THE NATURAL SUDOKU LECTURE 10

Authored by:

Hung-ping Tsao, PhD, Retired Faculty Member

San Francisco State University

Address: 1151 Highland Drive, Novato, California 94949, USA

(415) 902-2166 ; (415) 883-2194

tsaohp.tsao6@gmail.com

Tsao, Hung-ping (2023). The Natural Sudoku Lecture 10. In: "Evolutionary Progress in
Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM)", Wang, Lawrence K.
and Tsao, Hung-ping (editors). Volume 5, NUMBER 9A, September 2023; 58 pages.
Lenox Institute Press, Auburndale, MA, 02466, USA. No. STEAM-VOL5-NUM9A-
SEP2023; ISBN 978-0-9890870-3-2. Doi.org/10.17613/dc30-wg05

1
 THE NATURAL SUDOKU LECTURE 10

Authored by:

Hung-ping Tsao, PhD

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS

NOMENCLATURE

BASIC MOVES TO FILL SINGLE CANDIDATES

POWER POINT PRESENTATION OF LECTURE 010

PRACTICE SETS

EDITORS PAGE

E-BOOK SERIES AND CHAPTER INTRODUCTON

2
 THE NATURAL SUDOKU LECTURE 10

Authored by: Hung-ping Tsao (曹恆平)

ABSTRACT

• Hard sudoku puzzles are usually designed for defying our logical
reasonings, so we can counter with the Principle of Least Choice (PLC) by
selecting the least likely one when facing the multiple choices of our
next move. The harder the puzzle, the more often PLC is recommended to be
used.

• This lecture serves as the preface for promoting the natural Sudoku
(Sudoku with 17 givens). Accordingly, I plan to give a series of lectures,
each containing two puzzles with illustrative solutions, the second one of
which is the demonstration of the first of the 49 practice puzzles with
annotated solutions. All natural Sudoku puzzles are downloaded from Gordon
Royle list.

• The minimum of 17 givens is required for a Sudoku puzzle to not having

multiple solutions. There are no extra givens that puzzle makers can
maneuver to design extremely hard Sudoku. Therefore, we shall not use PLC
at all for any of our lectures. Hard puzzles can sometimes be solved by
the construction of strategic flipflops.

• The purpose of my lectures is for you not to waste time in playing Sudoku.
In addition to the introduction of efficient methods, we most importantly
screen out those puzzles with multiple or no solutions in the collection
of practice sets for you.

• The lectures are presented in the power point format, convenient for any
interested instructors to use.

Keywords: Natural Sudoku, Puzzle, Row move, Column move, Block move, Box move, Grid

move, Terminating move, Rule of unique solution, Candidate, Principle of the Least Choice,

Residue, Flipflops chain, Stratigic flipflops.

3
NOMENCLATURE

41(58)CR The first step with central right block move to place 4 at (58)

92(93)LB The second step with left block move to place 2 at (93)

43(63)c3 The third step with column move to place 4 at (63) of column 3

54(46)r4 The fourth step with row move to place 5 at (46) of row 4

55(94)DM The fifth step with down middle block move to place 5 at (94)

56 g(11) The sixth step with grid move to place 5 at (11)

57t(22) The seventh step with terminating move to place 5 at (22)

38ir3: The eighth step with row move to place 3 in row 3 since 3 is the residue
ff(56)
&ff(49) of the chain of flipflops 56&49 in row 3.

99ic4: The ninth step with Rule of unique solution to avoid the possible flip flop of
rusX59c2b1c4b4 5 and 9 in column 2 of box 1 and column 4 of box 4 to place 9 in grid (54).

14 85 36 42 6* 5* 73
2* 59 7* 59 8* 4*
61 59 4* 59 39
4* 6* 1* 5*
3* 8* 99 4* 1*
7* 17 3* 6* 8* 4* 9*
48 8* 5* 7*
6* 1* 8* 4*
8* 3* 2* 4* 4*
110ir1: PLC The tenth step: Among all the potetial candidates of row 1 of the following puzzle,
the chance of 1 to be filled in the grid (11) is ¼, while in (12) or (13) is 1/3 each.
So the Principle of the Least Chance is used to place 1 in grid (11) of row 1

1389 189 139 42 29 63 29 5* 7*

2* 7* 8* 46
61 44
6* 5*
8* 4* 1*
3* 65 89 9*
56 7*
1* 87 4*
3* 2* 78
4
BASIC MOVES TO FILL SINGLE CANDIDATES

(The trivial moves in green, situational moves in blue and illustrative moves in yellow.)

