algae and fungi is called lichens.
 The algal partner is called Phycobiont or Photobiont.
 The fungal partner is called Mycobiont.
 Algae provide nutrition for fungal partner.
 Fungi provide protection and also help to fix the thallus to the substratum through rhizinae.
 Asexual reproduction takes place through fragmentation, Soredia and Isidia.
 Phycobionst reproduce by akinetes, hormogonia, aplanospore etc.,
 Mycobionts undergo sexual reproduction and produce ascocarps.
5. Briefly discuss on five Kingdom classification. Add a note on merits and demerits.
Criteria Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Cell type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic
Level of Unicellular Unicellular Unicellular and Tissue / organ Tissue / organ

organization multicellur / organ system
Cell wall Present Present in some Present (chitin Present absent

(Peptidoglycan, (made up of or cellulose) (cellulose)
Mucopeptides) cellulose) absent
in others.
Nutrition Autotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic
(Phototrophic, Photosynthetic. (Parasitic (Photosynthetic) (Holozoic)
Chemoautotrophi Heterotrophic Saprophytic)
c) Heterotrophic
(parasitic and
saprophytic)
Motility Motile or non- Motile or non- Non - motile Mostly Non - Mostly motile
motile motile motile
Organisms Archaebacteria, Amoeba, Yeast, Algae, Bryophytes, Sponges,
Eubacteria. Plasmodium. Mushrooms. Pteridophytes, Invertebrates,
Gymnosperms and Vertebrates
Angiosperms.
Merits
 The classification is based on the complexity of cell structure and organization of thallus.
 It is based on the mode of nutrition
 Separation of fungi from plants
 It shows the phylogeny of the organisms.
Demerits
 The kingdom Monera and protista accommodate both autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms,
cell wall lacking and cell wall bearing organisms thus making these two groups more
heterogeneous.
 Viruses were not included in the system.
Additional Questions
6. Write the five kingdom system of classification.

 Monera
 Protista
 Fungi
 Plantae
 Animalia.
7. What is Virion?
 Virion is an intact infective virus particle which is non-replicating outside a host cell.
8. What is meant by Viroids?
 Viroid is a circular molecule of ssRNA without a capsid.
9. What is Virusouds?
 They are the small circular RNAs which are similar to viroids but they are always linked with
larger molecules of the viral RNA.
10. What is Prion?
 Prions are proteinaceous infectious particles.
11. What is Gram positive bacteria?
 The Gram positive bacteria retain crystal violet and appear dark violet.
12. What is Gram Negative bacteria?
 Gram negative types loose the crystal violet and when counterstained by safranin appear red
under a microscope.
13. What are obligate aerobes?
 Bacteria which use oxygen for respiration is called obligate aerobes.
 Ex : Micrococcus.
14. What is Aerobic respiration?
 These bacteria require oxygen as terminal acceptor and will not grow under anaerobic conditions.
 Ex : Streptococcus.
15. What is anaerobic respiration?
 These bacteria do not use oxygen for growth and metabolism.
 Ex : Clostridium.
16. What is capnophilic bacteria?
 Bacteria which require CO2 for their growth are called as capnophilic bacteria.
 Ex : Campylobacter
17. What is Endospores?
 During unfavourable condition bacteria produce endospores.
 During favourable condition, they germinate and form bacteria.
 Ex : Bacillus megaterium.
18. What is chromoplasm?
 Cyanobacteria protoplasm is differentiated into central region called centroplasm and peripheral
region bearing chromatophore called chromoplasm.
19. The Cyanobacteria are also called as Myxophyceae give reasons?
 Because mucilage around the thallus. Therefore, this group is also called Myxophyceae.
20. What are heterocysts? Mention the function.
 In some forms a large colourless cell is found in the terminal or intercalary position called
Heterocysts.
 They are involved in nitrogen fixation.
21. List out the economic importance of Cyanobacterium.
 Most of them fix atmospheric nitrogen and are used as biofertilizers.
 Ex : Nostoc, Anabaena.
 Spirulina is rich in protein hence it is used as single cell protein.
22. List out the general characteristic features of mycoplasma.

 The Mycoplasma is very small.
 They lack cell wall and appear like “Fried Egg” in culture.
 The DNA contains low Guanine and Cytosine.
23. What is meant by Lichens?
 The symbiotic association between algae and fungi is called lichens.
24. What are the types of lichens based on their morphology of the thallus?
 Leprose - A distinct fungal layer is absent.
 Crustose - Crust like
 Foliose - Leaf like
 Fruticose - Branched pendulous shrub.
25. How to do lichens act as pioneers in xerosere?
 Lichens secrete organic acids like Oxalic acids which corrodes the rock surface and helps in
weathering of rocks, thus acting as pioneers in Xerosere.
26. How to do lichens act as pollution indicators?
 Lichens are sensitive to air pollutants especially to sulphur-di-oxide.
 Therefore, they are considered as pollution indicators.
27. What is coenocytic mycelium?
 In lower fungi the hypha is aseptate, multinucleate and is known as coenocytic mycelium.
 Ex : Albugo.
28. Why do we call Deutromycetes fungi as Imperfect fungi?
 Because they lack sexual reproduction and are called inperfect fungi.
29. What is Ergotamine?
 Ergot alkaloids produced by Claviceps purpurea.
 It is used as vasoconstrictors.
30. What are mycorrhizae?
 The Symbiotic association between fungal mycelium and roots of plants is called as mycorrhizae.
31. Mention the Importance of Mycorrhizae.
 Helps to derive nutrition in Monotropa.
 Improves the availability of minerals and water to the plants.
 Provides drought resistance to the plants
 Protects roots of higher plants from the attack of plant pathogens.
32. What is ectendomycorrhiza?
 The fungi form both mantle and also penetrates the cortical cells.
33. Write the Steps involved in Gram staining method.
Prepare a smear of bacterial culture
Stain with Crystal violet for 30 seconds
Rinse in distilled water for 2 seconds
Grams Iodine for 1 minute
Rinse in distilled water
Wash in 95% ethanol or acetone for 10 to 30 seconds
Rinse in distilled water
Safranin for 30–60 seconds
Rinse in distilled water and blot
Observe under microscope
34. Explain Lytic cycle of a phage.
Lytic Cycle
 During lytic cycle of phage, disintegration of host bacterial cell occurs and the progeny virions
are release.
Adsorption
 Phage (T4) particles interact with cell wall of host (E. coli).
 The phage tail makes contact with host cell.
 Once the contact is established between tail fibres and bacterial cell, tail fibres bend to anchor the
pins and base plate to the cell surface. This step is called pinning.
Penetration
 At the recognition site phage digests certain cell wall structure by viral enzyme (lysozyme).
 After contraction of the base plate enlarges through which DNA is injected into the cell wall.
 Injection of DNA particle alone into the bacterial cell is called Transfection.
 The empty protein coat leaving outside the cell is known as „ghost‟.
Synthesis
 This step involves the degradation of bacterial chromosome, protein synthesis and DNA
replication.
 The phage nucleic acid takes over the host biosynthetic machinery.
 Host DNA gets inactivated and breaks down.
 Phage DNA suppresses the synthesis of bacterial protein.
 The metabolism of the cell to synthesis Proteins of the phage particles and simultaneously
replication of Phage DNA also takes place.
Assembly and Maturation
 The DNA of the phage and protein coat are synthesized separately and are assembled to form
phage particles. This process is known as maturation.
 After 20 minutes of infection, about 300 new phages are assembled.
Release
 The phage particle gets accumulated inside the host cell and are released by the lysis of host cell
wall.
35. Explain transformation in bacteria as experimented by Griffith.
 Transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another is called transformation.
 In 1928 the bacteriologist Frederick Griffith demonstrated transformation in Mice using
Diplococcus pneumoniae.
 Two strains of this bacterium are present.
 Smooth colonies - virulent in nature (S-type).
 Rough colonies - Avirulent (R-type).
 When S-type of cells were injected into the mouse, the mouse died.
 When R-type of cells were injected, the mouse survived.
 He injected heat killed S-type cells into the mouse. The mouse did not die.
 When the mixture of heat killed S-type cells and R-type cells were injected into the mouse, the
mouse died.
 The avirulent rough strain of Diplococcus had been transformed into S-type cells.
 Heat killed S-type cells had transformed R-type cell into virulent smooth strains.
 The phenomenon of changing the character of one strain by transferring the DNA of another
strain into the former is called Transformation.
36. Explain conjucation in bacteria.

 Lederberg and Tatum demonstrated conjugation in E. coli. in the year 1946.
 In this method of gene transfer the donor cell gets attached to the recipient cell with the help of
pili.
 The pilus grows and forms the conjugation tube.
 The plasmid of donor cell F+ undergoes replication.
 Only one strand of DNA is transferred to the recipient cell through conjugation tube.
 The recipient completes the structure of double stranded DNA by synthesizing the strand.
37. Write the Salient features of Cynabacteria or Blue green algae.
 The members of this group are prokaryotes.
 The reserve food material is Cyanophycean starch.
 Large colourless cell is found in the terminal or intercalary position called Heterocysts.
 The presence of mucilage around the thallus.
 They reproduce only through vegetative methods.
 Sexual reproduction is absent.
 Most of them fix atmospheric nitrogen and are used as biofertilizers. Ex : Nostoc, Anabaena.
 Spirulina is rich in protein hence it is used as single cell protein.
38. Write the Salient features of fungi.
 Majority of fungi are made up of thin, filamentous branched structures called hyphae.
 A number of hyphae get interwoven to form mycelium.
 The cell wall of fungi is made up of a polysaccharide called chitin.
 In lower fungi the hypha is aseptate, multinucleate and is known as coenocytic mycelium.
 In higher fungi a septum is present between the cells of the hyphae.
 The mycelium is organised into loosely or compactly interwoven fungal tissues called
Plectenchyma.
 It is further divided into two types prosenchyma and pseudoparenchyma.
 Fungi reproduce both by asexual and sexual methods.
39. What is Plectenchyma?
 The mycelium is organised into loosely or compactly interwoven fungal tissues called
Plectenchyma.
Types
 Prosenchyma
 Pseudoparenchyma.
40. Describe the ultrastructure of Bacterial cell.

