Indian Concept of education

❖ Rig Veda: “Education is that which makes a man self-reliant and selfless.”

❖ Upnishads: “Education is that whose end product is salvation.”

❖ Kausalya’s: “Education means training for the country and love for the nation.”

❖ Gandhi’s: “By education I mean all round drawing out of the best in child and
man-body, mind, and spirit.”

❖ Zakir Hussain: “Education is the work of the whole life. It begins from the time
of birth and continues till last moment of death.”

Western concept of Education

Education develops in the body and soul of the pupil all the beauty and all the
perfection he is capable of. Plato

Education is the creation of sound mind in a sound body. It develops

man’s faculty specially his mind so that he may be able to enjoy the
contemplation of supreme truth, goodness and beauty. Aristotle

Education is the child’s development from within. Rousseau

Education is enfoldment of what is already enfolded in the germ. It is the
process through which the child makes the internal-external. Froebel
Education is the harmonious and progressive development of all the innate
powers and faculties of man- physical, intellectual and moral. Pestalozzi

Narrow Concept of Education

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 • S. S. Mackenzie “In narrow sense, education may be taken to mean any
consciously directed effort to develop and cultivate our powers.”
• Prof. Drever “Education is a process in which and by which knowledge,
character and behavior of the young are shaped and moulded.”
• Education, in the narrower sense, is regarded as equivalent to instruction. It
consists of the “specific influences” consciously designed in a school or in a
college or in an institution to bring in the development and growth of the
child.

Broader Concept of Education

• Dumvile: “Education in its widest sense includes all the influences, which at
upon an individual during his passage from cradle to the grave.”
• John Dewey: “Education, in its broadest sense, is the means of the social
continuity.”
• Education in the wider sense is a life-long process. It begins with the birth of
a child and ends with his death. It is a continuous process. Continuity is the
law of life. Education is not limited to the classroom only; it is also not
limited to a particular period of life.

What is Modern concept of Education?

➢ Modern concept of Education is learner-centred.

➢ The learner occupies the central place in the education process.
➢ Modern concept of education means to develop the inherent capacities of
the learner in the social environment in the best possible manner.
➢ The old curriculum was subject centred whereas the modern concept of
curriculum is activity centred because it emphasises development of total
personality i.e., physical, intellectual, emotional and social aspects of
personality of the pupil.

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 • The old method emphasised on rote learning but the modern methods of
teaching include play-way method , learning by doing, learning by
experience, project method.
• School was the only agency of education in the old concept but according
to modern concept of education, all formal, and informal agencies are the
base of education.

Functions of Education

Education is a dynamic process, in the words of M. L. Jackes, “There is plenty of

work for education to do, its prime task is to transform original evil into
acquired good. Education must enable the child to think for himself, to
respect hard work, to have good fellowship, to have taste and sense of
eternal realities.”
• We shall study the functions of education in three main categories:
• General Functions of Education
• Function of Education in Human Life
• Functions of Education at National Life

General Functions of Education

I. Progressive development of innate powers

II. All round development of personality
III. Control, redirection and sublimation of instincts
IV. Character building and moral development
V. Creation of good citizens

VI. Awakening of social feelings

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VII. Preparation of culture and civilization
VIII. Social reforms
IX. National security

Functions of Education in Human Life

1. Making the man civilized
2. Satisfaction of needs
3. Adaptation to environment
4. Modification of environment 5. Development of character
6. Development of individuality
7. Preparation for life
8. Creation of good citizen
9. Practical knowledge of various spheres of work
10.Promotion of social efficiency

Functions of Education in National Life

For national life to be possible it is essential that its members have common
traditions, interests, sentiments, political ambitions, and national unity. The
main functions of education at national life are:
1. Training for leadership
2. Consciousness of duties
3. National development
4. National integration
5. Priority of national interest
6. Promotion of social efficiency

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Aims of Education

✓ Every stage of human development had some aim of life. The aims of life
determine aims of education.
✓ The aims of education have changed from age to age and thus it is dynamic
because the aims of life are dynamic.
✓ Aims of education are not fixed, eternal and universal. These are
changeable and relative.
✓ There is great necessity of aims in education because of following reasons:
✓ To direct effort
✓ To avoid wastage
✓ To evaluate ourselves
✓ To provide efficient school Administration ✓ To evaluate the existing
conditions

Individual Aims of Education

The psychologists like Rousseau, Pestalozzi, and Frobel etc. starts emphasise
development of individuality as the aim of education. For the better
understanding of this aim, it is essential to understand narrow and wider
meaning of this aim.
Narrow Meaning of Individual Aim:

• The narrow sense of Individual aim of Education is based on naturalistic

philosophy

• It is the all round development of child’s power and natural development

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 • According to this philosophy, the child should be given complete freedom
to develop according to his instincts Wider meaning of Individual Aim:
• In the wider sense, individual aim is described as self realization
• The opportunities should be provided while keeping in mind the needs,
interest, and abilities of the child
The child should be given all those opportunities which may help him in the total
development of all his powers and in making him an ex

INDIAN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
India is primarily a domestic demand-driven economy, with consumption
and investments contributing to 70% of the economic activity. With an
improvement in the economic scenario and the Indian economy recovering
from the Covid-19 pandemic shock, several investments and developments
have been made across various sectors of the economy. According to
World Bank, India must continue to prioritise lowering inequality while also
putting growth-oriented policies into place to boost the economy. In view
of this, there have been some developments that have taken place in the
recent past. Some of them are mentioned below.

