Montessori British School

Fourth Quarter Final Exam

World History
Eighth grade

Name: __________________________________________________________________
Group: ____________________________________ Date: ________________________

Achievement 1. Understands the origin and effects that nationalism had on human
communities and political revolutions in the past to address its relevance in present-
day issues and debates.

1. Define the following concept: ETHNICITY(4 POINTS)

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Answers may vary. Students may point out to the vagueness of the concept. Ethnicity
can be defined as the belonging of an individual to a group that shares a common
cultural heritage, palpable in the likes of language, religion, traditions, etc. They can
point out how ethnicity can become a conflicting concept towards nationalism.

2. Read the following text and answer the proposed questions:

The Birth of Nationalism in the 18th Century

FROM THE LECTURE SERIES: THE GREAT REVOLUTIONS OF MODERN HISTORY
January 22, 2022 History

Over the last three centuries, nationalism has proven to be an evolving concept of
identity and political ideology. Nationalism is revolutionary because its transformative
power endures. Conceived in political upheaval and transformation, it was nourished
by the Napoleonic Wars, the Industrial Revolution, and the cultural movement in arts
and literature known as romanticism.

Nationalism, a Double-edged Sword

Nationalism can be exercised positively and inclusively. It was nationalism that
enabled independence movements around the world. It created new nation-states and
remapped the world. It inspired the British to stay calm and carry on while London
sustained continued bombing attacks during World War II.

Yet nationalism can slide into xenophobia and aggression. Nationalism led to the
colonization of vast expanses of territory around the world and to wars of conquest.
And it was nationalism that fueled the genocidal instincts of Adolf Hitler and the
devastation of the Second World War.
Nationalism—its power and its potential for good or ill— rests with the intentions of
those who claim it. And it remains a palpable force today. It continues to provide hope
and solace for disaffected populations today, in an age when digitalization and
globalization have created general anxiety for countless people, especially in the
working classes. For good and ill, nationalism offers salve to disaffected populations
with wistful longings for a bygone age.

The British historian Paul Lawrence has said, “The twin phenomena of nations and
nationalism have shaped the world we know today and yet they have consistently
confounded attempts at systematic analysis.” The development of nationalism was so
revolutionary—and so pivotal in subsequent political and revolutionary developments
—that it must be addressed.

The French People and Concept of Nation

Louis XIV, the king of France, died in the year 1715. He had ruled France for seven
decades and built and presided over one of the strongest and most centralized states
in the world. Everyone noted the death of the king as an epic event, and most of the
French people mourned his loss.

But did all Frenchmen and French women recognize that they were together in this
grief? Did an 18th-century baker in Toulouse identify that he and a flower seller in
Paris were united in a collective mourning? No. Louis XIV’s subjects understood their
grief in relation to the king, but not—beyond immediate locations and close personal
contacts— in relation to each other.

Louis XIV had ruled according to the notion that L’état c’est moi—“I am the state.” In
turn, his people had no conception that they constituted a nation. Instead, French
commoners defined themselves as members of their respective families, as
practitioners of a certain trade or craft, as inhabitants of a certain town or village, as
devout Catholics, or perhaps as secret believers of some other religious creed. But
not as members of a nation.

Same News, Same Nation

As the 18th century progressed, literacy became more widespread, and more
newspapers and journals were published than at any previous time in history. The
historian Benedict Anderson points out that people who read the same newspapers
began to relate to one another in profoundly new ways.

No longer was proximity a prerequisite for community. All literate people who spoke
or read a common language participated in a communications network that linked
them with a much larger population than they would probably ever meet.

Much of the news that the French read throughout the 18th century told of war and
conflict for territory and glory. Fought overwhelmingly on behalf of dynastic claims,
such clashes conditioned the public to adversarial positions vis-à-vis their
monarchical states. The effect was to generate growing self-awareness in the
emerging public sphere.
The Birth of Nationalism
The concept of the nation also came to feature prominently in critiques of France’s
Bourbon monarchy. More and more, social critics decried royal authority in the name
of the nation and people’s rights.

This reached a crescendo in 1789 when the French legislative assembly, known as the
Estates General, rejected the limiting parameters given to them by the French king.
Instead, they declared themselves to be a ‘national assembly’.

The concept of nation was further codified in decrees the legislative body issued in
August 1789 to end the social system of feudalism, which had subjected an
underclass of peasantry to the hierarchical control of the nobility and crown. Now, the
deputies declared, the source of all sovereignty rested in the nation.
Source: Hartnett, L.A. (2022) The Birth of Nationalism in the Eighteenth century, Wondrium Daily.
Available at: https://www.wondriumdaily.com/the-birth-of-nationalism-in-the-18th-century/(Accessed:
April 24, 2023).