 The bacterial cell reveals three layers
 i) Capsule / Glycocalyx ii) Cell wall iii) Cytoplasm
Capsule
 Some bacteria are surrounded by a gelatinous substance which is composed of polysaccharides or
polypeptide or both.
 A thick layer of glycocalyx bound tightly to the cell wall is called capsule.
 It protects cell from desiccation and antibiotics.
Cell wall
 The bacterial cell wall is granular and is rigid.
 The chemical composition of cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan.
Plasma membrane
 The plasma membrane is made up of lipoprotein.
 It controls the entry and exit of small molecules and ions.
 The enzymes involved in the oxidation of metabolites.
Cytoplasm
 Cytoplasm is thick and semitransparent.
 It contains ribosomes and other cell inclusions.
Bacterial chromosome
 The bacterial chromosome is a single circular DNA molecule, tightly coiled and is not enclosed in
a membrane as in Eukaryotes.
 This genetic material is called Nucleoid or Genophore.
Plasmid
 Plasmids are extra chromosomal double stranded, circular, self-replicating, autonomous elements.
Mesosomes
 These are localized infoldings of plasma membrane produced into the cell in the form of vesicles,
tubules and lamellae.
Polysomes / Polyribosomes
 The ribosomes are 70S type and consist of two subunits (50S and 30S).
 The ribosomes are held together by mRNA and form polyribosomes or polysomes.
Flagella
 Certain motile bacteria have numerous thin hair like projections of variable length emerge from
the cell wall called flagella.
 Flagella are used for locomotion.
Fimbriae or Pili
 Pili or fimbriae are hair like appendages found on surface of cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.
41. Write the living and non living characters of viruses.
Living characters
 Presence of nucleic acid and protein.
 Capable of mutation.
 Ability to multiply within living cells.
 Able to infect and cause diseases in living beings.
Non living characters
 Can be crystallized.
 Absence of metabolism.
 Inactive outside the host.
 Do not show functional autonomy.
 Energy producing enzyme system is absent.
42. What is Plasmid?
 Plasmids are extra chromosomal double stranded, circular, self-replicating, autonomous elements
known as plasmid.
43. What are mesosomes?
 Mesosomes are localized infoldings of plasma membrane produced into the cell in the form of
vesicles, tubules and lamellae.
44. What are polyribosomes or polysomes?
 The ribosomes are held together by mRNA and form polyribosomes or polysomes.
45. What are fimbriae or Pili?
 Fimbriae are hair like appendages found on surface of cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.
46. What are Archaebacteria?
 Archaebacteria are primitive prokaryotes and are adapted to thrive in extreme environments like
hot springs, high salinity, low pH and so an.
47. Differentiate the gram positive bacteria with the gram negative bacteria.
Characteristics Gram positive Bacteria Gram negative Bacteria
Cell wall Thick layered Thin layered
Rigidity of cell wall Rigid Elastic due to presence of
lipoprotein.
Chemical composition Teichoic acid present Teichoic acid absent
Outer membrane Absent Present
Periplasmic space Absent Present
Susceptibility to Highly susceptible Low susceptible
penicillin
Nutritional Relatively complex Relatively simple
requirements
Flagella Contain 2 basal body rings Contain 4 basal body rings
Lipid and lipoproteins Low High
Lipopolysaccharides Absent Present
Lesson - 2. Plant Kingdom
1. Which of the plant group has gametophyte as a dominant phase?

a) Pteridophytes b) Bryophytes c) Gymnosperms d) Angiosperms
2. Which of following represents gametophytic generation in pteridophytes?
a) Prothallus b) Thallus c) Cone d) Rhizophore
3. The haploid number of chromosome for an angiosperm is 14, the number of chromosome in its
endosperm would be
a) 7 b) 14 c) 42 d) 28
4. In gymnosperm endosperm is formed
a) At the time of fertilization b) Before fertilization
c) After fertilization d) Along with the development of embryo
1. Differentiate halpontic and diplontic life cycle.

S.NO Haplontic Life Cycle Diplontic Life Cycle
1. Gametophytic phase is dominant. Sporophytic phase (2n) is dominant.
2. Sporophytic phase is represented by the The gametophytic phase is represented by
zygote. the single to few celled gametophyte.
3. Zygote undergoes meiosis to restore The gametes fuse to form zygote which
haploid condition. develops into sporophyte.
4. Ex : Volvox, Spirogyra. Ex : Fucus, gymnosperms and angiosperms
2. What is plectostele? give example.
 In vascular bundles, Xylem plates alternates with phloem plates. This arrangement is known as
plectostele.
 Ex : Lycopodium clavatum.
3. Mention two characters shared by gymnosperms and angiosperms.
 Presence of well organised plant body which is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves.
 Presence of cambium in gymnosperms as in dicotyledons.
 Presence of Eustele.
4. Do you think shape of chloroplast is unique for algae. Justify your answer?
 Yes, different shaped algae have different shape of chloroplast.
S.NO Shape of chloroplast Example
1. Cup shaped Chlamydomonas
2. Discoid Chara
3. Girdle shaped Ulothrix
4. Reticulate Oedogonium
5. Spiral Spirogyra
6. Stellate Zygnema
7. Plate like Mougeoutia
5. What do you infer from the term pycnoxylic?
 Compact with narrow medullary ray is called pycnoxylic.
 Ex : Pinus
6. Do you agree with the statement ‘Bryophytes need water for fertilization’? Justify your answer.
 Yes. Water is essential for fertilization.
 The antheridium produces biflagellate antherozoids. So it requires water to swim and reach the
archegonium and fuse with the egg to form diploid zygote.
7. List the classes of Algae.

 Chlorophyceae
 Xanthophyceae
 Chrysophyceae
 Bacillariophyceae
 Cryptophyceae
 Dinophyceae
 Chloromonadineae
 Euglenophyceae
 Phaeophyceae
 Rhodophyceae
 Cyanophyceae.
8. What is monoxylic wood?
 Parenchyma with wide medullary ray is called monoxylic wood.
 Ex : Cycas.
9. What are Pyrenoids?
 They are proteinaceous bodies found in chromatophores.
 Assist in the synthesis and storage of starch.
10. List out the different types of reserve food materials in algae.
 Starch – Chlorophyceae
 Laminarin starch – Phaeophyceae
 Floridean starch – Rhodophyceae.
11. What are the three classes of Bryophytes?
 Hepaticopsida - Riccia
 Anthocerotopsida - Anthoceros
 Bryopsida – Funaria.
12. Why are bryophytes called as non vascular cryptograms?
 Vascular tissue like xylem and phloem are completely absent, hence bryophytes are called „Non
vascular cryptogams.
13. What are the two types of rhizoids in Bryophytes?
 Smooth walled rhizoids.
 Pegged or tuberculate.
14. Bryophytes are called as amphibians of plant kingdom – Why?
 Bryophytes are called as amphibians of plant kingdom because they need water for completing
their life cycle.
15. What is peat?
 A large amount of dead thallus of Sphagnum gets accumulated and compressed, hardened to
form peat.
 Peat is used as fuel in commercial scale.
16. List out the economic importance of Bryophytes.
 A large amount of dead thallus of Sphagnum gets accumulated and compressed, hardened to
form peat.
 Peat is used as fuel in commercial scale.
 Sphagnum and peat are also used in horticulture as packing material because of their water
holding capacity.
 Marchantia polymorpha is used to cure pulmonary tuberculosis.
 Sphagnum, Bryum are used as food.
 Bryophytes play a major role in soil fomaion and soil conservation.
17. Why are Pteridophytes called as vascular Cryptogams?
 The first plants to acquire vascular tissue namely xylem and phloem, hence called vascular
cryptogams.
18. What is Protostele? What are its types?
 In protostele phloem surrounds xylem.
Types
 Haplostele
 Actinostele
 Plectostele
 Mixed protostele.
19. What is Haplostele? Give example.
 Xylem surrounded by phloem is known as haplostele.
 Ex : Selaginella.
20. What is Actinostele? Give example.
 Star shaped xylem core is surrounded by phloem is known as actinostele.
 Ex : Lycopodium serratum.
21. What are the Mixed prototostele? Give example
 Xylem groups uniformly scattered in the phloem is known as mixed protostele.
 Ex : Lycopodium cernuum.
22. What is Ectophloic siphonostele?
 The phloem is restricted only on the external side of the xylem.
 Pith is in centre.
 Ex : Osmunda.
23. What is Amphiphloic siphonostele?
 The phloem is present on both the sides of xylem.
 The pith is in the centre.
 Ex : Marsilea.
24. What is Solenostele?
 The stele is perforated at a place or places corresponding the origin of the leaf trace.
25. What are Dictyostele? Give example.
 The stele is separated into several vascular strands and each one is called meristele.
 Ex : Adiantum.
26. What are Eustele? Give example.
 The stele is split into distinct collateral vascular bundles around the pith.
 Ex : Dicot stem
27. What are Atactostele? Give example
 The stele is split into distinct collateral vascular bundles and are scattered in the ground tissue.
 Ex : Monocot stem.
28. What is Siphonostele?
 In siphonostele xylem is surrounded by phloem with pith at the centre.
29. What is Polycyclicstele ?
 The vascular tissues are present in the form of two or more concentric cylinders.
 Ex : Pteridium.
30. List out three classes of Gymnosperms.
 Cycadospsida
 Coniferopsida
 Gnetopsida.
31. What is coralloid roots?
 Coralloid roots are found in cycas.
 Coralloid roots of Cycas have symbiotic association with blue green algae.
32. Write the general characteristics of algae.
 Algae are eukaryotes except blue green algae.
 The plant body does not show differentiation into tissue systems.
 The cell wall of algae is made up of cellulose and hemicellulose.
 Siliceous walls are present in diatoms. In Chara the thallus is encrusted with calcium carbonate.
 The cell has a membrane bound nucleus and cell organelles like chloroplast, mitochondria,
endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies etc.,
 An alga reproduces by vegetative, asexual and sexual methods.
33. Write the General characteristic features of Bryophyte.
 The plant body of bryophyte is gametophyte.
 The plant body is not differentiated into root, stem and leaf like structure.
 Most of them are primitive land dwellers. Some of them are aquatic – Riella.
 Two types of rhizoids are present namely smooth walled and pegged or tuberculate.
 Vascular tissue like xylem and phloem are completely absent, hence called „Non vascular
cryptogams‟.
 Sexual reproduction is oogamous.
 Water is essential for fertilization.
 The sporophyte is differentiated into three recognizable parts namely foot, seta and capsule.
34. Write the General characteristic features of Pteridophytes.
 Plant body is sporophyte (2n) and it is the dominant phase.
 It is differentiated into root, stem and leaves.
 Tracheids are the major water conducting elements but in Selaginella vessels are found.
 The Sporophylls get organized to form cone or strobilus. Example: Selaginella.
 They may be homosporous Ex: Lycopodium or Heterosporous Ex : Selaginella
 Sexual reproduction is oogamous.
 Antheridium produces spirally coiled and multiflagellate antherozoids.
 Archegonium is flask shaped with broad venter and elongated narrow neck.
 Water is essential for fertilization.
35. Write the General characteristic features of Gymnosperms.
 The plant body is sporophyte and is differentiated into root, stem and leaves.
 A well developed tap root system is present.
 Coralloid roots of Cycas have symbiotic association with blue green algae. In Pinus the roots
have mycorrhizae.
 Leaves are dimorphic, foliage and scale leaves are present.
 The xylem consists of tracheids but in Gnetum and Ephedra vessels are present.
 Secondary growth is present
 Anemophilous pollination is present.
 Fertilization is siphonogamous
 Polyembryony is present.
 The endosperms is haploid and develop before fertilization.
36. Write the similarities between gymnosperms and angiosperms.
 Presence of well organised plant body which is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves.
 Presence of cambium in gymnosperms as in dicotyledons.
 Flowers in Gnetum resemble the male flower of the angiosperm.
 Presence of integument around the ovule.
 Both plant groups produce seeds.
 Pollen tube helps in the transfer of male nucleus in both.
 Present of Eustele.
37. Differentiate between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
S.NO Angiosperms Gymnosperms
1. Vessels are present Vessels are absent
2. Companion cells are present Phloem lacks companion cells
3. Ovules are enclosed within the ovary Ovules are naked
4. Insects, wind, water and animal Wind pollination only
pollination occur.
5. Double fertilization is present. Double fertilization is absent.
6. Endosperm is triploid. Endosperm is haploid
7. Fruit formation is present. Fruit formation is absent
8. Flowers present Flowers absent.
38. Describe the Economic Importance of Gymnosperms.