As shown below, the playground of Sudoku is divided into 81 grids, to be combined

horizontally as nine rows top-down, vertically as nine columns left-right, and 3x3 squares as nine

boxes. We follow the prescribed order of up-down and left-right, so the referral of each grid will be

row first column next; for instance, grid (32) stands for the grid located at the intersection of row 3

(r3) and column 2 (c2).

c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9

r1

r2 b1 b4 b7
r3

r4
r5
b2 b5 b8
r6
r7

r8 b3 b6 b9
r9

Similarly, the order of boxes is the same: box 1, box 2, box 3, box 4, box 5, box 6, box 7, box 8 and

box 9 are called top-down and then left-right respectively as b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7, b8 and b9.

We shall later use the same prescribed order to place numbers at grids in rows, columns or boxes.

The reason for doing so is simply to facilitate our explanations and mutual understanding with

readers, but by no means to limit your flexibility in manipulation! Our unique invention is to

combine three consecutive boxes as blocks: b1b2b3 as Left Block (abbreviated as LB), b4b5b6 as

Middle Block (abbreviated as MB), b7b8b9 as Right Block (abbreviated as RB), b1b4b7 as Up

Block (abbreviated as UB), b2b5b8 as Central Block (abbreviated as CB) and b3b6b9 as Down

Block (abbreviated as DB).

5
1) Block move

2) Terminating move (t)

After each move, we should scan each related row, column and box to see if there is only one grid

remained to be filled; if so, we should terminate it right away by filling in the very last number so

that easier target could reveal.

3) Row move (r)

Scanning unfilled grids of each row to gradually find among unfilled numbers a potential one to fill

that won’t cause any conflict with the existing numbers in each column and each box.

4) Column move (c)

Scanning unfilled grids of each column to gradually find among unfilled numbers a potential one to

fill that won’t cause any conflict with the existing numbers in each row and each box.

5) Box move (b)

Scanning unfilled grids of each box to gradually find among unfilled numbers a potential one to fill

that won’t cause any conflict with the existing numbers in each row and each column.
6
6) Grid move (g)

Scanning unfilled grids of each row, column and box to gradually find among unfilled numbers a

potential one to fill that won’t cause any conflict with the existing numbers in its situated row,

column and box. Unlike the above row column combo, after locating a grid we still need to

preclude more than one potential unfilled number.

7) Residue of a flipflop chain (rfc)

8) Rule of unique solution (rus)

Suppose that a number has only two potiential grids to fit in a row, column or box in attempting

row column combo. If the choice of one of them would cause multiple solutions of the puzzle, then

the number in question needs to be filled into the other grid. Sudoku puzzles do not allow multiple

solutions to screw up the logical reasonings needed in the solving process.

9) Priciple of the least choice (PLC)

In each row, column or box, whenever there are multiple choices to fill a potential candidate into a

particular grid, go for the least likely choice.

7
10) Two ways of using flipflops yz,yz

Call two grids with identical double candidates in the same row, column or
box flipflops, say (y,z),(y,z), abbreviated as yz,yz yz,yz. Flipflops can
be used to remove candidates from all the other grids. As a result, the
move of finding the residue of a flipflops chain(rfc) can greatly help our
course. Should two sets of flipflops be parallel as in the left puzzle,
row-wise or column-wise, then the puzzle in question would have double
solutions violating the rule of unique solution (rus), with the exception
of the case as in the up puzzle. A chain of flipflops should break at some
point in order for the puzzle to have a unique solution. On the other
hand, the down puzzle is okay.

4 9* 8 3* 6* 2 7 5* 1
6* 1 3 7 5 4* 9 2 8
7* 5 2* 18 9 18 3 6 4
1* 2 7* 5 4* 6 8* 3 9
8* 4 5 2 3 9 6 1* 7
9 3 6* 18 18 7* 5 4 2*
5 7 9 4 18 18 2 9* 6
2 6 1 9 7 3* 4* 8* 5
3 8 4 6* 2 5 1* 7 3
7* 5 1 2 4 9 6 8* 3
9* 6 3 8 5 1 7 4 2
2 8 4* 3 6 7* 9 1 5*
6* 1 8 4* 9* 2 3 5 7*
5* 7 9 6 3* 8 4* 2 1
3 4 2* 7 1 5* 8 6 9
8 3* 5 9 2 6* 1 7 4
4 2* 7 1 8* 3 5 9* 6
1 9 6 5 7* 4 2* 3* 8
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
o

