1.

Knowledge about LNG Industry

What is LNG Liquefied Natural Gas – (predominantly methane, CH4) that
has been converted temporarily to liquid form for ease of
storage or transport

Sour Gas / Sweet Gas Sour gas is natural gas or any other gas containing
significant amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). / Compounds
that are without Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) are called sweet
gases (Nitrogen)

Entering to gas plant – Any item that may cause or contribute to cause fire or
prohibited items explosion in an operating plant shall not be allowed. Items
such as cigarette lighters, non-intrinsically safe equipment,
torches, mobile phones, and other battery operated tools
etc which has a potential to produce spark …even items
which may cause static charges ( such as acrylics, or
dresses made of such materials )

Experience in LNG Work experience, (LNG projects, Shut downs…)

industry
2.H2S Safety
What is H2S H2S has many names such as Hydrogen Sulphide,
Sulfuretted (or sulfureted) hydrogen; sulfurated hydrogen;
sulfane; sulfur hydride; dihydrogen monosulfide;
hydrosulfuric acid; sewer gas; stink damp; rotten egg gas.
It is a colorless, very poisonous, flammable gas with the
characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs. This gas is slightly
heavier than air and when it leaks, it moves into low lying
areas such as excavations, pits, drains etc… A mixture of
H2S and air is explosive; H2S burns with a blue flame and
forms sulfur dioxide (SO2) which is also a toxic gas.
How does it smell Smells like rotten eggs when in low concentration but when
the H2S gas is in high concentration, it has ability to kill the
sense of smell of human beings even breathed for longer
periods at low concentrations. It kills your sense of smell.
Properties of H2S  Highly toxic
 Smells like rotten eggs when in low concentration but
when in high concentration, it has ability to kill the
sense of smell of human beings.
 Colorless, you can not see it
 Highly flammable,
 A mixture of air and H2S is explosive.
 Slightly heavier than air, settles in low lying areas
 Soluble in water, it mixes in water.
Permissible exposure limit In Oil and Gas industry, it is not allowed to work in the
presence of H2S gas, engineering controls shall be applied
to remove and make the area gas free before starting the
work. If hazard persists, than BA shall be used along with
other controls. However, industry has set the following
 limits:
 Long term exposure limit (LTEL) is at 10 ppm for 8
hours a day 5 days a week. If a person works 8 hours a
day 5 days a week in 10 ppm of H2S, he shall not have
serious affects.
 Short term exposure limit (STEL) is at 15 ppm.
A person can only work for 1 hour if the gas
concentration is 15 ppm.
PPM stands for parts per million.
Is H2S Flammable / toxic Both, H2S is extremely toxic gas; it can kill people
immediately if exposed to high concentration of this gas.
H2S gas is highly flammable and toxic.
How would you protect Following precautions shall be taken to work in areas where
yourself from H2S H2S can be present:
 Tolerate to enter in areas where H2S concentration is
detected and is at or exceeding STEL (15ppm and
above)
 You should have H2S training
 Get a permit
 Perform gas test and ensure that H2S or any other
hazardous gas is not present in your work area.
 Confined spaces shall be properly ventilated before
entry, ventilation shall continue until the space is
cleared by persons.
 If entering a confined space, spading and de-spading,
you shall use breathing apparatus if identified and
specified in the permit and TRA for the job.
 Know the location of your muster point and be aware of
the wind direction.
 Never depend upon your nose to detect H2S.
 Always keep hand held gas detector in confined
spaces, and in most H2S potential areas
3. Hot Bolting
What is hot bolting Loosening of nuts placed on the equipment and tightening
them again after cleaning and greasing.
Why it is necessary to hot If the bolts are not loosened when the equipment is still hot,
bolt the equipment when the bolts will not open when the equipment cools down after
the plant is still running shut down.
What is hot bolting  Using proper sequence as detailed below
procedure
- Carefully and safely loosen one nut on first bolt
using hammers and hammer wrenches,
- Use impact wrench to complete removal of nuts,
then remove bolt for cleaning
- Inspect bolt and nut and replace if required
- Clean the removed bolt by cleaning agents and
grease the threads.
- Reinstall bolt and tighten it fully

 Carefully and safely repeat step #1on a diagonally

 opposite bolt until all old bolts/nuts are reinstalled /
tightened after cleaning.
 Not more than 1 bolt shall be de-tensioned at any time.
 Once all bolts and nuts are reinstalled , conduct a final
tightening following same number sequence