S.NO Plants Products Uses
1. Cycas circinalis Sago Starch used as food
2. Pinus gerardiana Roasted seed Used as a food
3. Abies balsamea Resin Used as mounting medium in permanent slide
preparation.
4. Araucaria Tannins Bark yield tannins and is used in Leather
industries
5. Ephedra gerardiana Ephedrine For the treatment of asthma, bronchititis
6. Pinus roxburghii Wood pulp Used to make papers
7. Cedrus atlantica oil Used in perfumery
39. What are the two types of woods in Gymnosperms?

 Manoxylic - Porous, soft, more parenchyma with wide medullary ray – Ex : Cycas
 Pycnoxylic - compact with narrow medullary ray – Ex : Pinus.
Lesson - 3. Vegetative Morphology
1. Which of the following is polycarpic plant?

a) Mangifera b) Bambusa c) Musa d) Agave
2. Roots are
a) Descending, negatively geotropic, positively phototropic
b) Descending, positively geotropic, negatively phototropic
c) Ascending, positively geotropic, negatively phototropic
d) Ascending, negatively geotropic, positively phototropic
3. Bryophyllum and Dioscorea are example for
a) Foliar bud, apical bud b) Foliar bud, cauline bud
c) Cauline bud, apical bud d) Cauline bud, foliar bud
4. Which of the following is the correct statement?
a) In Pisum sativum leaflets modified into tendrils
b) In Atalantia terminal bud is modified into thorns
c) In Nepenthes midrib is modified into lid
d) In Smilax inflorescence axis is modified into tendrils
5. Select the mismatch pair
a) Musa - Unicostate b) Lablab - Trifoliolate
c) Acalypha - Leaf mosaic d) Allamanda - Ternate phyllotaxy
1. Draw and label the parts of regions of root.
2. Write the similarities and differences between

a. Radical buds and foliar buds
b. Phylloclade and cladode.
a) Radical buds Foliar buds
Similarities
1. Adventitious buds. Adventitious buds.
Different
1. This buds are arises from lateral roots. This buds are arises from lateral leaves.
2. Ex : Millingstonia. Ex : Begonia.
b) Phylloclade Cladode.
Similarities
1. Green, flattened cylindrical stem. Green, flattened cylindrical stem.
2. Aerial modification of stem. Aerial modification of stem.
Different
1. A series of nodes and internodes. One or two inter nodes only.
2. Ex : Opuntia Ex : Asparagus.
3. How root climbers differ from stem climbers?

S.NO Root climbers Stem climbers
1. Roots are produced from nodes of the They lack specialized structure for climbing
stem for support and climbing. and stem itself coils around the support.
2. Ex : Piper betel Ex : Ipomoea.
4. Compare sympodial branching with monopodial branching.

S.NO Sympodial branching Monopodial branching.
1. Terminal buds grows uninterrupted Terminal bud caeses to grow and further
and produce several branches. growth is taken care by several lateral
meristem.
2. Ex : Polyalthia. Ex : Cycas.
5. Differentiate pinnate unicostate with palmate multicostate venation.

S.NO Pinnate unicostate Palmate multicostate venation
1. Only one mid rib in the centre which Two or more principal veinssarising from a
forms many lateral to form a network. single point and they proceed outwards or
upwards.
2. Ex : Mangifera, Musa. Ex : Cucurbita, rice.
6. Mention the primary functions of root.

 Absorb water and minerals from soil.
 Help to anchor the plant firmly in the soil.
7. Write the Characteristic features of Root System?
 Root is the descending portion of the plant axis.
 Generally non-green in colour.
 Does not possess nodes, internodes and buds.
 It bears root hairs.
 It is positively geotropic and negatively phototrophic in nature.
8. Explain the tap root modifications.
Conical root
 These roots are cone like, broad at the base and gradually tapering towards the apex.
 Ex : Daucus carota.
Fusiform root
 These roots are swollen in the middle and tapering towards both ends.
 Ex : Raphanus sativus.
Napiform root
 The storage root is very broad and suddenly tapers like a tail at the apex.
 Ex : Beta vulgaris.
9. Mention the zones of root.
 Three distinct zones have been classified based on their meristematic activity.
 Meristematic Zone
 Zone of Elongation
 Zone of Maturation
Meristematic Zone
 It lies just above the root cap.
Zone of Elongation
 It lies just above the meristematic zone.
Zone of Maturation
 It lies above the zone of elongation.
10. What is Respiratory root ?
 Some mangrove plants develop special kinds of roots for respiration because the soil becomes
saturated with water and aeration is very poor.
 They have a large number of pores called pneumatopores.
 Ex : Avicennia, Rhizophora.
11.What are velamen root?
 Some epiphytic orchids develop a special kind of aerial root.
 Which hang freely in the air.
 These roots develop a spongy tissue called velamen
 Which helps in absorption of moisture from the surrounding air.
 Ex : Vanda.
12. Write a note on haustorial roots.
 These roots are found in parasitic plants.
 Adventitious roots from stem which penetrate into the tissue of the host plant and suck nutrients.
 Ex : Cuscuta.
13. What are photosynthetic (or) Assimilatory roots. Give examples.
 Roots of epiphytic plants develop chlorophyll and turn green which help in photosynthesis.
 Ex : Tinospora.
14. Write the Characteristic features of the stem?
 It is an aerial portion of the plant.
 It is positively phototropic and negatively geotropic.
 It has nodes and internodes.
 Stem bears vegetative and floral buds.
 The young stem is green and thus carries out photosynthesis.
 During reproductive growth stem bears flowers and fruits.
 Branches arise exogenously.
15. What are the Primary functions of stem?
 It Provides support and bears leaves, flowers and fruits.
 It transports water and mineral nutrients to the other parts from the root.
 It transports food prepared by leaves to other parts of the plant body.
16. Bring out the primary functions of the leaf?
 Photosynthesis
 Transpiration
 Gaseous exchange
 Protection of buds
 Conduction of water and dissolved solutes.
17. What is known as Phyllotaxy?
 The mode of arrangement of leaves on the stem is called Phyllotaxy.
18. What are the parts of Leaf?
 Three main parts of a typical leaf are
 Leaf base
 Petiole
 Lamina
Leaf base
 The part of the leaf attached to the node of the stem is called leaf base.
 Usually it protects the growing buds.
Petiole
 It is the bridge between lamina and stem.
 Leaf stalk is a cylindrical or flattened structure.
 A leaf with petiole are said to be petiolate - Ex : Hibiscus.
 Leaves that do not possess petiole is said to be sessile - Ex : Calotropis.
Lamina
 The expanded flat green portion of the leaf is the lamina.
 It is the seat of photosynthesis, gaseous exchange, transpiration.
 The lamina is traversed by the midrib from which arise numerous lateral veins and thin veinlets.
19. What is Phyllode?
 Phyllodes are flat, green-coloured leaf- like modifications of petioles.
 The phyllodes perform photosynthesis and other functions of leaf.
 Ex : Acacia auriculi formis.
20. Write about pitcher plant.
 The leaf becomes modified into a pitcher in Nepenthes.
 In Nepenthes the basal part of the leaf is laminar and the midrib continues as a coiled tendrillar
structure.
 The apical part of the leaf is modified into a pitcher.
 The mouth of the pitcher is closed by a lid which is the modification of leaf apex.
21. What are leaf tendrils ? Give an example.
 In some plants stem is very weak and hence they have some special organs for attachment to the
support.
 So some leaves are partially or wholly modified into tendril.
22. What are leaf hooks? Give an example.
 In some plants, leaves are modified into hook-like structures and help the plant to climb.
 Ex : Cat's nail - Bignonia unguiscati.
23. Classify plants based on leaf duration.
Cauducuous
 Falling off soon after formation.
 Ex : Opuntia.
Decidious
 Falling at the end of growing season.
 Ex : Launea.
Evergreen
 Leaves persist throughout the year, falling regularly so that tree is never leafless.
 Ex : Mimusops,
Marcescent
 Leaves not falling but withering on the plant as in several members of Fagaceae.
24. What are called as Pulvinus?
 In legumes leafbase become broad, thick and swollen. It is known as pulvinus.
 Ex : Clitoria.
25. What are the characteristics features of leaf?
 Leaf is a lateral appendage of the stem.
 It is borne at the node of the stem.
 It is exogenous in origin.
 It has limited growth.
 It has three main parts namely
 Leaf base
 Petiole
 Lamina.
26. Write a short note on Phyllotaxy.
 The four main types of phyllotaxy are
 Alternate
 Opposite
 Ternate
 Whorled.
Alternate phyllotaxy
 Only one leaf per node and the leaves on the successive nodes are arranged alternate to each
other.
Spiral arrangement of leaves
 They are two types.
Alternate spiral
 The leaves are arranged alternatively in a spiral manner.
 Ex : Hibiscus.
Alternate distichous
 The leaves are organized alternatively in two rows on either side of the stem.
 Ex : Polyalthia.
Opposite phyllotaxy
 In this type each node possesses two leaves opposite to each other.
 They are organized in two different types.
Opposite superposed
 Ex : Psidium
Opposite decussate
 Ex: Calotropis.
Ternate phyllotaxy
 In this type there are three leaves attached at each node.
 Ex : Nerium
Whorled type of phyllotaxy
 In this type more than three leaves are present in a whorl at each node forming a circle.
 Ex : Allamanda.
27. Draw the structure of leaf and mark the parts.
Lesson - 4. Reproductive Morphology
1. Vexillary aestivation is characteristic of the family

a) Fabaceae b) Asteraceae c) Solanaceae d) Brassicaceae
2. Gynoecium with united carples is termed as
a) Apocarpous b) Multicarpellary c) Syncarpous d) None of the above
3. Aggregate fruit develops from
a) Multicarpellary, apocarpous ovary b) Multicarpellary, syncarpous ovary
c) Multicarpellary ovary d) Whole inflorescence
4. In an inflorescence where flowers are borne laterally in an acropetal succession the position of the
youngest floral bud shall be
a) Proximal b) Distal c) Intercalary d) Anywhere
5. A true fruit is the one where
a) Only ovary of the flower develops into fruit b) Ovary and calyx of the flower develops into fruit
c) Ovary, calyx and thalamus of the flower develops into fruit
d) All floral whorls of the flower develops into fruit
1. Find out the floral formula for a bisexual flower with bract, regular, pentamerous, distinct calyx
and corolla, superior ovary without bracteole.
 Bract - Br
 Ebracteole - EBrl
 Bisexual flower - ♂♀
 Distinct calyx - K5
 Corolla - C5
 Superior ovary - G
2. Give the technical terms for the following
a) A sterile stamen - Staminode
b) Stamens are united in one bunch - Monadelphous
c) Stamens are attached to the petals - Epipetalous
Answer :
 a) Staminode
 b) Monadelphous
 c) Epipetalous
3. Differentiate between aggregate fruit with multiple fruit.
S.NO Aggregate fruit Multiple fruit
1. A fruitlet that develops from single flower A Multiple fruit develops from the whole
of an apocarpus ovary. inflorescence along with its peduncle on
which they are borne.
2. Ex : polyalthia, Annona. Ex : Pineapple, Jack fruit
4. Explain the different types of placentation with example.
Marginal placentation
 The placentae along the margin of a unicarpellate ovary.
 Ex : Fabaceae
Axile placentation
 The placenta arises from the column in a compound ovary with
septa.
 Ex : Hibiscus .
Superficial placentation
 Ovules arise from the surface of the septa.
 Ex : Nymphaeaceae.
Parietal placentation
 The placentae on the ovary walls or upon intruding partitions of a
unilocular, compound ovary.
 Ex : Mustard, Cucumber.
Free central placentation
 The placentae along the column in a compound ovary without septa.
 Ex : Caryophyllaceae, Dianthus, Primrose
Basal placentation
 The placentae at the base of the ovary.
 Ex : Sunflower, Marigold
5. Explain the different types of fleshy fruit with suitable example.