19
PRACTICE SETS

PRACTICE SET 64

Puzzle 0452
1* 8* 3*
5* 7* 6*

7* 5* 6*
3* 2*
1*
7* 5* 4*
3* 2*

Puzzle 0453

3* 1*
6* 7*
2*
4* 5* 7*
5* 2*
8* 3*
1* 8* 7*
6*
3*

20
Puzzle 0454

4* 3* 2*
5* 8*

6* 2*
5* 8*
1* 7*
8* 7* 5*
6* 3*
Puzzle 0455
1*

3* 9*
5* 4*
1*
1* 8* 4*
7* 2*
9* 6*
9* 4* 7*
1*
8*
Puzzle 0456

7* 8*
5* 2*
6*
6* 7* 5*
8* 2*
3* 4*
3* 1* 2*
7*
6*
21
Puzzle 0457

2* 7*
9* 1*
3* 7*
5* 3* 4*
8* 6*
1*
8* 2*
3* 2*
1*
Puzzle 0458

3* 1*
6* 5*

8* 1* 7*
6* 5* 3*
4*
2* 6* 5*
7* 1*
2*
Puzzle 0452

3213r4 19b1
240 947 638 517 1* 446 8* 3* 723
5* 7* 844 6* 943 37 125 428 224
210b5 211b9
36 19 448 218 722 845 516 620 929
513b2 620b7
956 449 239 7* 858 5* 32 13 6*
721b6 428b7 857 3* 71 160 463 662 2* 933 515
636c7: 6r7b6 842b3: 8c3b1 655 514 1* 38 210 954 431 732 830
943b4: (1 )→ ( 1)→ o c2 7* 213 35 859 664 161 937 5* 4*
451 641 519 952 3* 2* 735 834 126
127 842 950 453 518 721 636 212 34
22
Puzzle 0453

3314c2 66b3
720 815 423 233 3* 1* 930 548 649
929 6* 135 857 560 459 336 7* 234
77c7 49b9
528 2* 337 931 627 72 838 142 441
810211r4 116617r5
4* 5* 211 7* 810 35 132 650 951
522b3 423g 813 33 918 5* 116 617 2* 49 78
624r7 528c1: 5r2b4 614 14 719 458 261 962 51 8* 3*
930g 132g 233g 1* 946 8* 624 7* 244 439 340 545
135336r2 838c7 244545r7 212 721 522 325 454 853 6* 955 143
3* 447 66 126 963 564 77 256 852
Puzzle 0454
11b3 52r8 4* 750 528 89 3* 2* 648 152 941
86b8 112b5 614 321 220 956 734 155 454 5* 8*
614715c1 219r5
88 151 929 625 55 453 749 244 339
715 958 322 457 6* 54 2* 86 113
220321r2 322b2
5* 219 616 718 112 8* 962 361 438
323224625c4 427528c3
1* 459 87 323 226 960 53 7* 617
731432r8 436c5
343 8* 7* 5* 436 646 163 964 240
438ic9: 23(38)(39) 933 6* 11 224 811 731 3* 432 52
339240c9 242 530 427 1* 937 345 810 647 735
Puzzle 0455

1293c1 39r4 731 646 810 3*

430 245 9* 18 542
512b5 413614r5 361 822 262
5* 17 924 4* 725 648
217g 521b2 1* 923 550
711 436 647 83 244 349
822b3 924b6 659 254 360
1* 919 8* 541 4* 717
432r1 533334b1
821 7* 14
428 533 316 2* 634 918
429 540 9* 6* 232 79 12 339 820
735ic2: uX67c2b1c3b3
9* 4* 813 315 7* 16 642 543 252
541342743c7
551 355 658 227 812 435 757 914 1*
263 15 764 926 637 538 356 8* 41
23
Puzzle 0456
941 345 146 611 557 458 21 7* 8*
32b2 53b7 5* 443 612 2* 824 76 318 942 122
74r7 611c4 75 226 825 950 348 149 6* 444 53
817318c7 824r2 153 6* 7* 451 954 232 817 5* 320
232c6 536c4: 5r1b4
452 8* 32 77 155 556 919 2* 615
235 538 939 3* 616 823 4* 121 78
140b6 941c1
3* 74 537 831 460 959 1* 614 2*
942r4 447c3
613 962 234 140 7* 330 510 828 461
Puzzle 0457
827 163 447 536 233 6* 79 329 964
12c4 28b7 441 13 2* 7* 315 944 852 547 651
29r4 311r5 722 9* 314 537 825 638 1* 439 28
819520c2 824b5 640 819 521 12 442 210 3* 943 7*
926c1 428g: 4r5b5
5* 732 14 630 29 3* 4* 846 945
311 428 8* 936 554 753 213 6* 15
630b5 733r6
212 631 927 429 1* 824 733 318 534
936c4 638r2
926 520 448 8* 749 17 650 2* 317
640c1: 6r1b7 448749r7 823 3* 755 2* 663 560 964 16 458
1* 21 656 316 962 459 561 735 857
Puzzle 0458