▪ As of September 21, 2022, India’s foreign exchange reserves stood at US$

524,520 million.

▪ The private equity-venture capital (PE-VC) sector investments stood at US$

2 billion in September 2022.

▪ Merchandise exports in September 2022 stood at US$ 32.62 billion.

▪ PMI Services remained comfortably in the expansionary zone at 56.7 during

April-September 2022

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 ▪ In September 2022, the gross Goods and Services Tax (GST) revenue
collection stood at Rs. 147,686 crore (US$ 17.92 billion).

▪ Between April 2000-June 2022, cumulative FDI equity inflows to India stood
at US$ 604,996 million.

▪ In August 2022, the overall IIP (Index of Industrial Production) stood at

131.3. The Indices of Industrial Production for the mining, manufacturing
and electricity sectors stood at 99.6, 131.0 and 191.3, respectively, in
August 2022.

▪ According to data released by the Ministry of Statistics & Programme

Implementation (MoSPI), India’s Consumer Price Index (CPI) based retail
inflation reached 7.41% in September 2022.

▪ In FY 2022-23, (until October 28, 2022), Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI)

outflows stood at Rs. 58,762 crore (US$ 7.13 billion).

▪ The wheat procurement in Rabi 2021-22 and the anticipated paddy

purchase in Kharif 2021-22 would include 1208 lakh (120.8 million) metric
tonnes of wheat and paddy from 163 lakh (16.7 million) farmers, as well as
a direct payment of MSP value of Rs. 2.37 lakh crore (US$ 31.74 billion) to
their accounts.

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
Over the years, the Indian government has introduced many initiatives to
strengthen the nation's economy. The Indian government has been
effective in developing policies and programmes that are not only beneficial
for citizens to improve their financial stability but also for the overall
growth of the economy. Over recent decades, India's rapid economic
growth has led to a substantial increase in its demand for exports. Besides
this, a number of the government's flagship programmes, including Make in
India, Start-up India, Digital India, the Smart City Mission, and the Atal
Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation, are aimed at creating
immense opportunities in India. In this regard, some of the initiatives taken

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 by the government to improve the economic condition of the country are
mentioned below:

➢ Home & Cooperation Minister Mr. Amit Shah, laid the foundation stone and
performed Bhoomi Pujan of Shri Tanot Mandir Complex Project under
Border Tourism Development Programme in Jaisalmer in September 2022.

➢ In August 2022, Mr. Narendra Singh Tomar, Minister of Agriculture and

Farmers Welfare inaugurated four new facilities at the Central Arid Zone
Research Institute (CAZRI), which has been rendering excellent services for
more than 60 years under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research
(ICAR).

➢ In August 2022, a Special Food Processing Fund of Rs. 2,000 crore (US$
242.72 million) was set up with National Bank for Agriculture and Rural
Development (NABARD) to provide affordable credit for investments in
setting up Mega Food Parks (MFP) as well as processing units in the MFPs.

➢ In July 2022, Deendayal Port Authority (DPA) announced plans to develop

two Mega Cargo Handling Terminals on a Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT)
basis under Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Mode at an estimated cost of
Rs. 5,963 crore (US$ 747.64 million).

➢ In July 2022, the Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister Mr. Narendra
Modi, approved the signing of the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)
between India & Maldives. This MoU will provide a platform to tap the
benefits of information technology for court digitization and can be a
potential growth area for the IT companies and start-ups in both the
countries.

➢ India and Namibia entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)

on wildlife conservation and sustainable biodiversity utilization on July 20,
2022, for establishing the cheetah into the historical range in India.

➢ In July 2022, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) approved international trade
settlements in Indian rupees (INR) in order to promote the growth of global
trade with emphasis on exports from India and to support the increasing
interest of the global trading community.

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➢ In June 2022, Prime Minister Mr. Narendra Modi inaugurated and laid the
foundation stone of development projects worth Rs. 21,000 crore (US$ 2.63
billion) at Gujarat Gaurav Abhiyan at Vadodara.

➢ Mr. Rajnath Singh, Minister of Defence, launched 75 newly-developed

Artificial Intelligence (AI) products/technologies during the first-ever ‘AI in
Defence’ (AIDef) symposium and exhibition organized by the Ministry of
Defence in New Delhi on 11 July 2022.

➢ In June 2022:

o Prime Minister Mr. Narendra Modi, laid the foundation stone of

1,406 projects worth more than Rs. 80,000 crore (US$ 10.01 billion)
at the groundbreaking ceremony of the UP Investors Summit in
Lucknow.

o The Projects encompass diverse sectors like Agriculture and Allied

industries, IT and Electronics, MSME, Manufacturing, Renewable
Energy, Pharma, Tourism, Defence & Aerospace, Handloom &
Textiles.