Fleshy Fruit
 The fruits are derived from single pistil.
 Pericarp is fleshy, succulent and differentiated into epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp.
Berry
 Fruit develops from bicarpellary or multicarpellary, syncarpous ovary.
 Epicarp is thin, the mesocarp and endocarp remain undifferentiated.
 They form a pulp in which the seeds are embedded.
 Ex : Tomato, Date Palm,Grapes, Brinjal
Drupe
 Fruit develops from monocarpellary, superior ovary.
 It is usually one seeded.
 Pericarp is differentiated into outer skinny epicarp, fleshy and pulpy
mesocarp and hard and stony endocarp around the seed.
 Ex : Mango, Coconut.
Pepo
 Fruit develops from tri-carpellary inferior ovary.
 Pericarp terns leathery or woody which encloses, fleshy mesocarp and
smooth endocarp.
 Ex : Cucumber, Watermelon, Bottle gourd, Pumpkin.
Hesperidium
 Fruit develops from multicarpellary, multilocular, syncarpous, superior
ovary.
 The fruit wall is differentiated into leathery epicarp with oil glands, a
middle fibrous mesocarp.
 The endocarp forms distinct chambers, containing juicy hairs.
 Ex: Orange, Lemon.
Pome
 It develops from multicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior ovary.
 The receptacle also develops along with the ovary and becomes fleshy,
enclosing the true fruit.
 In pome the epicarp is thin skin like and endocarp is cartilagenous.
 Ex: Apple, Pear.
Balausta
 A fleshy indehiscent fruit developing from multicarpellary,
multilocular inferior ovary.
 Pericarp is tough and leathery.
 Seeds are attached irregularly with testa being the edible portion.
 Ex: Pomegranate.
6. What is perfect or bisexual flower?
 When a flower contains both androecium and gynoecium is called bisexual flower.
7. What is polygamous flower?
 The condition in which bisexual and unisexual flowers occur in a same plant is called
polygamous.
 Ex : Musa, Mangifera.
8. What is Hypogynous flower?
 The sepals, petals and stamens attached at the base of an ovary.
 Ex : Malvaceae.
9. What is Epigynous flower?
 The sepals, petals and stamens attached at the tip of an ovary.
 Ex : Cucumber, Apple.
10. What is Pollinium?
 Pollen grains are fused together as a single mass called pollinium.
11. What is Syngenesious?
 Anthers connate, filaments free - Ex : Asteraceae.
12. What is Synandrous?
 Filaments and anthers are completely fused.
 Ex : Coccinea.
13. Differentiate between racemose and cymose.
Racemose Cymose
Main axis of unlimited growth Main axis of limited growth.
Flowrs arranged in an acropetal succession. Flowrs arranged in a basipetal succession.
Opening of flowers is centripetal. Opening of flowers is centrifugal.
Usually the oldest flower at the base of the Usually the oldest flower at the top of the
inflorescence axis. inflorescence axis.
14. Explain the Racemose inflorescence.
Main axis elongated
Simple raceme
 The inflorescence with an unbranched main axis bears pedicellate flowers in acropetal
succession.
 Ex : Crotalaria retusa
Spike
 It is an unbranched indeterminate inflorescence with sessile flowers.
 Ex : Achyranthes
Spikelet
 Literally it is a small spike.
 The Inflorescence is with branched central axis. Each branch is a spikelet.
 Sessile flowers are formed in acropetal succession on the axis.
 Each sessile flower has a lemma (bract) and a palea (bracteole).
 Tepals reduced to colourless scaly leaves (lodicule).
 Ex : Paddy,Wheat.
Catkin
 Pendulous spikes with a long and drooping axis bearing small unisexual or bisexual flowers. It is
also called ament.
 Ex : Acalypha.
Spadix
 An inflorescence with a fleshy central axis that possesses many unisexual sessile flowers in
acropetal succession.
 Usually female flowers are found towards the base and male flowers are found at the apex.
 Entire inflorescence is covered by a brightly coloured bract is called spathe.
 Ex : Colocasia.
Panicle
 A branched raceme is called panicle - Ex : Mangifera
Main axis shortened
 Inflorescence with reduced growth of central axis. There are two types, namely
 Corymb
 Umbel.
Corymb
 An inflorescence with shorter pedicellate flowers at the top and longer pedicellate flowers at the
bottom.
 All flowers appear at the same level.
 Ex : Caesalpinia.
Compound corymb
 A branched corymb is called compound corymb.
 Ex : Cauliflower.
Umbel
 Pedicellate flowers arise from a common point of peduncle at the apex.
 Ex : Allium cepa
Compound umbel
 It is a branched umbel.
 Ex : Daucas
Main axis flattened
 The main axis of inflorescence is mostly flattened.
Head
 A head is a characteristic inflorescence of Asteraceae, Rubiaceae and Mimosaceae.
 Torus contains two types of florets
 Disc floret or tubular floret.
 Ray floret or ligulate floret.
 The heads are classified into two types.
Homogamous head
 This type of inflorescence exhibits single kind of florets.
 Disc florets alone. Ex : Vernonia
 Ray florets alone. Ex : Launaea.
Heterogamous head
 The inflorescence possesses both types of florets.
 Ex : Tridax.
15. Explain the Cymose inflorescence.
 Central axis stops growing and ends in a flower.
 Old flowers present at apex and young flowers at base.
Simple cyme
 The inflorescence consists of a single flower. It may be terminal or axillary.
 Ex : Axillary in Hibiscus.
Monochasial Cyme
 The main axis ends with a flower.
 From two lateral bracts, only one branch grows further.
 It may be Helicoid or Scorpioid.
Helicoid
 Axis develops on only one side and forms a coil structure.
 Ex : Hamelia, potato.
Scorpioid
 Axis develops on alternate sides and often becomes a coiled structure.
 Ex : Heliotropium.
Simple dichasium
 A central axis ends in a terminal flower.
 Further growth is produced by two lateral buds.
 Each cymose unit consists of three flowers.
 Ex : Jasminum.
Compound dichasium
 It has many flowers.
 A terminal old flower develops lateral simple dichasial cymes on both sides.
 Each compound dichasium consists of seven flowers.
 Ex : Clerodendron.
 A small dichasium is called cymule
Polychasial Cyme
 The central axis ends with a flower.
 The lateral axis branches repeatedly.
 Ex: Nerium.
16. Describe the cyathium inflorescence.
 Cyathium inflorescence consists of small unisexual flowers enclosed by a common involucre.
 Male flowers are organised in a scorpioid manner.
 Female flower is solitary and centrally located on a long pedicel.
 Male flower is represented only by stamens and female flower is represented only by a pistil.
 Cyathium may be actinomorphic or zygomorphic
 Nectar is present in involucre.
17. What is coenanthium?
 Circular disc like fleshy open receptacle that bears flowers.
 Pistillate flowers at the center and staminate flowers at the periphery.
 Ex : Dorstenia
18. Write short notes on hypanthodium?
 Receptacle is a hollow, globose structure consisting unisexual flowers present on the inner wall of
the receptacle.
 Receptacle is closed except a small opening called ostiole.
 Which is covered by a series of bracts.
 Male flowers are present nearer to the ostiole, female and neutral flowers are found in a mixed
manner from middle below.
 Ex : Ficus sp.
19. Write short notes on Mixed Inflorescence.
Thyrsus
 It is a „Raceme of cymes‟.
 Indefinite central axis bears lateral pedicellate cymes.
 Ex : Ocimum.
Verticillaster
 Main axis bears two opposite lateral sessile cymes.
 At the axil of the node, each of it produces monochasial scorpioid lateral branches so that flowers
are crowded around the node.
 Ex : Leucas.
20. what is actinomorphic flower?
 The flower shows two mirror images when cut in any plane through the centre.
 Ex : Hibiscus
21. Define : Zygomorphic flower.
 The flower can be divided into equal halves in only one plane.
 Ex : Salvia, Ocimum.
22. Define: Pomology
 The branch of horticulture that deals with the study of fruits and their cultivation.
23. What is False fruit?
 In addition to the ovary the non- floral parts like thalamus, perianth and involucre develop into
fruit.
 Thalamus - Apple
 Perianth - jack fruit.
24. What is Parthenocarpic fruit?
 Development of fruits without fertilization is called parthenocarpic fruit.
 They are seedless fruits.
 Ex : Banana
25. What is Aggregate fruit?
 There fruits develop from a single flower having an apocarpous pistil.
 Each of the free carpel develops into a simple fruitlet.
 A collection of simple fruitlets makes an Aggregate fruit.
 Ex : Polyalthia.
26. Listout the functions of fruit.
 Edible part of the fruit is a source of food, energy for animals.
 They are source of many chemicals like sugar, pectin, organic acids, vitamins and minerals.
 The fruit protects the seeds from unfavourable climatic conditions.
 Fruits provide source of medicine to humans.
27. What is meant by Papilionacous corolla?
 Made up of five distinct petals organized in a butterfly shape.
 The outer most petal is large called standard petal or vexillum.
 Lateral 2 petals are lanceolate and curved. They are called wing petals or alae.
 Anterior two petals are partly fused and are called keel petals or carina.
28. What is meant by Aestivation? Explain the types of aestivation.
 Arrangement of sepals and petals in the flower bud is called aestivation.
Valvate aestivation
 Margins of sepals or petals do not overlap but just touch each other.
 Ex : Malvaceae (Calyx)
Twisted aestivation
 One margin of each petal or sepal overlapping on the other petal.
 Ex : Petals of Chinarose.
Imbricate aestivation
 Sepals and petals irregularly overlap on each other.
 One member of the whorl is exterior, one interior and rest of the three having one margin exterior
and other interior.
 Ex : Cassia.
 There are 3 types Ascendingly Imbricate
 Quincuncial
 Vexillary.
Quincuncial aestivation
 It is a type of imbricate aestivation.
 Two petals are external and two internal and one petal with one margin internal and the other
margin external.
 Ex : Guava Calyx.
Vexillary aestivation
 Large posterior petals both margins overlap lateral petals.
 Lateral petals other margin overlaps anterior petals.
 Ex : Pea.
29. Draw floral diagram and Write floral formula of Hibiscus rosa sinensis.
Floral formula:
30. Draw the structure of stamen and mark the parts.
Lesson - 5. Taxonomy and Systematic Botany
1. Phylogenetic classification is the most favoured classification because it reflects

a) Comparative Anatomy b) Number of flowers produced
c) Comparative cytology d) Evolutionary relationships
2. The taxonomy which involves the similarities and dissimilarities among the immune system of
different taxa is termed as
a) Chemotaxonomy b) Molecular systematic
c) Serotaxonomy d) Numerical taxonomy
3. Perianth is present in
a) Clitoria ternatea b) Datura metal
c) Allium cepa d) Pongamia pinnata
4. Flowers are zygomorphic in
a) Ceropegia b) Thevetia c) Datura d) Solanum
1. What is the role of national gardens in conserving biodiversity – discuss.