What are the safety  Minimum PPE include hard hat with chin strap,
requirements for hot safety glasses, coverall with long sleeves, steel toed
bolting job safety shoes, rubber gloves, Gas mask, personal gas
monitoring system and ear plugs (other PPE to be worn
as per job requirement).
 A valid work permit for the job to be carried out shall
be obtained.
 Conduct risk assessment and toolbox talk on the
specific job to be carried out.
 Escape plan in case of emergency alarm at the
plant should be available at the work location, indicating
the escape route, emergency assembly point,
emergency call out numbers etc.
 All incidents & accidents shall be reported to
Operations immediately.
 Return permit at the end of shift / on completion of
the work.
 Ensure proper housekeeping at all times and avoid
any tripping hazards.
 All scaffolding should be inspected by Scaffolding
Supervisor and he shall put Green Tag on it when found
satisfactory.
 No scaffolding should be used that doesn’t bear a
Green Tag signed by Scaffolding Supervisor.

4.Confined Space
What is a confined space? A confined space is any enclosed or partially enclosed
Examples of confined space
space  that has limited or restricted means of entry or exit;
 is large enough for a person to enter to perform tasks;
 and is not designed or configured for continuous
human occupancy;

A utility tunnel, the inside of a boiler (only accessible when

the boiler is off), the inside of a fluid storage tank, a septic
tank that has contained sewage, and a small underground
electrical vault are all examples of confined spaces.

Confined spaces that present special hazards to workers,

including risks of toxic or asphyxiating gas accumulation,
fires, falls, flooding, and entrapment may be classified as
permit-required confined spaces depending on the nature
and severity of the hazard.
What are the hazards in a According to the Occupational Safety and Health
confined space Administration (OSHA), a permit-required confined space
(permit space) has the three characteristics listed above
(which define a confined space) and one or more of the
following:

 Contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous

atmosphere (toxic, flammable, explosive, asphyxia)
 Contains a material that has the potential for
engulfing the entrant
 Has an internal configuration that might cause an
entrant to be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly
converging walls or by a floor that slopes downward
and tapers to a smaller cross section
 Contains any other recognized serious safety or
health hazards.
 Over crowded ( More workers will consume O2 and
then causing asphyxia, so don’t over crowd the
confine spaces

In addition to the hazards posed by the design of the space,

work activities can also pose serious safety hazards (heat,
noise, vapors, etc.) that must be taken into account when
identifying safety measures that must be taken.

What are the safety Following are the safety measures that shall be taken
measures before entering any permit required confined space:

 Preparation and approval of method statement and

TRA
 Apply permit and get approval
 Isolate the space (mechanical and electrical)
 Depressurize, purge with inert gas or steam
 Open the space and ventilate it through mechanical
means (air blowers and / or exhaust ventilators)
 Perform gas test and ensure space is free of all
kinds of gases. Oxygen level shall be 20% to 22%
 TBT before entry
 Never take welding gas cylinders in a confine
spaces
 Assign a trained hole watcher at the entry
 Sign the entry log while entering and exiting the
space
 Hole watcher should keep a communication /
contact with the workers in a confined space from
time to time
 Follow work rest rotation

 In any emergency should immediately inform rescue

 team for help.
Pyrophoric material
Pyrophoric substance will ignite spontaneously in air.
Examples are iron sulfide and many reactive metals
including uranium, Potassium, Sodium,
Minimum level of oxygen
required to enter a 19.5% is the minimum level required to enter a confined
confined space space. If oxygen is below 19.5% that entry shall not be
made. 23% is the maximum oxygen level for entry, oxygen
above 23% is dangerous for entry.

4.Spading and De-spading

Term spading and de-spading is used for mechanical
What is spading and de- isolation of pipes / lines containing pressurized fluids and
spading gases. To stop the flow of pressurized fluid or gas, a
mechanical tool is used called spade. A rated plate (spade)
is inserted in the flange to close the line, this process is
called spading.

Removing the spade is called de-spading.