13b6 853 3* 536 749 616 1* 262 961 446

751647r5: 7c6r6 19 932 438 348 841 220 750 6* 5*
811b5 612r6 752 615 237 447 939 52 351 854 11
218b5 220c2
326 428 8* 919 218 617 922 1* 7*
6* 16 75 5* 3* 47 863 264 960
326r4
535 220 934 14 78 811 4* 329 612
430831b3: 48r8b6 2* 831 110 6* 5* 756 955 445 344
939b4 440c5 933 7* 614 842 440 343 1* 523 224
430 521 327 2* 13 957 613 758 859
24
PRACTICE SET 65

Puzzle 0459 3* 2*
4* 8*
5* 8*
4* 6* 1*
6*
3*
5* 3* 2*
6* 1* 7*

Puzzle 0460
2* 7* 5*
6* 4*
3*
4* 8* 1*
2* 7*

6* 1*
7* 8*
9* 4*

25
Puzzle 0461
2* 5*
1* 7*
2*
1* 4*
6* 9*
7*
5* 3* 6*
4* 1*
7* 8*

Puzzle 0462 3* 1*
4* 2*

3* 7*
8* 2*
5*
2* 6* 4* 5*
1* 3*
5* 7*

Puzzle 0463
3* 7* 4* 6*
8*
1*
8* 4*
1* 3*
5*
4* 7*
2* 1*
5* 3*
26
Puzzle 0464
1* 5*
2* 7*
4*
6* 4*
5* 1*
8* 2*
3* 8*
4* 6*
2* 5*
Puzzle 0465
7* 1* 3*
2* 6*

2* 9* 5*
2* 9*
1*
5* 6* 7*
3* 1* 4*

Puzzle 0459

32c7 33r8 3* 81 2* 621 432 733 528 120 926

27c2: 35(92)(93) 28c5 643 140 944 256 34 529 4* 8* 727
610c2 411b1 512b3 5* 734 411 8* 925 135 32 25 617
962 4* 353 738 6* 242 1* 561 860
614115416r7 617r3
863 27 752 137 530 456 6* 964 354
621c4 822b6 423r9
139 513 645 3* 831 955 26 746 457
925g 926r1: 9c7b9 416 941 847 5* 115 614 749 3* 2*
727b7: 7c7b9 831c5 29 6* 1* 924 7* 33 851 458 559
643c1 746r6 748 310 512 423 28 822 950 618 119
847b3 955r6
27
Puzzle 0460

2* 69 7* 5* 943 44 840 344 138

42b1 38g
135 525 936 818 716 345 6* 4* 248
69r1 610111912r8 3* 820 42 113 246 615
547 734 942
716c5: 7r3b7 717c4 937 4* 253 614 8* 1* 554
739 350
820b1 223324c2 826 324 662 2* 160 963
56 630 7*
629 71 161 45 349 564
252 955 841
135b1: 1c3b2
43 922 821 717 6*1* 351 256 557
942r4
7* 111 610 38 559258 912 8* 47
527 223 326 9* 4* 819 733 132 631
Puzzle 0461

52b9 63b5 426 943 835 642 2* 110 341 5* 76

74r7 110r1
21 1* 7* 538 420 340 639 829 932
345 556 657 944 75 839 2* 115 425
416b2 818r7
836 253 352 1* 960 4* 559 77 633
420c5 623r8 6* 78 562 350 863 248 417 9* 114
324b9 425b7 113 416 961 7* 564 63 858 228 334
228c8 633c9
5* 3* 112 818 6* 74 931 427 230
79 819 4* 249 351 947 1* 623 52
835r1 538639r2
946 655 254 421 111 522 7* 324 8*
345c1 947c6

Puzzle 0462

628 211 740 3* 845 1* 947 520 435

33c1 26b6
4* 925 130 512 731 615 2* 832 35
313c5
33 516 841 27 944 414 137 638 736
414615b4: 46c5b6 958 3* 210 434 11 857 519 7* 649
415516617c2 721122r7 159 8* 518 648 2* 755 353 433 963
756 617 426 960 5* 354 852 29 164
424c2 130731r7
2* 721 6* 861 313 962 4* 122 5*
433c8 843c1
843 424 942 1* 646 52 729 3* 28
5* 123 34 7* 427 26 650 939 851
28
Puzzle 0463
311273c2 113514r4
3* 522 7* 4* 835 960 259 16 6*
417b5 519c4 521b7 227 662 425 15 39 733 961 8* 521
824b1 227b1 429c7 1* 963 824 519 258 664 429 38 732
730r9: 48(89)(99) 723r1
650 8* 113 954 734 255 514 4* 37
418 73 516 653 1* 3* 838 252 945
925826r6 731b8
949 31 228 839 5* 417 731 651 115
835ic5: uX48c5b6c9b9 836c6 826 4* 311 7* 944 14 642 523 243
440r8 642c7 243b9 712 2* 647 310 440 520 1* 946 837
949r6 954c4
5* 12 948 256 657 836 3* 730 441