 Gardens with aesthetic value attractsvisitors.
 For example, the Great Banyan Tree in the Indian Botanical Garden at Kolkata.
 Gardens have a wide range of species and supply taxonomic material for botanical research.
 It is used for self-instruction or demonstration purposes.
 It can integrate information of diverse fields like Anatomy, Embryology, Phytochemistry,
Cytology, Physiology and Ecology.
 It acts as a conservation centre for diversity, rare and endangered species.
 It offers annual list of available species and a free exchange of seeds.
2. Where will you place the plants which contain two cotyledons with cup shaped thalamus?
Class Dicotyledonae
Sub class Polypetalae
Series Calyciflorae
3. Give any five economically importance of Fabaceae.
Pulses
 The seeds of Cajanus cajan are rich in proteins and used as pulses.
Food Plants
 The tender fruits of Lablab purpureus are used as vegetables.
Oil plants
 Oil extracted from the seeds of Arachis hypogea (ground nut) is used for cooking.
Fibre plants
 Fibres obtained from Crotalaria juncea are used for making ropes.
Dye Plants
 Blue dye is obtained from the flowers and seeds of Clitoria ternatea.
4. How will you distinguish Solanaceae members from Liliaceae members?
S.NO General Solanaceae Liliaceae
characters
1. Habit Annual herbs, shrubs, small trees Perennial herbs
2. Root Tap root system Adventitious and fibrous root
system.
3. Stem Herbaceous or woody tuberous at Bulbocus, rhizome, cladode,
times phylloclades
4. Leaf Alternate, simple, rarely compound, Radical or cauline, alternate,
unicostate reticulate venation. opposite, parallel venation
5. Inflorescence Generally axillary or terminal cymose Simple and branched racemes
6. Flowers Pentamerous, actinomorphic or weakly Showy and actinomorphic,
zygomorphic due to oblique position trimerous, slightly
of the ovary. zygomorphic.
7. Calyx 5 sepals, synsepalous valvate Perianth 6, tepals in 2 whorls of
aestivation 3 each apotepalous valvate or
imbricate
8. Corolla 5 petals, sympetalous different shape Absent
of corolla tube, valvate
9. Androecium Stamens 5, epipetalous dithecous Stamens 6 in 2 whorls of 3 each

anthers, longitudinal, porus dehiscence apopetalous valvate or
imbricate
10. Gynoecium Bicarpellary, syncarpous, obliquely Tricarpellary, syncarpous,
placed ovary. Tetralocular, axile trilocular with ovules on axile
placentation placentation. Nectar secreting
glands present in the ovary
11. Fruit Capsule or berry Septicidal or loculicidal capsule
or berry
5. Write the botanical description of Datura metal.
Habit
 Herb.
Root
 Tap root system
Stem
 Stem is hollow, green and herbaceous with strong odour.
Leaf
 Simple, alternate, showing unicostate reticulate venation.
Inflorescence
 Solitary and axillary cyme.
Flower
 Bracteate, ebracteolate, actinomorphic, bisexual, complete, pentamerous, heterochlamydeous and
hypogynous.
Calyx
 Sepals 5, green, synsepalous showing valvate aestivation. Calyx is mostly persistent.
Corolla
 Petals 5, greenish white, sympetalous, showing twisted aestivation, plicate (folded like a fan)
funnel shaped.
Androecium
 Stamens 5, free from one another, epipetalous. Anthers are basifixed, dithecous.
Gynoecium
 Superior ovary, syncarpous, bicarpellary, basically bilocular but tetralocular due to the formation
of false septum.
Fruit
 Spinescent capsule with persistent calyx.
Seed
 Endospermous.
Floral diagram
Floral Formula:
6. Write the botanical description of Allium cepa.
Habit
 Perennial herb with bulb.
Root
 Fibrous adventitious root system.
Stem
 Underground bulb
Leaf
 Cylindrical and fleshy leaf bases with parallel venation.
Inflorescence
 Scapigerous - The inflorescence axis (peduncle) arising from the ground bearing a cluster of
flowers at its apex.
Flower
 Small, bracteate, ebracteolate, actinomorphic, bisexual, complete, trimerous and hypogynous.
Perianth
 Tepals 6, arranged in two whorls of three each, syntepalous showing valvate aestivation.
Androecium
 Stamens 6, arranged in two whorls of three each.
 Epitepalous, apostamenous, Anthers dithecous, basifixed.
Gynoecium
 Ovary superior, Tricarpellary, trilocular, syncarpous and axile placentation.
Fruit
 A loculicidal capsule.
Seed
 Endospermous
Floral diagram
Floral Formula :
7. What is species?
 Species is the lowest of classification and shows the high level of similarities among the
organisms.
8. What is Genus?
 Genus consists of multiple species which have similar characters.
9. What is Family?
 A number of genera which share some similarities among them.
10. What is binomial nomenclature?
 Scientific name of a species consists of two words and according to binomial nomenclature.
 The first one is called genus name and second one is specific epithet.
 Ex : Mangifera indica.
 Mangifera is a genus name and indica is specific epithet.
11. What is called author citation? Give an example.
 This refers to valid name of the taxa accompanied by the author‟s name who published the name
validly.
 Example: Solanum nigrum L.
12. Write any five salient feautures of ICN.
 Botanical nomenclature is independent of zoological and bacteriological nomenclature.
 Application of names of taxonomic group is determined by means of nomenclatural types.
 Nomenclature of a taxonomic group is based on priority of publication.
 Each taxonomic group with a particular circumscription, position and rank can bear only one
correct name.
 Scientific names of taxonomic groups are treated as Latin regardless of their derivation.
 The rules of nomenclature are retroactive unless expressly limited.
13. How does molecular markers work to unlock the evolutionary history of organisms?
 Molecular Taxonomy is the branch of phylogeny.
 It deals with hereditary molecular differences, mainly in DNA sequences, to gain information
and to establish genetic relationship between the members of different taxonomic categories.
 Different molecular markers like allozymes, mitochondrial DNA, micro satellites, RFLP, RAPD,
AFLPs, SNP, microchips are used in analysis.
 Molecular markers help in establishing the relationship of different plant groups at DNA level.
14. What is Chemotaxonomy?
 It is the scientific approach of classification of plants on the basis of their biochemical
constituents.
15. What is Karyotaxonomy?
 Utilization of the characters and phenomena of cytology for the explanation of taxonomic
problem is known as cytotaxonomy or karyotaxonomy.
16. What is Systematic serology or serotaxonomy?
 The classification of very similar plants by means of differences in the proteins they contain, to
solve taxonomic problems is called serotaxonomy.
17. What is meant by keys?
 The tools for the identification of unfamiliar plants are called keys.
18. What is Polynomial?
 Polynomial is a descriptive phrase of a plant.
 Scientific name of a species consists of many words is called is Polynomial.
19. What is meant by Taxonomic Aids?
 The tools for the taxonomic study.
 Taxonomical aids are keys, flora, revisions, monograph, catalogues, herbarium, botanical gardens
etc.
20. What is DNA barcoding?
 It is a taxonomic method that uses a very short genetic sequence from a standard part of a
genome.
21. Write the Significance of DNA barcoding
 It helps in identification and classification of organism.
 It aids in mapping the extent of biodiversity.
22. What is herbarium?
 Plants are preserved in the form of pressed and dried specimens mounted on a sheet of paper.
23. Write the uses of Herberium.
 It provides resource material for systematic research and studies.
 It is a place for orderly arrangement of voucher specimens.
 Voucher specimen serves as a reference for comparing doubtful newly collected fresh specimens.
 Voucher specimens play a role in studies like floristic diversity, environmental assessment and
ecological mechanisms.
 It provides opportunity for documenting biodiversity and conservation biology.
24. Write the differences between classical and modern taxonomy.
Classical Taxonomy Modern Taxonomy
It is called old systematics or Alpha (ἀ) It is called Neosystematics or Omega (Ω)
taxonomy. taxonomy.
It is pre Darwinean It is post Darwinean
Species is considered as basic unit and is static Species is considered as dynamic entity and ever
changing.
Classification is mainly based on Classification is based on morphological,
morphological characters. reproductive characters and phylogenetic
relationship of the organism
This system is based on the observation of a This system is based on the observation of large
few samples. number of samples.
25. List out the medicinal plants in Solanaceae family.
 Atropa belladonna
 Datura stramonium
 Solanum trilobatum.
26. What is aloin?
 Gelatinous glycosides called aloin from succulent leaves of Aloe vera.
27. List out the Dye Plants in Fabaceae family
 Indigofera tinctoria - Indigo dye, Blue dye.
 Clitoria ternatea - Blue dye.
28. What is atropine?
 Roots of Atropa belladona yield powerful alkaloid „atropine‟.
 It is used for relieving muscular pain.
29. Name the alkaloids found in tobacco.
 Nicotine
 Nornicotin
 Anabasin.
30. Write the botanical description of Clitoria ternatea
Habit
 Twining climber
Root
 Tap root system.
Stem
 Aerial, weak stem and a twiner.
Leaf
 Compound, alternate, stipulate showing reticulate venation.
Inflorescence
 Solitary and axillary
Flower
 Bracteate, bracteolate, zygomorphic, bisexual, complete, pentamerous, and hypogynous.
Calyx
 Sepals 5, synsepalous, green, showing valvate aestivation.
Corolla
 Petals 5, white or blue, apopetalous, irregular.
 Papilionaceous corolla showing descendingly imbricate aestivation.
Androecium
 Stamens 10, diadelphous
 (9)+1, nine stamens fused to form a bundle and the tenth stamen is free. Anthers are dithecous,
basifixed.
Gynoecium
 Monocarpellary, unilocular, superior ovary with many ovules on mariginal placentation.
Fruit
 Legume
Seed
 Non-endospermous.
Floral diagram
Floral formula :
31. What are the Types of classification?
 Artificial classification
 Natural classification
 Phylogenetic classification.
32. What is papilionaceous corolla?
 The outer most petal is large called standard petal or vexillum.
 Two lateral petals are lanceolate and curved. They are called wing petals or alae.
 Two anterior and partly fused innermost petals are called keel petals or carina.
 This type of irregular corolla is described as papilionaceous corolla.
33. List out the Ornamental Plants in Fabaceae.
 Butea frondosa
 Clitoria ternatea
 Lathyrus odoratus.
34. Give a brief account on the economic importance of Solanaceae.
Food plants
 Tubers of Solanum tuberosum (potato) are used as vegetables.
Medicinal plants
 Roots of Atropa belladona yield powerful alkaloid „atropine‟.
 It is used for relieving muscular pain.
Tobacco
 Leaves of Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) contain alkaloids nicotine.
 It is used for making cigarettes.
Ornamental plants
 Cestrum diurnum are grown in gardens for their beautiful flowers.
35. Write the floral formula of Allium cepa.
36. Draw the floral diagram of Datura metel.
37. Discuss the outline of Bentham and Hooker’s classification of plants.
Lesson - 6. Cell : The Unit of Life.
1. The two subunits of ribosomes remain united at critical ion level of