Spades are always inserted down stream of an isolation
What are the hazards of valve. First valve is closed; line is depressurized and than
spading and de-spading spade is inserted in the flange. Following are the hazards of
operations spading and de-spading process:

 Line not depressurized

 Up stream valve not closed

 Removal of bolts without closing valve and

depressurization of line. This can cause sudden
release of energy, release of toxic, flammable,
asphyxiant gas, steam or other chemicals that can
cause fatalities, serious injuries, fire and explosion

 Sudden and uncontrolled release of pressure can

cause damage to line / pipe.
Following measures shall be taken for spading and de-
Safety measures for spading process:
spading and de-spading
process 1. Spading and de-spading shall be performed under strict
permit requirements
2. TRA shall be approved based on MS
3. Coordination between execution team and plant
operations to be effective
4. Following shall be confirmed prior to loosening the bolts
for spading and de-spading activities
 Confirmation and verification of battery limit and all
other connecting valve isolation by plant operator
 Confirmation and verification of purging of line / system
 by plant operator
 Confirmation and verification of depressurization of line
/ system by plant operator
 Confirmation and verification of LOTO by plant
operators
 Confirmation and verification from plant operator that it
is safe for operatives to loosen the bolts
 Adequate PPE including SCBA as required by
procedure, permit and TRA
 Area to be cleared of all non-operational personnel as
specified in the TRA, except for those who are on
standby with necessary protection
5. Safe work platforms to be erected for personnel to
reach and work from, competent person to inspect and
verify that platform is safe for use
6. SIMOPS shall be minimized, adequate PPE shall be
used against fall hazard
7. Safety precautions shall be discussed with team
highlighting the hazards by work supervisor / in charge
in TBT.
8. Specific approved TRA to be consulted for such activity.

Audits of the activity to verify procedural conformance,

records to be maintained

5.Welding and Cutting

Open flame is the main hazard in welding and cutting
Hazards involved activities. When welding or cutting in the plant, major risk is
fire and explosion.

Welding operation has several other hazards involved:

 Burns due to fire and hot surfaces

 Serious injuries, fatality due to explosion caused by
the open flame activity

 Ultraviolet rays emitted by arc welding which can

damage eyes


Fires and explosion due to spread of sparks and
spatters
Following are the safety measures for welding and cutting
Safety measures for activities:
welding and cutting
1. All equipment and tools required for welding, cutting and
grinding activities shall be inspected and maintained in
good working order.
2. Only competent persons to be assigned hot / open flame
tasks
3. Hot / open flame tasks shall not be performed with out a

6.Working at height
At what height a person
shall don (wear) safety
harness
PPE to be worn
Hazards of working at
height
7.Lifting Equipment
Why do we need a test
certificate for the lifting
equipment
valid permit
4. Compressed gas cylinders shall be used under strict
precautions as per procedure
5. Each hot / open flame activity shall have following
precautions in place:
 TRA based on MS
 Valid PTW
 Fire blankets to prevent flame, sparks and spatters to
reach adjacent areas and below
 Fire extinguishers as required by permit
 Charged hose if required by permit
 Gas test prior to the start of activity
 Trained fire watch
6. welding helmets fitted with dark welding glass as PPE for
protection against arc flash
2 meters is the height at which safety harness becomes
mandatory for worker. Safety harness shall be worn and
person shall be tied off at all times while working at any
elevation above 2 meters.
Persons working at height shall have the following PPE:
 Hard hat with chin strap
 Gloves
 Safety shoes
 Eye protection based on activity
 Full body harness
Following are the hazards of working at height:
 Death or serious injury due to personal fall from
height
 Injury or property damage due to fall of loose
objects from height
 Property damage
Test certificates are required for all lifting equipment to
ensure that equipment is tested by a qualified person and
he certifies that all components of the equipment are in best
working condition for the type of activity it has to perform.
Who will issue the test
certificate
What is SWL and Color
coding
What control measures
are required during lifting
operation
8.Pneumatic / hydro test
Hazards of Pneumatic /
hydro test
A group or company that is certified and authorized by
government to perform tests on lifting equipment.
SWL stands for Safe Working Load. When a load is lifted by
a crane, following shall be checked for safe lifting:
 Total weight of load including weight of the crane
hook, slings and shackles
 Capacity of the crane
 Radius of the boom
 Angle of the boom
Color coding is part of safety management system. Each
equipment / tool is checked by a qualified person to ensure
that equipment / tool is defect free and in good condition for
use and is color coded for the month / quarter. If
equipment / tool is defective or needs repair than it is fixed /
repaired and again checked and if found satisfactory than it
is color coded.
Following measures shall be ensured before lifting
operation:
 Plan the lift
 Certification of crane, crane operator and riggers
shall be valid
 SWL shall be calculated
 Crane shall be set on hard and even ground
 Maximum area shall be barricaded (normally radius
of the boom / swing area)
 Non operational persons shall be removed from
barricaded area
 Load to be properly slingged and tag line attached
 Signal man shall give signals to operators
Major hazards of Pneumatic / hydro test include:
 Sudden release of pressure
 Explosion