Puzzle 0464 1* 221 735 5* 818 632

45 952 353
41c4 57b8
817 937 336 2* 138 467* 523 633
8829c7 512b6 628 4* 524 951 361 762
88 222 154
814c4 219b2 360 6* 219 814 763 964
126 4* 57
126r4 127r7: 1c9b7 5* 815 42 1* 220 357
956 634 745
628c1 630c4 759 142 941 41 632 358 8*
513 2*
632r6 735336b1
43 3* 629 750 512 8* 29 127 955
944 525 140 347 4* 210 6* 746 811
745b8
2* 743 816 630 949 139 5* 348 44
Puzzle 0465
13b8 2768r1 834 937 538 7* 68 27 440 1* 3*
39c7 312b1 2* 461 6* 857 346 145 763 932 526
313r4 414r7
16 762 312 933 456 553 864 220 619
313 842 721 458 2* 9* 5* 659 13
215916r7 619c9
631 541 439 143 748 347 2* 844 9*
721r4&722r8: 7c2b1
92 1* 21 554 855 652 39 460 718
623r8 526c9: 5r9b6 5* 311 15 215 916 817 6* 7* 414
834c1 538r1 722 623 830 3* 1* 4* 929 528 225
143844r5: 37(55)(56) 435 224 936 650 551 749 14 310 827
29
PRACTICE SET 66

Puzzle 0466

6* 4* 1*
3*
7*
3* 7* 5*
4*
8*
5* 2* 3*
8* 4* 1*
7*

Puzzle 0467
1* 2* 3*
7* 4*
9*
7* 6* 8*
4* 5* 7*
1*
3* 2*
6*
5*

30
Puzzle 0468
3* 2* 9*
4* 5*
1* 8*
7* 6* 3*
5*

5* 2* 4*
4* 6*
1*

Puzzle 0469

3* 2* 5*
6* 1*

4* 1*
2* 8*
3* 7*
5* 2*
3* 4*
4* 7*
Puzzle 0470

1* 6* 4*
8* 2*
1*
6* 4*
3* 5*

5* 7* 8* 3*
3* 2*
6*
31
Puzzle 0471

1* 3* 5*
6*
2*
4* 1* 2*
7* 3*
7* 5*
8* 2*
3* 7*
4*
Puzzle 0472

2* 8* 9*
7* 1* 4*
6* 5*
5* 6* 3*
1*
9*
5* 8*
4*
1*

Puzzle 0466

13b9 3475r8 521 944 319 6* 79 843 4* 242 1*

312b5 414r7 826 427 659 130 261 3* 540 963 72
415b8 220b8
7* 128 260 539 962 41 318 864 656
3* 824 425 247 654 134 7* 5* 955
521r1: 5c6b5 822b9
652 235 532 710 4* 951 823 116 317
823b8 134r4 953 711 129 8* 312 533 657 415 220
235b2 536235b6
18 5* 77 948 849 650 2* 3* 414
26 34 8* 4* 1* 75 955 658 541
242843r1 247c4
431 645 946 313 536 237 13 7* 822
32
Puzzle 0467

12b2 13b4 34b8: 3r6b2 920 1* 2* 821 561 662 3* 718 419
26c1: 2r6b6 69b3
331 835 525 7* 230 4* 634 139 940
632 442 743 9* 333 13 859 247 558
210r9&311b6&312213r5
&214415r4: 23c5b4 7* 523 6* 214 415 924 15 8* 34
4* 213 12 312 663 864 929 5* 7*
718419920r1 821c4: 8r6b2
828 927 326 522 1* 71 436 649 248
525b1&326c3
&927b2: 47(32)(33)
17 3* 853 417 745 554 2* 950 651
26 744 952 6* 856 311 560 437 138
230331r2: 19(28)(29)
5* 69 441 18 955 210 746 316 857
634835r2: 19(28)(29) 436g 745r7 247g