1. Why is nationalism ‘revolutionary’? (4 points)

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Answers may vary. Students can mention that it has its origin in the Age of
Revolutions, that it proposes ideas that were new in terms of political representation,
the long-lasting effect of this ideology, the identity it brings to the individual, etc.

2. How have nations and nationalism shaped the world we live in today? (4
points)
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Answers may vary. Students may mention we live in a world of nations and the
national identities have grown really strong through the last few centuries.

3. What historical events allowed the birth of modern nationalism? (4 points)

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Answers may vary. Students can mention events like the French Revolution, the
impact of the Napoleonic wars, the birth of the concept of nation, etc.

3. Complete the following chart: (8 points)

 NATIONALISM

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

NATIONALISM

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

● Defense against external enemies ● Ethnic nationalism

● Sense of belonging ● Vagueness of the concept
● Configuration of strong ● Problems of territories and
governments questionable traditions
Students may provide other answers as Students may provide other answers as
well. well.

4. Develop a brief essay (no less than 5 complete sentences, with proper
grammar and spelling) regarding the following image and its connection to the
topic of nationalism. (10 points)

Source: Heasley, S. (2019) Supporters wave U.S. flags as they attend the Rally for America event at
Marshall University stadium May 24, 2003 in Huntington, West Virginia, Foreign Policy. Available at:
 https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/06/04/you-cant-defeat-nationalism-so-stop-trying/ (Accessed: April 24,
2023).

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Answers may vary, depending on the understanding of the students. They may
mention ideas like the identification with national symbols, the sense of community
that comes together with belonging to a nation, how USA is seen around the world,
etc.

5. Complete the following chart: (12 points)

SLAVERY: POLITICAL REPRESENTATION OF BLACK SLAVES

JEFFERSON HAMILTON PERSPECTIVE LATINAMERICAN

PERSPECTIVE COUNTRIES

SLAVERY: POLITICAL REPRESENTATION OF BLACK SLAVES

JEFFERSON HAMILTON PERSPECTIVE LATINAMERICAN

PERSPECTIVE COUNTRIES

Uninterested in solving Lack of serious interest in Eventual abolition of the

the problem, views on an
Agrarian society that may
need slave work, an
enslaver himself.
the matter, believed the
issue would solve itself
eventually when the whole
institution of slavery
disappeared because of
industrial advances he
sponsored.
institution, lack of political
representation in charters,
discrimination and implicit
maintenance of the
colonial social order.
Achievement 2. Identifies the origins and effects of the Industrial Revolution to
evaluate how, using historical thinking, this event has impacted the world we live in.

1. Define the concept INDUSTRIALIZATION. (4 points)

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Answers may vary. Industrial revolution is the name given to the process of scientific
and technological development put in motion to produce goods and services in a
faster and more efficient way. It implied new uses of resources, the development of
new technologies and the movement from handicrafts to mass produced goods.

2. Fill the following chart: (8 points)

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

CAUSES KEY DEVELOPMENTS

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

CAUSES (4) KEY DEVELOPMENTS (4)

The invention of the steam engine. Steam engine.

Agricultural revolution.
Discovery of fossil fuels.
Emergence of capitalism.
Imperialism.
Students may provide other answers as
well.
Industrial model of production
The locomotive
The electric generator
Students may provide other answers as
well.

3. Analyze the following image: (4 points)

 Source: Vernatti, M. (no date) Industrial Revolution Memes, The Industrial Revolution. Sutori. Available
at: https://www.sutori.com/es/historia/the-industrial-revolution--tvBijFHWAS9RUYXM4bAr7orZ
(Accessed: April 24, 2023).

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Answers may vary. Students may mention all the technological advances and
commodities we enjoy today are products of the industrial revolution and the
industrial system of production. This includes communication, entertainment, etc.

4. Read the following text and answer the questions:

Understanding the Unintended Consequences of the Industrial Revolution

BY KYRAN WILLIAMS-ROBERTS | August 2, 2021

The Industrial Revolution, a period best known for mass advances in technological
development, not only changed the course of human history, but the history of our
planet itself. The technological advances created throughout this period greatly
improved the quality of life of many. Further, the different inventions led to more
efficient production within factories and across industries. These advancements in
factory production led to a higher emphasis on non-agrarian occupations which
eventually began a widespread period of urbanization.