Control Measures for
Pneumatic / hydro test
9.Scaffolding Safety
What is scaffolding
Can scaffolding be
modified my a trained
mechanical technician
How many number of
persons can climb a
ladder at a time
What should be the
minimum height of guard
rail
What is the importance of
a toe board
Is it safe to carry tools and
material in hands while
climbing the ladders
10.Excavation – manual /using jack hammer
 Ejection of metal pieces
 Flooding
 Electrical
For Pneumatic / hydro test, capacity of system shall be
known; system shall not be over pressurized which may
cause explosion. Area around the system being pressure
tested shall be barricaded and all non operational personnel
shall be removed.
For hydro test, disposal of water into the main drain shall be
arranged; all electrical equipment shall be covered or
removed if chances of flooding are there.
Pneumatic / hydro test shall be closely monitored from start
till end. Pressure shall only be released from pressure
release valves provided prior to the test.
A temporary structure erected for access and to perform
work at height by using couplers, tubes and boards.
No, it shall only be modified by a qualified scaffolders
One person at a time
There are two guard rails provided on platforms. Guard rails
are provided to prevent people from falling over.
 Top rail which shall be 42” from the floor of the
platform
 Mid rail which shall be 20” from the platform floor
A toe board is placed around the floor of the platform, it
prevents objects from falling over and also prevents people
from falling if they slip, toe board will stop the foot.
No, it is not allowed to carry tools and equipment in hands
while climbing any type of ladder
 Excavations can have following hazards:
Main hazards / dangers of
excavation  Damage to underground utilities such as pipes,
cables, structure / building foundations and sewer
system etc…
 Excavation walls can collapse if not slopped, shored
or benched properly.

 If excavations are not protected properly, personnel,

vehicles and machines can fall in the excavations.

 Can flood in case of rains or other failures

 Can become dangerous due to accumulation of

hazardous gases
1. Following precautions are to be ensured before
Safety measures excavating for any reason:
 Method statement for all types of excavations
 Relevant drawings
 Task Risk Assessment
 Permit to work for excavation signed by all relevant
persons
 Detection of underground existing utilities
2. All excavations shall be performed under direct
supervision of a competent person
3. Excavations shall be hard barricaded to prevent
personnel, equipment and vehicles coming close to the
edge of the excavation
4. Warning signs shall be posted to warn approaching
person, equipment and vehicles
5. All excavations shall be made safe by providing sloping,
benching or shoring based on the assessment and type
of soil
6. Excavations deeper than 1.5 meters shall be considered
as permit required confined spaces based on the
location.
7. Soil removed from excavation shall be placed at least 1.5
meters clear of edges
8. Machines used for civil works shall be operated by a
competent operator and its movements shall be
controlled by a trained Banks man
9. All existing structures around excavation shall be
secured to avoid its collapse if foundations are weakened
by excavation
Jack hammers are excellent tools for excavations in
Jack hammer safety congested areas and specially to uncover under ground
checks utilities. Following precautions shall be ensured when a jack
hammer is used:

 Jack hammer shall be inspected before use

  Hose connection shall be secured properly

 At each hose connection a whip lash arrestor shall

be provided

 Compressors used to provide power shall be

located at an easily accessible location.

 Hose shall be in good condition

 Couplers used to connect hoses shall be standard,

preferably Chicago type.

 Ear protection shall be worn by the operative as

sound will be high

 Eye protection shall be worn

 Feet shall not be placed in a way that chisel may hit

the toe if the hammer slips
All connections at hoses and with jack hammer shall be
Whip lash / locking pins equipped with whip arrestors; couplers used for connecting
the hose shall have locking pins in place to prevent
accidental release.
11.Radiography
Can other works be done No, due to the dangers associated with radiations, no other
at the place of work shall be performed in the area where radiography is
radiography activity being performed
Precautions at site Radiography is a very dangerous activity therefore
maximum precautions shall be taken to prevent injuries due
to radiations. Following precautions shall be ensured:
1. Only qualified and competent workers to perform
radiography
2. All radiographic works shall be performed under valid
permit to work
3. Equipment used shall be well maintained and in good
working condition
4. Radiographers shall be equipped with film badges and
colimeters
5. Radiography works shall be performed only during
hours when there are least number of workers on site
such as night, lunch and dinner breaks
6. Following precautions shall be taken for any
radiography activity:
 Time and area where radiography has to be performed
shall be communicated to all affected personnel
 Area shall be cordoned off using black and yellow
barricade tapes
 Signs shall be posted at conspicuous locations
  Blinker lights shall be used to warn people
 Affected personnel shall be removed from the area
 Radiography staff shall ensure that area is clear before
exposing the source for shoot
HSE Department shall ensure that adequate HSE
supervision is provided for radiography activity
What is the color of
radiography sign