a) Magnesium b) Calcium c) Sodium d) Ferrous
2. Sequences of which of the following is used to know the phylogeny.
a) mRNA b) rRNA c) tRNA d) Hn RNA
3. Many cells function properly and divide mitotically even though they do not have.
a) Plasma membrane b) cytoskeleton c) mitochondria d) Plastids
4. Keeping in view the fluid mosaic model for the structure of cell membrane, which one of the following
statements is correct with respect to the movement of lipids and proteins from one lipid monolayer to
the other.
a) Neither lipid nor proteins can flip-flop b) Both lipid and proteins can flip flop
c) While lipids can rarely flip-flop proteins cannot d) While proteins can flip-flop lipids cannot
5. Match the columns and identify the correct option
Column – I Column-II
a) Thylakoids - (i) Disc shaped sacs in golgi apparatus
b) Cristae - (ii) Condensed structure of DNA
c) Cisternae - (iii) Flat membranous sacs in stroma
d) Chromatin - (iv) Infoldings in mitochondria.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
(2) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
(3) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(4) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)
1. State the protoplasm theory.

 Protoplasmic theory was proposed by Corti.
 Felix Dujardin observed a living juice in animal cell and called it “Sarcode”.
 Purkinje coined the term protoplasm for sap inside a plant cell.
 Protoplasm is a complex colloidal system which was suggested by Fisher and Hardy.
 It is primarily made of water and various other solutes of biological importance such as glucose,
fatty acids, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, hormones and enzymes.
2. Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Features Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Size of the cell ~1-5µm ~10-100µm
Nuclear character Nucleoid, no true nucleus. True nucleus with nuclear membrane
DNA Usually circular without histone Usually linear with histone proteins
proteins.
RNA / Protein Couples in cytoplasm RNA synthesis Inside nucleus. &
synthesis Protein synthesis in cytoplasm.
Ribosomes 50S + 30S 60S + 40S
Organelles Absent Numerous
Cell movement Flagella Flagella and cilia.
Organization Usually single cell Single, colonial and multicellular
Cell division Binary fission Mitosis and meiosis
Examples Bacteria and Archaea Fungi, plants and animals.
3. Difference between plant and animal cell.
S.NO Plant Cell Animal Cell
1. Usually large. Usually smaller than plant cells.
2. Cell wall present Cell wall absent.
3. Plasmodesmata present Plasmodesmata absent
4. Chloroplast present. Chloroplast absent.
5. Vacuole large and permanent. Vacuole small and temporary.
6. Tonoplast present around vacuole. Tonoplast absent.
7. Centrioles absent except motile cells of Centrioles present.
lower plants.
8. Nucleus present along the periphery of Nucleus at the centre of the cell
the cell.
9. Lysosomes are rare. Lysosomes present
10. Storage material is starch grains. Storage material is a glycogen granules.
4. Draw the ultra structure of plant cell.
5. Bring out the significance of Transmission Electron Microscope.

 The magnification is 1–3 lakhs times and resolving power is 2–10 Å.
 It is used for studying detailed structrue of viruses, mycoplasma, cellular organelles, etc
6. What is sarcode?
 A living juice in animal cell is called Sarcode.
7. What is Plasmodesmata?
 Plasmodesmata is a channel between the protoplasm of adjacent cells through which many
substances pass through.
8. Write the physical properties of protoplasm.
 The protoplasm exists either in semisolid (jelly-like) state called „gel᾿ due to suspended particles
and various chemical bonds or may be liquid state called „sol᾿.
 Protoplasm is translucent, odourless and polyphasic fluid.
 It is a crystal colloid solution.
 Viscosity of protoplasm is 2–20 centipoises.
 The Refractive index of the protoplasm is 1.4
 The pH of the protoplasm is around 6.8, contain 90% water.
 Approximately 34 elements are present in protoplasm.
9. Write the features of cell theory.
 All organisms are made up of cells.
 New cells are produced from the pre-existing cells.
 Cells contain genetic material, which is passed on from parents to daughter cells.
 All metabolic reactions take place inside the cells.
 Cell is a structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
10. What are the exceptions to cell theory?
 Viruses
 Viroids
 Prions.
11. What are the functions of cell wall?
 Offers definite shape and rigidity to the cell.
 Serves as barrier for several molecules to enter the cells.
 Provides protection to the internal protoplasm.
 Prevents the bursting of cells by maintaining the osmotic pressure.
 Plays a major role by acting as a mechanism of defense for the cells.
12. What are the types of chromosomes based on the position of centromere?
 Metacentric
 Sub metacentric
 Acrocentric
 Telocentric.
13. What is Telomere?

 Terminal part of the chromosome is called telomere.
 It offers stability to the chromosome.
14. Define: Resolution.
 The ability of the lenses to show the details of object lying between two points.
15. Define : Magnification.
 The optical increase in the size of an image is called magnification.
 Magnification = Size of image seen with the microscope
Size of the image seen with normal eye.
16. Differentiate TEM & SEM.
S.NO TEM SEM
1. High resolving power. Lower resolving power than TEM.
2. It provides two dimensional image. It provides three dimensional image.
3. The magnification is 1–3 lakhs times. The magnification is 2 lakhs times
4. It is used for studying the detailed It is used for studying the surface of the
structrue of viruses, mycoplasma, specimen.
cellular organelles, etc
5. The resolving power is 2–10 Å. The resolving power is 5–20 nm
17. What are flagella?
 Bacterial flagella are helical appendages helps in motility.
18. What is cilia?
 Cilia are short cellular, numerous microtubule bound projections of plasma membrane.
19. Describe the structure of Mitochondria with diagram.
 It was first observed by A. Kolliker (1880).
Shape
 Ovoid
 Round
 Rod shape and pleomorphic structures.
 Mitochondrion consists of double membrane, the outer and inner membrane.
 The outer membrane is smooth, it contains proteins called Porins.
 The inner membrane divides mitochondrion into two compartments.
 The outer chamber between two membranes and the inner chamber is filled with matrix.
 The infoldings of the inner membrane of mitochondria is called Cristae.
 The Inner membrane consists of stalked particles called F1 particles or Oxysomes.
 Each particle consists of a base, stem and a round head.
 In the head, ATP synthase is present for oxidative phosphorylation.
 Mitochondria contain 73% of proteins, 25-30% of lipids, 5-7 % of RNA, DNA and enzymes.
 Mitochondria are called Power house of a cell, because they produce energy rich ATP.
 All the enzymes of Kreb‟s cycle are found in the matrix except succinate dehydrogenase.
 Mitochondria consist of circular DNA and 70S ribosome.
 They multiply by fission and replicates by strand displacement model. Because of the presence of
DNAs it is semiautonomous organelle.
20. Why do we call mitochondria a semiautonomous organelle?
 Because of the presence of DNA, it is called semi-autonomous organelle.
21. Why do we call Mitochondria as the power house of the cell?
 Mitochondria are called Power house of a cell, because they produce energy rich ATP.
22. Write short notes on F1 particles.
 The Inner membrane consists of stalked particles called F1 particles or Oxysomes.
 Each particle consists of a base, stem and a round head.
 In the head, ATP synthase is present for oxidative phosphorylation.
23. Explain the structure Chloroplast with diagram.
 Chloroplasts are vital organelle found in green plants.
 Chloroplast has a double membrane the outer membrane and the inner membrane.
 The two membrane separated by a space called periplastidial space.
 The space enclosed by the inner membrane of chloroplast is filled with gelatinous matrix, lipo-
proteinaceous fluid called stroma.
 Inside the stroma there is flat interconnected sacs called thylakoid.
 The membrane of thylakoid encloses a space called thylakoid lumen.
 Grana are formed when many of these thylakoids are stacked together like pile of coins.
 Light is absorbed and converted into chemical energy in the granum, which is used in stroma to
prepare carbohydrates.
 Thylakoid contain chlorophyll pigments.
 The chloroplast contains osmophilic granules, 70s ribosomes, DNA and RNA.
 This chloroplast genome encodes approximately 30 proteins involved in photosynthesis.
 RuBisco is encoded by chloroplast DNA. It is the major protein component of chloroplast stroma.
 The thylakoid contain small, rounded photosynthetic units called quantosomes.
 Chloroplast is a semi-autonomous organelle and divides by fission
24. Mention the functions of chloroplasts.
 Photosynthesis
 Light reactions - Granum
 Dark reactions - Stroma
 Chloroplast is involved in photorespiration.
25. What is quantosomes?
 The thylakoid contain small, rounded photosynthetic units called quantosomes.
26. What is tonoplast?
 In plant cells vacuoles are large, bounded by a single unit membrane called Tonoplast.
27. Difference between Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum (SER).
S.NO Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
1. Ribosomes are present in the outer Ribosomes are absent in the endoplasmic
surface of the membrane. reticulum.
2. RER is involved in protein synthesis. SER is involved in lipid synthesis.
28. What are the types of ribosomes?
S.NO 70S Ribosomes 80S Ribosomes
1. Sub unit 30S and 50S Sub units 40S and 60S
2. 3 RNA molecule 4 RNA molecule
3. 16 Sr RNA in 30S subunit 18 Sr RNA in 40S small subunit
4. 23S and 5S in 50S large subunit 28S, 5.8S and 5S in larger 60S subunit
5. Prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and Eukaryotic cells of plants and animals
chloroplast.
29. What are polysomes or polyribosomes?