Puzzle 0468 3* 620 416 722 2* 13 9* 821 519

12b1 1364b4 28 826 753 944 4* 5* 651 152 342
564728c1 1* 954 520 343 64 8* 415 755 231
59210811c4
7* 233 824 6* 517 925 3* 414 134
47 357 961 210 137 760 835 5* 663
519620821r1
56 138 662 411 836 359 232 941 764
623r9: 6c3b2 928 5* 2* 812 748 618 146 345 4*
824925r4: 12(42)(49) 827 4* 12 59 349 213 747 6* 940
939r9 342c9
623 756 358 1* 939 41 520 230 829

Puzzle 0469
3* 819 113 658 725 959 426 2* 5*
23r2: 2c6b5 412b2
744 6* 23 1* 427 529 331 946 835
113r1: 1c2b2 715b6 945 518 414 28 832 330 647 142 741
117b3: 1r9b6 521c3 624 739 521 4* 940 27 1* 834 311
2* 150 8* 310 560 661 948 738 428
522b9 523c4
412 949 3* 7* 151 833 26 563 662
624c1 725426r1
5* 31 716 957 2* 42 836 664 143
832b4 833b5 117 24 654 837 3* 715 522 4* 953
738b8 820 4* 935 523 656 152 7* 39 25
33
Puzzle 0470
728 1* 255 6* 357 852 550 934 4*
6142c1 14r5
8* 446 356 562 744 963 2* 65 16
110b3 111b6 61 548 954 1* 445 253 851 742 37
413b8 218c8 227 6* 4* 838 559 358 924 114 740
420r7 523c9 924b8 116 732 825 929 69 422 3* 5* 231
926 347 549 230 115 741 68 413 839
825926227b2: 35(62)(63)
5* 219 7* 420 8* 64 112 3* 921
330c4 733g 734b9 3* 936 63 733 2* 111 417 835 523
838c4 347c2 42 837 110 361 960 564 734 218 6*
Puzzle 0471
22r1: 2c5b5 38c5 410c4
934 1* 835 3* 721 630 5* 22 413
411c2 115c1
6* 411 322 27 541 149 847 950 720
516b8 717b6 523 729 2* 410 942 848 324 161 662
818b8 322523b1 836 524 4* 638 1* 325 937 71 2*
25 932 655 7* 843 445 154 3* 516
325r4 528r7 529r9
7* 327 156 5* 26 944 446 663 864
631c2: 6(52)→ (83)→ o c5
412 8* 718 153 38 2* 652 528 951
937r4:9c4b6 540b6 3* 24 933 858 639 540 7* 414 160
942c5 944b5 847c7 115 631 529 957 4* 717 23 859 39

Puzzle 0472

1142c1 48b5 2* 317 416 510 622 8* 9* 723 13

510r4 914815416b1 815 7* 511 1* 921 4* 357 252 658
622b4 824225b3
11 6* 914 246 745 344 419 818 5*
5* 17 726 6* 3* 935 236 432 831
726g 827c5
42 229 355 739 827 538 656 1* 934
934b8 741642r7 9* 828 654 48 16 237 540 353 749
252c8
741 920 225 343 5* 15 8* 642 433
661 4* 824 947 248 759 14 513 363
362 512 1* 830 49 660 750 951 264
34
Practice Set 67

Puzzle 0473
4* 2* 5*
7* 1* 6*

1* 6* 7*
5* 4*
3*
6* 8*
4* 2*
3*

Puzzle 0474
4* 2*
7* 8*
1*
6* 5* 8*
3* 1*
7*
3* 5* 6*
8* 5*
7*

35
Puzzle 0475
8* 3*
4* 5*

3* 2* 6*
7* 4*
5* 1*
2* 3* 8*
8* 6*
1*
Puzzle 0476
1* 3* 4*
7* 8*

2* 6*
3* 7*
1*
7* 2* 3*
1* 5*
8* 2*
Puzzle 0477
8* 6*
4* 2*
1*
2* 6*
5* 1*
8* 9*
2* 7* 4*
8* 3*
1*
36
Puzzle 0478
4* 2*
6* 1*
7*
2* 4* 5*
3* 6*
8*
3* 1* 7*
2* 5*
8*
Puzzle 0479
5* 7* 2*
4* 1*
6*
9* 2*
3* 1*
8*
4* 3* 6*
5* 7*
1*
Puzzle 0473

4122r2 29b3
4* 560 2* 5* 112 611 331 859 948
836 963 327 22 7* 41 1* 564 6*
510b5 611112r1
617 562 118 937 854 353 47 761 28
121c4 326b2
936 1* 44 835 6* 7* 225 329 528
528329r4: 5c8b7 630b9 5* 326 616 121 957 558 741 4* 834
532c7 733c8: 7c2b1 738 224 839 3* 43 510 940 615 122
834b8 835b5 29 6* 545 720 352 151 8* 947 46
738b2 842b3 543r8 118 842 733 4* 543 944 614 2* 330
3* 45 946 613 256 855 532 150 749
37
Puzzle 0474