Yellow back ground with orange

pictogram
12. SCBA / Trolley set
Why do we need BA – BA is shot of Breathing Apparatus
SCBA – Trolley set SCBA is short of Self Contained Breathing Apparatus
Trolley set contains two air cylinders that supply air to a
mask worn by worker.
We need BA – SCBA – and trolley sets to receive air from
cylinders in an atmosphere where work can not be
performed due to the presence of toxic gases or low
oxygen.
A face seal best suits a 100% fit seal can be achieved on faces without beard.
person having beard or Scars and facial hair can affect seal fitting on face.
without beard
A trolley set can be used Trolley sets can not be used for escape but can be used to
for emergency escape leave the work area
13. Electrical tools / equipment / diesel driven equipment
What are power tools Any tool that is operated by some kind of power
(pneumatic, electrical) is called power tool
What is the recommended 110 volts is the recommended current rating for power tools
current rating of power
tools used in oil / gas field
What precautions you Permit
should take before Electrical isolation
working on an electrical Lock and tag
panel Insulated tools
Permit required PPE
Only competent electrical person to perform the job
14. Accident / near miss
What is a near miss / Near Miss:
unsafe act / condition Any incident that could have caused an injury, damage to
property or production loss is the circumstances were
slightly different
Unsafe Act:
An action of a person that can lead to an injury, damage to
property or production loss
Unsafe condition
 A condition that may lead to an injury, damage to property
or production loss

Why is near miss It is important because the causes of near miss must be
reporting important removed to prevent the same or similar incident that may
cause a serious injury
What to do if you or your Immediately report to supervisor, call paramedic if injured
colleague is involved in an person can not be moved. If the injury is serious than
injury immediately call ambulance.
If you are trained first aider than provide first aid such as
stopping bleeding etc…
15. Workplace Talks / Task briefings
What is workplace talk Supervisors discuss the hazards and their control measures
(WPT) / task briefings in the discussion their workers before the start of the task,
this discussion is called workplace talk / task briefing.
TRA is explained to workers so that they can understand
the hazards and the control measures.
What is the aim behind Aim of workplace talk is to inform workers of hazards
carrying out the workplace related to the task and other hazards that may affect them,
talk at site control measures are informed to workers for safe
execution of task.
Name some WPT topics  Working at height safety
 Hazardous atmosphere
 H2S
 Evacuation procedure
 Power tools safety
 Safe use of hand tools
 Confined space safety
 Permit to work requirements
 Lifting operation
 Heat stress prevention
 Working with chemicals
 High pressure
 Hot work precautions
 Housekeeping
 Material stacking
Who will carryout the Task supervisor shall carryout the WPT assisted by HSE
WPT personnel
16. Task Risk Assessment - TRA
What is risk / hazard Risk:
Risk is defined as the product of the probability of a hazard
resulting in an adverse event, times the severity of the
event. Risk = Likelihood of Occurrence x severity if incident
occurred.
Hazard:
Anything that has potential to cause harm is called hazard,
if there is no hazard, there is no risk. Therefore, risk is the
product of hazard.
Why do we need risk Risk assessments are conducted to identify hazards and
assessment calculate the probability and severity. Example, if we have
to work on electric panel, we would need a risk assessment
to ensure that all hazards are known based on the activity,
risks are evaluated and control measures are implemented.
Electricity is a hazard
Electric shock, burn or fire is the risk.
If we switch off the electrical supply to the panel than there
will be no hazard, therefore there will be no risk.
If we can not switch off the electric supply than we have to
calculate
Risk = Likelihood x Severity
If likelihood and severity are high than we may have to
change procedure, call an expert, use special tools and
PPE etc…
17. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
What is PPE / minimum PPE is equipment used by personnel for their protection
required PPE against possible hazards that can not be controlled through
other controls (engineering, procedural, administrative
etc...)
PPE provides the last line of defense against the hazards.
Minimum PPE required on plant is:
 Hard hat
 Safety boots
 Eye protection
 Gloves
 Ear protection
What additional PPE is Welders would require the following PPE other than
required for welders whilst minimum required:
doing welding job  Welding glass (numbered)
 Mask for protection against welding fumes)
 Harness if work is at height
 Welding grade shirt (full sleeves) and trouser.
 High ankle welding boots
 Welding gloves – not ordinary
18. Portable Gas Detection system
Why do we need gas Gas monitoring is required to ensure that hazardous gasses
monitoring are not present at work location. Most of the gases in oil
and gas industry are colorless and can not be seen
therefore, a device is required to check their presence.
What does a gas monitor A gas monitor displays the concentration of gases,
display flammable gases are displayed in LEL (lower explosive
limit), H2S and CO are displayed in PPM and oxygen is
displayed in percentage (%)
19. Hazardous material / substances
Name three of hazardous  H2S
material - MSDS  Hydrocarbons (highly flammable gases)
 Catalysts
 X-ray source
 Paints
  Oil – fuel
 Acids