 During protein synthesis many ribosomes are attached to the mRNA is called polysomes.
30. Describe the structure of Ribosome.
 Ribosomes were first observed by George Palade (1953)
 Each ribosome is made up of two units.
 Large sub-unit
 Small unit.
 Mg2+ is required for structural cohesion of ribosomes.
 Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell.
 Ribosome is not a membrane bound organelle
 Ribosome consists of RNA and protein.
 During protein synthesis, many ribosomes are attached to the single mRNA and is called
polysomes or polyribosomes.
31. Write short note on polytene chromosomes.
 Polytene chromosomes observed in the salivary glands of Drosophila by E.G. Balbiani
 A single chromosome which is present in multiple copies form a structure called polytene
chromosome.
 There is a distinct alternating dark bands and light inter-bands.
 The polytene chromosome has extremely large puff called Balbiani rings. It is also known as
chromosomal puff.
 As this chromosome occurs in the salivary gland it is known as salivary gland chromosomes.
32. Write short notes on lampbrush chromosomes.

 Lampbrush chromosomes occur at the diplotene stage of first meiotic prophase in oocytes of an
Salamandar and unicellular alga Acetabularia.
 It was first observed by Flemming.
 The highly condensed chromosome forms the chromosomal axis, from which lateral loops of
DNA extend as a result of intense RNA synthesis.
33. With a suitable diagram explain the Structure of on chromosome.

 The chromosomes are composed of thread like strands called chromatin
 This is made up of DNA, protein and RNA.
 Each chromosome consists of two symmetrical structures called chromatids.
 They are identical and are called sister chromatids.
 A typical chromosome has narrow zones called constrictions. There are two types of
constrictions, namely
 Primary constriction
 Secondary constriction.
 The primary constriction is made up of centromere and kinetochore.
 Both the chromatids are united at centromere, whose number varies.
 The Centromere contains a complex system of protein fibres called kinetochore.
 SAT Chromosome is a short chromosomal segment or rounded body separated from main
chromosome by a relatively elongated secondary constriction
 It is a morphological entity in certain chromosomes.
 Terminal part of chromosome is called telomere. It offers stability to the chromosome.
34. Describe the structure of Cell Wall.
 Cell wall is the outermost protective cover of the cell.
 It is present in bacteria, fungi and plants whereas it is absent in animal cell.
 It was first observed by Robert Hooke
 In plant, cell wall shows three distinct regions Primary wall, Secondary wall, and Middle
lamellae.
Primary wall
 It is the first layer inner to middle lamella.
 Primarily consisting of loose network of cellulose microfibrils in a gel matrix.
 In most plants the microfibrils are made up of cellulose.
 The matrix of the primary wall is composed of hemicellulose, pectin, glycoprotein and water
Secondary wall
 Secondary wall is laid during maturation of the cell.
 It plays a key role in determining the shape of a cell.
 It is thick, inelastic and is made up of cellulose and lignin.
 The secondary wall is divided into three sublayers termed as S1, S2 and S3.
Middle lamellae
 It is the outermost layer made up of calcium and magnesium pectate, deposited at the time of
cytokinesis.
 It is a thin amorphous layer which cements two adjacent cells.
35. Whate are Cristae?

 The infoldings of the inner membrane of mitochondria is called Cristae.
36. Explain the structure of Nucleus with diagram.
 Nucleus is an important unit of cell. which controls all activities of the cell.
Shape
 It may be spherical, cuboidal, ellipsoidal or discoidal.
Structure
 It has a double membrane the outer membrane and the inner membrane.
 The inner membrane is smooth without ribosomes.
 The outer membrane is rough by the presence of ribosomes and infrequent intervals with the
endoplasmic reticulum.
 The membrane is perforated by pores known as nuclear pores which allows materials such as
mRNA, ribosomal units, proteins and other macromolecules to pass in and out of the nucleus
 Nuclear space is filled with nucleoplasm; a gelatinous matrix has uncondensed chromatin
network and a conspicuous nucleolius.
 It has little amount of RNA and DNA bound to histone proteins in eukaryotic cells.
 During cell division chromatin is condensed into an organized form called chromosome.
Functions
 Controlling all cellular activities.
 Storing the genetic or hereditary information
 DNA duplication and transcription takes place in the nucleus.
 In nucleolus ribosomal biogenesis takes place.
37. Explain the Fluid Mosaic Model.
 Singer and Nicolson proposed fluid mosaic model.
 It is made up of lipids and proteins together with a little amount of carbohydrate.
 The lipid membrane is made up of phospholipid.
 The phospholipid molecule has a hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head.
 The hydrophobic tail repels water and hydrophilic head attracts water.
 The proteins of the membrane are globular proteins which are found intermingled between the
lipid bilayer most of which are projecting beyond the lipid bilayer. These proteins are called as
integral proteins.
 Few are superficially attached on either surface of the lipid bilayer which are called as peripheral
proteins.
 The proteins are involved in transport of molecules across the membranes and also act as
enzymes, receptors (or) antigens.
 The Carbohydrate molecules of cell membrane are short chain polysaccharides. These are either
bound with „glycoproteins‟ or „glycolipids‟ and form a „glyocalyx‟.
 The movement of membrane lipids from one side of the membrane to the other side by vertical
movement is called flip flopping or flip flop movement.
Functions
 Cell signalling
 Transporting nutrients and water.
 Preventing unwanted substances entering into the cell.
38. Draw and label the structure of Chromosomes.
39. List out the functions Lysosomes.

 They digest carbohydrates, proteins and lipids present in cytoplasm.
 During adverse condition they digest their own cell organelles like mitochondria and endoplasmic
reticulum.
 Lysosome causes self destruction of cell.
 Lysosomes have autolytic enzymes that disrupts intracellular molecules.
40. Draw and label the structure of Mitochondria.
Lesson - 7. Cell Cycle
1. The correct sequence in cell cycle is

a) S - M - G1 - G2 b) S - G1 - G2 - M c) G1 - S - G2 - M d) M - G - G2 - S
2. If mitotic division is restricted in G1 phase of the cell cycle then the condition is known as
a) S Phase b) G2 Phase c) M Phase d) G0 Phase
3. Anaphase promoting complex APC is a protein degradation machinery necessary for proper mitosis of
animal cells. If APC is defective in human cell, which of the following is expected to occur?
a) Chromosomes will be fragmented b) Chromosomes will not condense
c) Chromosomes will not segregate d) Recombination of chromosomes will occur
4. In S phase of the cell cycle
a) Amount of DNA doubles in each cell b) Amount of DNA remains same in each cell
c) Chromosome number is increased d) Amount of DNA is reduced to half in each cell
5. Centromere is required for
a) transcription b) crossing over
c) Cytoplasmic cleavage d) movement of chromosome towards pole
6. Synapsis occur between
a) mRNA and ribosomes b) spindle fibres and centromeres
c) two homologous chromosomes d) a male and a female gamete
7. In meiosis crossing over is initiated at
a) Diplotene b) Pachytene c) Leptotene d) Zygotene
8. Colchicine prevents the mitosis of the cells at which of the following stage
a) Anaphase b) Metaphase c) Prophase d) interphase
9. The paring of homologous chromosomes on meiosis is known as
a) Bivalent b) Synapsis c) Disjunction d) Synergids
1. Write any three significance of mitosis.

 Daughter cells are genetically identical to parent cells
 Growth – as multicellular organisms grow, the number of cells making up their tissue increases.
 The new cells must be identical to the existing ones.
 Damaged cells must be replaced by identical new cells by mitosis.
2. Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis Meiosis
One division Two divisions
Number of chromosomes remains the same. Number of chromosomes is halved.
Homologous chromosome does not pair up. Homologous chromosome pair up to form
bivalent.
Chiasmata do not form and crossing over never Chiasmata form and crossing over occurs.
occurs.
Two daughter cells are formed. Four daughter cells are formed.
Daughter cells are genetically identical. Daughter cells are genetically different from the
parent cells.
3. Given an account of G0 phase.
 Some cells exit G1 and enters a quiescent stage called G0.
 The cell remains metabolically active without proliferation.
 In G0, cells cease growth with reduced rate of RNA and protein synthesis.
 The G0 phase is not permanent.
 Mature neuron and skeletal muscle cell remain permanently in G0.
 G0 cells are not dormant.
4. Differentiate cytokinesis in plant cells and animal cells.
S.NO Cytokinesis in plant cells Cytokinesis in animal cells.
1. Division of cytoplasam often starts The contractile mechanism located inside the
during telophase. plasmamembrane.
2. Cell plate grows from centre towards The ring consists of a bundle of microfilaments
lateral walls. assembled from actin and myosin.
5. Write about Pachytene and Diplotene of Prophase.

Pachytene
 At this stage bivalent chromosomes are clearly visible as tetrads.
 Bivalent of meiosis I consists of 4 chromatids and 2 centromeres.
 Synapsis is completed and recombination nodules appear at a site where crossing over takes place
between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosome.
 Recombination of homologous chromosomes is completed by the end of the stage but the
chromosomes are linked at the sites of crossing over.
 This is mediated by the enzyme recombinase.
Diplotene
 Synaptonemal complex disassembled and dissolves.
 The homologous chromosomes remain attached at one or more points where crossing over has
taken place.
 These points of attachment where „X‟ shaped structures occur at the sites of crossing over is
called Chiasmata.
 This substage may last for days or years depending on the sex and organism.
6. Define: Cell cycle.

 A series of events leading to the formation of new cell is known as cell cycle.
7. What is mitogen?
 The factors which promote cell cycle proliferation is called mitogen.
 Ex : Gibberellin, Ethylene, IAA.
8. What are the factors that prevent cell division at G1 - Phase?
 Nutrient deprivation.
 Lack of growth factors or density dependent inhibition.
 Cells undergo metabolic changes and enter into G0 state.
9. What are the changes in the S phase?
 Growth of the cell continues as replication of DNA.
 Histones are synthesised and attach to the DNA.
 The centrioles duplicate in the cytoplasm.
 DNA content increases from 2C to 4C
10. What is synapsis?
 During Zygotene substage of meiotic prophase – I.
 Pairing of homologous chromosomes takes place and it is known as synapsis.
11. List the Duration of the human Cell Cycle.
Phase Time duration ( in hrs)
G1 11
S 8
G2 4
M 1
12. What is Cressing Over?
 At pachytene stage of Meiotic Prophase – 1.
 The exchange of chromatids occurs between homologous chromosomes of non - sister
chromatids.
13. Draw the diagram of Cell cycle.
14. Explain the Meiosis II – Reduction Division.