The Industrial Revolution and Rising Pollution

Water pollution was a major concern for industrialized cities as more and more people
moved from rural areas into denser cities. Due to the overpopulation caused in these
cities, water contamination allowed cholera to flourish. There was a lack of knowledge
around sanitary practices in these industrial cities which led to sewage and other
waste being mixed into the city’s drinking water. From 1848-1849, around 15,000
people died from cholera in the city of London.
At the start of the Industrial Revolution, coal-fired factories began spewing more and
more soot into the air. Coal was primarily used to power the newly developed steam
engine at the time. Because of industrial cities and their factories, air pollution greatly
increased in these areas, leading to the formation of smog. A famous example of the
impacts of this particulate matter is the led to a change in the physical characteristics
of peppered moths. Soot covered birch trees and surrounding areas in England,
turning them black. This new habitat color no longer provided camouflage to the
peppered moths, and they became easy pickings for birds. This began the rise of the
dark peppered moth – the darkened environment gave darker colored peppered
moths an advantage in terms of hiding themselves from predators.

The Industrial Revolution and Dangerous Labor Conditions

As a result of the increased reliance on and profitability of factory production, factory
owners soon began exploiting their workers during the Industrial Revolution. Harsh
working and living conditions were forced onto the working-class as industrialized
cities became common. During the time, the workplace environment was extremely
dangerous with poor ventilation, exposure to toxic chemicals, unstable machinery,
and more. Many workers, including children, were forced to work between 12-14
hours a day for $6-8 a week, and if the workers did not comply, they often lost their
jobs in the competitive labor force.

In opposition to these terrible conditions, the first recorded labor strike in America
took place in 1768 in New York as a group of tailors protested against a reduction in
their wages. By the end of the Industrial Revolution in the mid-19th century, the first
ever labor unions, the National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor, formed in order
to advocate for the rights and liberties of workers in America. Despite the decline in
union membership over time, labor unions have done much work to advance the
conditions and livelihoods of workers.

Source: Williams-Roberts, K. (2021) Understanding the unintended consequences of the Industrial

Revolution. Population Education. Available at: https://populationeducation.org/understanding-the-
unintended-consequences-of-the-industrial-revolution/ (Accessed: April 24, 2023).

1. What are some of the negative effects of the Industrial Revolution?

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Answers may vary. Students may mention issues like child labour, pollution, city
detriment, poor hygiene, among other economical and social issues.

2. What are some of the positive effects of the Industrial Revolution?

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Answers may vary. Students can mention aspects like technological advances,
improvement in healthcare, automatization of life, increasing positive role of women,
etc.
3. Taking into account your previous answers, do the positive effects
overshadow the negative ones? Explain your answer.
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Answers may vary, regarding the interpretation of the students. They may deffend the
technological and scientific advances brought upon by the Industrial Revolution.
Others may say the consequences, in terms of disease and pollution, for example,
can not be underestimated.

Achievement 3. Global Perspectives: Students develop and justify a line of reasoning

by addressing the problem of Demographic Change, generating connections, and
understanding how population-based change impacts the development of global,
local, and personal issues.

1. Define the following concept: DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE

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Answers may vary. Students may mention that demographic change is the study of
the change in patterns of population of a given geographical area, through time.

2. Complete the following chart: (8 points)

OVERPOPULATION

CAUSES (4) CONSEQUENCES (4)

 OVERPOPULATION

CAUSES (4) CONSEQUENCES (4)

Improvement in healthcare Poverty

High birth rates Expansion in urbanisation
Lack of education or access to Issues in the distribution of resources
contraception Problems regarding the occupation of
Industrialization processes territories

Students may provide other answers as Students may provide other answers as
well. well.

3. Explain the concept of DEATH RATE and how it can be used to understand
demographic changes in a population. (4 points)
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Answers may vary. Students can define death rate as the number of humans that die
by each 1000 inhabitants, during a certain period of time. It is related to demographic
changes since a high death rate implies problems in the size of population, while a
low death rate may indicate problems of overpopulation and ageing population.

4. Analyze the following population pyramid, taking into account the concepts of
birth rate, death rate, life expectancy and age of population (8 points)
Source: Population pyramids of the world from 1950 to 2100 (no date) PopulationPyramid.net. Available
at: https://www.populationpyramid.net/japan/2023/ (Accessed: April 24, 2023).

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Answers may vary. Students must mention the country has a low birth rate, a high life
expectancy and not a lot of people in the reproductive age. Therefore, the population
is slowly ageing without chances of a demographic relay.
5. Propose a CREATIVE yet VIABLE solution to the problem of overpopulation.
Explain your course of action by stating the necessary resources needed, the step-by-
step actions to encourage and the expected results.
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Answers may vary. Possible solutions may include education, charity campaigns, the
use of technology, the redistribution of population, migration, among others.
Resources may include money, people, media, etc. Expected results include the
decrease of population, the creation of new social divisions of work, etc.

6. Create a mind-map, with the concept UNDERPOPULATION in the centre, in which

you explain what other global issues are tied to it. Mention at least five of such issues.
(5 points)

Answers may vary. Students can mention problems with lack of workers, migration,
global policies of reproduction, education, distribution of wealth, etc.