MSDS stands for Material Safety Data Sheet. It is a

document developed by the manufacturer of the hazardous
material (chemical) to provide information about the safety
precautions required in the use of hazardous material such
as MSDS for acids, paints, oil, gases etc…)

20. Emergency Response

What action must be If you are exposed to a gas leak, following actions shall be
taken if you are exposed taken:
to a gas leak  Stop the job
 Don / wear your escape set
 Shut down the machine
 Check wind direction
 Move to muster point / assembly area. Cross wind, if
you are down wind of the leak AND go up wind if the
leak is down wind of you.
 Do not attempt any rescue if you are not trained and
if you do not have protective equipment such as
breathing apparatus.
21. Safety checks prior to start work
What are the main safety Before starting any work, following safety checks shall be
checks to be done prior to done:
start work  Check permit, if the permit is not issued / signed
work shall not be started
 Check tools and equipment, tools and equipment
shall be in best working condition
 Check if workers are competent for the work, job
shall be assigned to qualified, skilled and fit persons
 Perform Task briefing, supervisor shall inform his
workers about the hazards of the task, risks involved
and control measures
 Check PPE as required by permit
 Check safety equipment availability as required by
permit, this may include gas detectors, fire
extinguishers, fire hoses, B.A Trolley / set etc…
 Check if someone is working on top and around,
simultaneous works are not allowed.
 Check if area is gas tested and is free of hazardous
gases
 Check if all workers know the emergency response
procedure
22. Work Permit
Name some types of work Following are the work permits used in a gas plant:
permits  Open flame work permit: for activities where visible
flame shall be produced, example, welding, cutting,
grinding
  Hot work permit: works that involve machines
having internal combustion engines where a heat or
sparks may produce, example, use of crane,
compressor etc…
 Cold work permit: for activities where there is no
possibility of flame, heat or spark generation,
example, insulation work, cable laying and pulling
etc…
 Confined space work permit: used for entry into a
permit required confined space, example, working in
a trench deeper than 1 meter, entry into a tank,
vessel, pit, pipe etc… This permit is called certificate
as well and shall be attached with the main permit
for the job such as hot, cold permit.
 Electrical isolation: this permit is required to request
electrical isolation; this permit shall be part of main
permits.
 Excavation: for any sub-soil activity, manual or
mechanical, example, digging a cable trench. This
permit shall be attached with one of the main
permits.
What is the function of Permit to work (PTW) is required to ensure that required
PTW precautions are implemented based on the identified
hazards for safe execution of the work.
PTW is also required for communication purposes, a PTW
raised provides information to all concerned parties /
individuals that a certain activity would be carried out in a
certain area at a specific date and time
Who is responsible for Supervisor of the work is responsible for the preparation of
equipment safety safety equipment and site preparation.
preparation – site safety Example, for a welding job, welding supervisor shall ensure
preparation that permit is raised and approved, fire blankets have been
placed, fire extinguishers are available, gas test has been
performed and is clear, assign fire watcher, check tools and
equipment etc….
When is a hot work Hot work permit is required for all the activities where there
required is a possibility of heat / spark generation due to tool,
equipment and work.
23. Grit blasting safety
What PPE is used during A compressor is used to throw special sand particles on a
grit blasting surface to clean it at a very high speed.
Person performing grit blasting shall use the following PPE:
 Blasting hood: this hood is specially designed to
provide air to the user trough compressor fitted with
special filters; hood completely covers the blasters
head, face and provides protection against air borne
particles.
 Long gloves, specially designed to protect hand of
the blaster
 Special apron to protect the body
  High ankle safety boots
Safety checks before grit Before blasting, following checks must be done:
blasting  Permit
 Area shall be cleared of other personnel
 Area to be closed / barricaded
 Above mentioned PPE
 Inspected equipment, compressors, blasting pots,
blasting hoses and nozzle
 Whip lash protection
 Hose connectors
 Experienced blasters
24. Fire fighting equipment
Name some fire fighting  Fire extinguishing cylinders (dry power, CO2)
equipment  Charged hoses (water)
 Sand (fire buckets)
 Fire blankets
List few types of fire  High expansion foam
extinguishers used in oil  Dry chemical powder
and gas field  CO2 – inert agent system
 Water
A seal broken on a fire No, seal should be in place
extinguisher but it is in
good condition can be
used
What must be done after Empty cylinders shall be immediately sent for refilling to fire
a fire extinguisher or BA station – designated department
cylinder is used
What type of fire Classes of fires:
extinguisher in each type
of fire is used Fire Class Fuel Extinguisher
Class A Ordinary water / dry
combustible powder (water
material only to be used if
ignition source is
not electrical)
Class B & C Flammable Dry powder and
liquids and gases foam
Class D Metal Dry chemical
powder / CO2
Class E Electrical fire CO2
Class K Oil / fats CO2 / Dry
chemical powder
25. Compressed Gas Cylinders
Main hazards Following are the main hazards of compressed gas
cylinders:
 Explosion
 Fire
 Leakage of flammable gas
 Leakage of oxygen in confined space