 This division is otherwise called mitotic meiosis.
Prophase II
 The chromosome with 2 chromatids becomes short, condensed, thick and becomes visible.
 Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear.
 New spindle develops at right angles to the cell axis.
Metaphase II
 Chromosome arranged at the equatorial plane of the spindle.
 Microtubules of spindle gets attached to the centromere of sister chromatids
Anaphase II
 Sister chromatids separate.
 The daughter chromosomes move to the opposite poles due to shortening of spindle fibres.
Telophase II
 Four groups of chromosomes are organised into four haploid nuclei.
 The spindle disappears.
 Nuclear envelope, nucleolus reappear.
Cytokinesis
 After karyokinesis, cytokinesis follows and four haploid daughter cells are formed, called tetrad.
15. Bring out the significance of Meiosis.
 This maintains a definite constant number of chromosomes in organisms.
 Crossing over takes place and exchange of genetic material leads to variations among species.
 These variations are the raw materials to evolution.
 Meiosis leads to genetic variability.
 Adaptation of organisms to various environmental stresses.
16. What are Chiasmata?
 The homologous chromosomes remain attached at one or more points where crossing over has
taken place.
 These points of attachment where „X‟ shaped structures occur at the sites of crossing over.
17. What is Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis?
 Involves division of nucleus is called Karyokinesis.
 Involves division of cytoplasm is called Cytokinesis.
18. What is called Endomitosis?
 The replication of chromosomes in the absence of nuclear division and cytoplasmic division
resulting in numerous copies within each cell is called endomitosis.
Lesson - 8. Biomolecules.
1. Water is a polar molecule because…..

a) They have uniform charge distribution. b) They have negative charge.
c) The hydrogen have slight negative charge.
d) They have uneven distributions of electrical charge.
2. The β - D Glucose units in cellulose are linked together by
a) N-acetyl side chains. b) N-acetyl D-glucosamine.
c) 1 3 Linkage d) β – (1,4) glycosidic linkage
3. Chitin is a linear polymer of ______ joined together by β – 1,4 glycosidic linkages.
a) β – D – glycose units b) N – acetyl – D Glucosamine units
c) α –1,4 – glucanmaltohydrolase d) D – glycuronic acid
4. The net charge of Zwitter ion is…
a ) Zero b) Positive c) Negative d) 100
5. Watson and Crick model of DNA double helix is _____form.
a) A b) C c) H d) B
1. Define – Enzymes.
 Enzymes are globular proteins that catalyse the many thousands of metabolic reactions taking
place within cells and organism.
2. Differentiate – Nucleoside and Nucleotide.
Nucleoside Nucleotide
It is a combination of base and sugar. It is a combination of nucleoside and phosphoric acid.
Examples Examples
Adenosine = Adenine + Ribose Adenylic acid = Adenosine + Phosphoric acid
Guanosine = Guanine + Ribose Guanylic acid = Guanosine + Phosphoric acid
Cytidine = Cytosine + Ribose Cytidylic acid = Cytidine + Phosphoric aci
Deoxythymidine = Thymine + Deoxyribose Uridylic acid = Uridine + Phosphoric acid
3. Write the properties of Water.

 Adhesion and cohesion property
 High latent heat of vapourisation.
 High melting and boiling point.
 Universal solvent.
 Specific heat capacity.
4. Explain the structure of DNA.
 As proposed by Watson and Crick, DNA consists of double helix structure.
 2 helical polynucleotide chains that are coiled around a common axis.
 The coils are held together by hydrogen bonds which occur between complementary pairs of
nitrogenous bases.
 The sugar is called 2′ deoxyribose.
 It consists of nucleotides such as Adenine, Guanine, cytosine and thiamine.
 Adenine and thiamine base pair has two hydrogen bonds.
 While guanine and cytosine base pairs have three hydrogen bonds.
Erwin Chargaff rule
 Purine pairs with pyrimidine and vice versa.
 Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T) by double bond.
 Guanine (G) always pairs with Cytosine (C) by triple bond.
5. Describe the types of RNA.
Types of RNA
mRNA (messenger RNA)
 Single stranded, carries a copy of instructions for assembling aminoacids into proteins.
 It is very unstable and comprises 5% of total RNA polymer.
 Prokaryotic mRNA carry coding sequences for many polypeptides.
 Eukaryotic mRNA (Mono-cistronic) contains information for only one polypeptide.
tRNA (transfer RNA)
 Translates the code from mRNA and transfers aminoacids to the ribosome to build proteins.
 It is highly folded into an elaborate 3D structure and comprises about 15% of total RNA.
 It is also called as soluble RNA.
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
 Single stranded, metabolically stable, makeup the two subunits of ribosomes.
 It constitutes 80% of the total RNA.
 It is a polymer with varied length from 120–3000 nucleotides and gives ribosomes their shape.
 Genes for rRNA are highly conserved and employed for phylogenetic studies.
6. Describe the Properties of Enzyme.

 All are globular proteins.
 They act as catalysts and effective even in small quantity.
 They remain unchanged at the end of the reaction.
 They are highly specific.
 They have an active site where the reaction takes place.
7. What is holoenzyme?
 Active enzyme with its non protein component is called holoenzyme.
8. What is Apoenzyme?
 The inactive enzyme without its non protein component.
9. What is meant by Protein Denaturation?
 Denaturation is the loss of 3D structure of protein.
 Exposure to heat causes atoms to vibrate violently, and this disrupts the hydrogen and ionic
bonds.
10. Explain Lock and Key Mechanism of Enzyme.
 In a enzyme catalysed reaction, the starting is the substrate.
 It is converted to the product.
 The substrate binds to the specially formed pocket in the enzyme. the active site, this is called
lock and key mechanism of enzyme action.
 As the enzyme and substrate form a ES complex, the substrate is raised in energy to a transition
state and then breaks down into products plus unchanged enzyme.
11. Describe the Structure of Protein.
 According to the mode of folding, four levels of protein organisation have been recognised
namely
 Primary protein
 Secondary protein
 Tertiary protein
 Quaternary protein
Primary protein
 It is a linear arrangement of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
Secondary protein
 Secondary structure arises when various functional groups are exposed on outer surface of the
molecular interaction by forming hydrogen bonds.
 This causes the aminoacid chain to twist into coiled configuration called α-helix or to fold into a
flat β-pleated sheets.
Tertiary protein
 The secondary level proteins fold into globular structure called domains.
Quaternary protein
 Quaternary protein structure may be assumed by some complex proteins in which more than one
polypeptide forms.
 The individual polypeptide chains of the protein are called subunits and the active protein itself is
called a multimer.
12. What are the factors affecting the rate of enzyme reaction?
 Temperature
 pH
 Substrate Concentration
 Enzyme Concentration
 Michaelis-Menton Constant
 Inhibitors of Enzyme.
13. What is monosaccharide?
 Monosaccharides are relatively small molecules constituting single sugar unit.
 Ex : Glucose
14. What is disaccharide?
 Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides join together.
 Ex : sucrose.
15. What are the types of Protein Bonding?
 Hydrogen Bond
 Ionic Bond
 Disulfide Bond
 Hydrophobic Bond.
16. What is Nucleoside?
 Nitrogen + sugar = Nucleoside
17. What is Nucleotide?
 Nucleoside + Phosphoric acid = Nucleotide
18. Write is coenzymes?
 Coenzymes are organic compounds which act as cofactors but do not remain attached to the
enzyme.
19. Tabulate between nucleoside and nucleotide.
DNA RNA
It consists of deoxyribose sugar. It consists of ribose sugar.
It consists of Adenine, Guanine, cytosine and It consists of Adenine, Guanine, cytosine and
thiamine. uracil.
It is double stranded. It is single stranded.
20. Briefly outline the classification of enzymes.
Enzymes Modeofaction General scheme of reaction Example
Oxidoreductase Oxidation and reduction Ared + Box → Aox + Bred Dehydrogenase
Transferase Transfer a group of atoms A-B+C→A+C-B Transaminase,

from one molecule to another. Phospho transferase.
Hydrolases Hydrolysis of substrate by A - B + H2O → A - H + B - OH Digestive enzyme

addition of water molecule
Isomerase Control the conversion of one A - B - C → A - C - B Isomerase
isomer to another by transfer
ring a group of atoms from
one molecule to another.
Lyase Break chemical bond without A-B→A+B Decarboxylase

addition of water
Ligase Formation of new chemical A + B + ATP → A - B + ADP + DNA ligase.

bonds using ATP as a source Pi
of energy DNA ligase
21. Write Chargaff's rule.

 A purine pairs with pyrimidine and vice versa .
Chargaff's rule
 A+T:G+C
22. What are the types of RNA?
 mRNA (messenger RNA)
 tRNA (transfer RNA)
 rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
23. What are prosthetic groups?
 Prosthetic groups are organic molecules that assist in catalytic function of an enzyme.
 Ex : Flavin adenine-dinucleotide (FAD).

11 Bio Bot - em 23 - 24

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

11 Bio Bot - em 23 - 24

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

11 Bio Bot - em 23 - 24

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BIO - BOTANY

HIGHER SECONDARY – FIRST YEAR

1. Which one of the following statement about virus is correct?

1. Differentiate homoiomerous and heteromerous lichens.

Criteria Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Level of Unicellular Unicellular Unicellular and Tissue / organ Tissue / organ

Cell wall Present Present in some Present (chitin Present absent

6. Write the five kingdom system of classification.

22. List out the general characteristic features of mycoplasma.

Stain with Crystal violet for 30 seconds

Rinse in distilled water for 2 seconds

Grams Iodine for 1 minute

Rinse in distilled water

Wash in 95% ethanol or acetone for 10 to 30 seconds

Rinse in distilled water

Safranin for 30–60 seconds

Rinse in distilled water and blot

Observe under microscope

36. Explain conjucation in bacteria.

40. Describe the ultrastructure of Bacterial cell.

1. Which of the plant group has gametophyte as a dominant phase?

1. Differentiate halpontic and diplontic life cycle.

7. List the classes of Algae.

38. Describe the Economic Importance of Gymnosperms.

39. What are the two types of woods in Gymnosperms?

1. Which of the following is polycarpic plant?

1. Draw and label the parts of regions of root.

2. Write the similarities and differences between

3. How root climbers differ from stem climbers?

4. Compare sympodial branching with monopodial branching.

5. Differentiate pinnate unicostate with palmate multicostate venation.

6. Mention the primary functions of root.

1. Vexillary aestivation is characteristic of the family

5. Explain the different types of fleshy fruit with suitable example.

1. Phylogenetic classification is the most favoured classification because it reflects

1. What is the role of national gardens in conserving biodiversity – discuss.

9. Androecium Stamens 5, epipetalous dithecous Stamens 6 in 2 whorls of 3 each

36. Draw the floral diagram of Datura metel.

1. The two subunits of ribosomes remain united at critical ion level of

1. State the protoplasm theory.

5. Bring out the significance of Transmission Electron Microscope.

13. What is Telomere?

29. What are polysomes or polyribosomes?

32. Write short notes on lampbrush chromosomes.

33. With a suitable diagram explain the Structure of on chromosome.

35. Whate are Cristae?

39. List out the functions Lysosomes.

1. The correct sequence in cell cycle is

1. Write any three significance of mitosis.

5. Write about Pachytene and Diplotene of Prophase.

6. Define: Cell cycle.

14. Explain the Meiosis II – Reduction Division.

1. Water is a polar molecule because…..

3. Write the properties of Water.

6. Describe the Properties of Enzyme.

Transferase Transfer a group of atoms A-B+C→A+C-B Transaminase,

Hydrolases Hydrolysis of substrate by A - B + H2O → A - H + B - OH Digestive enzyme