➢ The Indian Institute of Spices Research (IISR) under the Indian Council for
Agricultural Research (ICAR) inked a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)
with Lysterra LLC, a Russia-based company for the commercialization of
biocapsule, an encapsulation technology for bio-fertilization on 30 June,
2022.

➢ As of April 2022, India signed 13 Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with its
trading partners including major trade agreements like the India-UAE
Comprehensive Partnership Agreement (CEPA) and the India-Australia
Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (IndAus ECTA).

➢ The Union Budget of 2022-23 was presented on February 1, 2022, by the

Minister for Finance & Corporate Affairs, Ms. Nirmala Sitharaman. The
budget had four priorities PM GatiShakti, Inclusive Development,
Productivity Enhancement and Investment, and Financing of Investments.
In the Union Budget 2022-23, effective capital expenditure is expected to

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 increase by 27% at Rs. 10.68 lakh crore (US$ 142.93 billion) to boost the
economy. This will be 4.1% of the total Gross Domestic Production (GDP).

Jamul Indian Village Development Corporation Completes

$515 Million Financial Transaction
JAMUL, Calif., April 3, 2023 /PRNewswire/ -- On March 29, 2023, the Jamul Indian
Village Development Corporation (JIVDC), owner and operator of Jamul Casino ®
and a wholly-owned enterprise of the Jamul Indian Village of California (the
"Tribe"), closed on $515 million of Senior Secured Credit Facilities (the "Credit
Facilities") with a syndicate of commercial banks led by KeyBanc Capital Markets
Inc. The other lenders included Western Alliance Bank, Nevada State Bank, U.S.
Bank, PNC Bank, CIT Bank, and Columbia State Bank. Proceeds from the Credit
Facilities will be used to refinance existing debt, fund hotel construction, and pay
transactionrelated fees and expenses.

JIVDC and Tribal Chairwoman Erica M. Pinto says, "We are thankful for the
partnership with KeyBanc and appreciate their approach, flexibility, and
collaboration. The terms of this transaction will allow us to focus on our long-
term financial stability and new projects that will continue to provide benefits for
the Tribe."

"KeyBanc Capital Markets, together with a syndicate of lenders, are dedicated to

providing financial solutions required by Tribes and their gaming entities," said
Ben Rechkemmer, Managing Director. "Jamul Casino's management team and
JIVDC's effective leadership made this financial goal a reality. We are proud to be
part of the continued success of JIVDC, Jamul Casino, and the Tribe as well."

Procopio, Cory, Hargreaves & Savitch LLP (Procopio) provided legal counsel for the
JIVDC, and FSA Investment Group acted as the JIVDC's financial advisor. Procopio
is an AMLaw 200 full-service business and litigation law firm, and FSA Investment
Group is a financial advisory and investment firm.

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This is the third significant financial transaction the JIVDC has completed in recent
years. The Tribe refinanced their property in 2021 and again 2022. The Tribe's
success in completing these transactions is due in part to Jamul Casino's:

• Strategic location in a well-populated area with favorable demographics

• Modern facility with state-of-the-art amenities

• Impressive player database growth with strong trends

• Best in-class management team, led by President and General Manager,

Mary Cheeks

"It's very rewarding to see Jamul Casino's success recognized by this team of
lenders. It speaks to the vision of our Tribal Board, the Property leadership team,
the dedication of our staff, and the loyalty of our guests," Ms. Cheeks states.
"This comes at an exceptional time as we begin building a beautiful new hotel
connected to the Casino."

JIVDC is adding to its property by developing a new 16-story hotel, which will
feature 200 rooms, including 52 suites, a rooftop pool and jetted hot tub, a spa
and salon, a fitness center, a restaurant and lobby bar, and a banquet room. The
hotel is being built to achieve AAA's Four Diamond designation.

About Jamul Indian Village of California (JIV or Tribe)

JIV is one of 13 federally recognized tribes that are part of the Kumeyaay Nation,
with roots in east San Diego County since time immemorial. The Tribe utilizes
revenue and resources from the Jamul Casino to fund educational opportunities,
health care, and housing initiatives for its members, as well as finance projects
that benefit the surrounding community. For more information about JIV, please
visit jamulindianvillage.com.

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About Jamul Indian Village Development Corporation

The Jamul Indian Village Development Corporation is a wholly owned subsidiary

and instrumentality of the Jamul Indian Village, a federally recognized sovereign
Indian nation and was established to advance the Tribe's goals of self-sufficiency
and self-reliance. The Development Corporation owns and operates Jamul Casino
and pursues other economic development ventures on behalf of the Tribe.

About Jamul Casino

Opened in 2016, the Jamul Casino is located in Jamul, California, San Diego
County, and is owned and operated by Jamul Indian Village Development
Corporation (JIVDC), a wholly owned enterprise of the Tribe. The $430 million,
award-winning casino features nearly 1,700 slot machines, 46 live table games, a
dedicated poker room, and various restaurants, bars and lounges. Jamul Casino
supports 1,200 permanent jobs in the region and is the closest casino to
downtown San Diego, which is the eighth-largest city in the United States by
population. For more information about Jamul Casino, please visit
www.jamulcasinosd.com.

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