Control measures, Following are the control measures for safe use of
storage, transport, compressed gas cylinders
handling
 Handling of cylinders
 Cylinders shall always be placed in vertical position.
 Each type of cylinder shall be stored separately and
empty cylinders shall be separated from full.
Storage area shall be marked with type of cylinder.
 While shifting and in use, cylinders shall have
protective caps on at all times and can only be
moved in a trolley, secured with chain.
 Check the cylinder condition; do not accept dented,
corroded or poorly maintained cylinders.
 Only experienced persons to connect gauge
assembly with cylinders, before attaching the
assembly, crack open the valve to clear dust at the
opening.
 Cylinders shall be kept minimum 5 meters away
from the hot work area.
 Cylinders shall not be kept under direct sunlight,
covers shall be provided on trolley for shade
 Cylinders shall not be taken into a confined space.
 Cylinder valves shall be shut down when not in use.
 Prior to start of work, all hoses shall be checked for
any defects / leaks. Leak check shall be performed
by the operator.
 Cylinders shall be equipped with flash back
arrestors.
 In case of any leak from the cylinder / hose, main
valve shall be shut down immediately. Valve key
shall be available with cylinders at all times.

26. House Keeping

Why good House Keeping Hazards : Slip, Trip, fall, fire, explosions, Pests
is Necessary? infestation, rodents and other venomous
animals

 Eliminate all accident and fire hazards through

adequate house keeping on daily basis after each
activity
 it saves money, materials, Efforts, and space
 Reflect an image of a professional organization.

How material stacking can Material properly stacked will provide more space for
improve safety movement of personnel, vehicles and equipment. It will also
minimize the possibilities of injuries and damage due to
material fall.
27. Refueling
What are the precautions Perceived Hazards : Fire, Explosions, spills, environmental
for refueling? damages
Controls:
 This activity should be supervised by an
experienced person.
 Use computable hose pipes to pour fuels in
generator, vehicles, and compressors, cranes on
site to avoid leakage due to reaction of fuel and
hose material,
 Keep the area spark free to avoid fire and
explosions.
 Flames are strictly prohibited in fuel dumping and
around equipments run by Petrol, Diesel, or CNG,
LNG fuels.
 Keep the fuel transporting container well protected
and leak proof to avoid Spills,
 Keep the flow of fuel at slow pace to avoid spill
 Keep the equipment on off mode during refueling.
 Fuel tanker shall be earthed while transferring fuel.
 Fire extinguishers shall be kept handy while
refueling to extinguish fire if it starts.
 Cleaning kit shall be available to clean up the
spilled fuel from the ground.