12r4 84r7
135 4* 625 2* 333 519 85 936 711
7* 331 941 624 138 8* 56 248 447
77c7 512813c4
242 518 820 710 954 453 1* 639 332
621322r6 623r9
6* 12 71 455 250 334 964 5* 8*
625b1 327r8 516 815 3* 1* 79 952 252 449 640
135r1 137r7 961 260 459 512 814 621 322 7* 136
941r2 943c9: 9r7b3 462 163 137 3* 5* 78 6* 84 246
244r : 2( 7)→2(2 ) 8* 626 258 956 457 129 77 327 5*
→2(5 )→ o2c 330 7* 517 813 623 244 445 128 943
Puzzle 0475

12b5 13b9
231 536 954 8* 3* 253 65 141 442
4* 656 37 138 746 955 5* 88 252
346586c7 88r2
862 140 763 537 434 657 34 949 751
19b3: 5r bb → 5(72)( 3)
726 3* 110 2* 6* 412 86 548 950
211c7: 2r8b6 412r4 661 960 864 7* 12 513 4* 230 315
513b5 315r5 5* 228 429 316 917 814 1* 727 621
722c7: 7r7b6 924g 726g 19 435 2* 639 545 747 923 3* 8*
228r6 231g 432r8 924 8* 533 432 219 318 722 6* 13
435r7 536r1
320 759 658 925 81 1* 211 443 544
Puzzle 0476 641 1* 3* 819 4* 529 958 261 762
23r7 84b9 537 426 216 923 335 7* 8* 638 130
76r8 310c1 942 79 815 221 636 128 334 443 539
613b6 815b1 78 2* 948 6* 546 850 131 333 451
219420921c4: 49r9b9
427 817 545 3* 132 254 7* 959 649
1* 311 647 77 955 452 540 844 260
924c2
23 518 7* 422 856 957 2* 12 3*
128529b4: 36(25)(35)
310 925 427 1* 76 613 25 5* 84
537r2 545r5 8* 614 11 524 2* 312 453 763 964
38
Puzzle 0477

11b8 27r6
530 8* 15 731 6* 29 923 429 327
735 949 4* 857 14 358 2* 533 655
413b8 814b5
644 28 350 962 524 461 1* 734 856
815616c7 919720b9
345 543 948 2* 437 814 747 6* 11
717g 819r8 818 652 753 5* 938 1* 346 212 413
524c5 326g: 9(45)(55) 439 16 27 359 736 660 532 8* 9*
627g 428b6 429530r1 2* 7* 817 663 326 964 4* 12 521
532r6 736r6 437c5 942 440 541 13 8* 722 616 3* 211
644c1 346c7
1* 351 654 428 210 525 815 919 720
Puzzle 0478 526 4* 135 89 756 955 632 337 2*
2182r7 310b5 411c4 6* 24 738 1* 341 543 813 442 929
512b9 813c7 418b2 817 940 339 23 447 648 7* 544 134
420c7 525r7: 5c2b2 962 152 661 751 2* 4* 5* 814 315
526c1 123b8 527628r6
3* 750 816 949 545 146 26 6* 419
25 527 418 628 8* 310 924 123 722
929g 331b9 337g
421 653 525 3* 954 21 1* 7* 82
738r2 442r2 146b5
758 336 2* 5* 159 88 420 930 633
949r5 152c2 12 8* 964 411 660 757 331 27 512
Puzzle 0479 5* 938 11 7* 2* 42 844 342 643
1142r1 14r4 55b3 311 755 254 633 825 532 4* 937 1*
210b5 311c1 312b4 6* 839 48 934 17 312 761 551 262
414r8 520c3: 27(22)(23) 9* 340 648 535 436 731 14 2* 849
621b3 226827r7
49 253 852 3* 947 1* 559 645 760
13 556 757 8* 646 210 958 417 341
929b6: 9c5b5 633c7b4
937g 839b1 340g
827 4* 3* 226 730 929 6* 15 519
222 621 920 16 5* 823 315 7* 414
728 1* 55 416 313 624 263 850 964
39
PRACTICE SET 68

Puzzle 0480

1* 2*
9* 4*
5*
1* 3*
6* 8*
9*
4* 9* 5*
7* 2* 6*
3*

Puzzle 0481

1* 8* 4*
5* 9* 3*
7*
3* 6* 5*
2*

8* 4* 7*
1* 8*
3*

40
Puzzle 0482

3* 6* 1*
2* 8*
4*
8* 3* 2*
1* 7*
4* 5*
6* 1*
3* 5*

Puzzle 0483

4* 1*
8* 6*

2* 4* 6*
5* 8* 3*
7*
4* 2*
9* 1*
5* 8*
Puzzle 0484
7* 2*
6* 5*
3*
6* 8* 7*
4* 5*
9* 3*
3* 2*
8* 6*
1*
41
Puzzle 0485

2* 7* 1*
3* 9*
8*
6* 2* 5*
9* 5*
4* 1*
6* 1*
9* 3*

Puzzle 0486 1* 7* 4*
3* 2*
8*
6* 1*
8* 3*
2*
3* 9*
5* 6*
7* 1*

Puzzle 0480
1* 328 517 425 833 62 734 99 2*
21b9 62b4: 12(26)(35)
230 859 758 327 9* 142 645 4* 516
9354c4 313r8 414b6 98 644 423 740 241 5* 143 310 836
515b8 219420c7 422 250 851 1* 747 912 515 652 3*
422c1 326b5 518 760 332 6* 424 246 8* 161 911
654 9* 157 54 326 838 219 762 421
329230c1 833r1
329 4* 231 839 148 749 9* 5* 664
735r9 838b5 7* 57 96 2* 6* 313 420 837 163
853c1 853 156 655 93 55 414 3* 21 735
42
Puzzle 0481
612 38 211 1* 8* 931 4* 715 530
32b9 841576r2
5* 76 9* 460 662 261 3* 15 84
47b1: 18(31)(33) 210c2 840 47 141 529 7* 39 927 628 225
211612b1: 18(31)(33) 3* 920 838 6* 122 739 5* 221 426
513614b3: 5r9b9 715r1 2* 645 449 853 356 547 751 957 143
142 546 750 954 255 448 852 358 644
716417r9 920g 221g
919 8* 33 236 534 123 635 4* 7*
124c7: 1r9b8 225c9 426g 418 1* 513 759 963 664 237 8* 32
927g: 6c7b9 628r3 716 210 614 3* 417 81 124 532 933
635r7 838r4

Puzzle 0482 820 3* 421 6* 1* 945 758 256 557

11r4 3728c1 933 2* 14 510 730 342 8* 641 425
510311c4 614b6
519 734 635 4* 815 244 13 343 946
732 636 937 11 517 8* 3* 424 2*
815b4 216r5: 2c6b4
1* 518 312 7* 216 422 648 949 850
519820c1 421b1 4* 828 213 311 929 626 5* 727 12
422b5 727b8 828r6 6* 938 551 852 423 731 252 1* 39
732c1 734c2 440r8
28 16 761 955 3* 5* 440 863 647
37 439 862 254 614 15 959 564 760
244r3 551852r7

Puzzle 0483 4* 938 762 210 849 361 551 1* 643

22b3 43c4 45c7 358 8* 156 6* 952 557 45 213 748
642 211 563 43 154 764 950 345 847
76r4: 58(48)(49)
2* 76 4* 932 353 155 6* 836 535
37b2&68r6: 58(61)(63)
940 119 641 5* 29 8* 3* 727 426
29b5 115916r6: 58(61)(63) 523 37 822 7* 68 44 214 916 115
119c2 820c4 924b9 730r9 759 639 360 820 4* 928 117 534 2*
821 41 9* 1* 533 211 737 644 346
737g 938c2 353c5 557r2
118 5* 22 331 730 629 8* 425 924

43
Puzzle 0484
840 7* 942 129 543 2* 35 438 645
3122c4 6778c1 435 6* 36 725 934 89 5* 130 224
510b8 89b4: 56(15)(36) 541 117 226 457 3* 644 748 839 949
513b3: 68(73)(93) 814b2 221 315 122 6* 8* 920 418 7* 510
67 814 4* 5* 721 319 227 932 132
217c2 418b8 319b5
9* 511 74 22 158 459 816 69 3*
920r4 122r4 224725r2
3* 455 861 936 663 546 128 2* 747
128c7 934r2 78 953 513 8* 256 157 6* 34 452
438c8 747r7 848c9 1* 254 662 31 464 760 950 512 851

Puzzle 0485
2* 312 99 7* 1* 813 662 461 550
11b7 92r4 120 830 733 454 552 653 3* 236 9*
14b5 67b6 428 631 532 98 321 235 11 734 8*
318 119 824 6* 446 92 2* 5* 748
312813r1 314b3
725 9* 644 14 242 5* 823 316 445
917c4 522b2: 26(53)(63) 522 4* 243 317 826 747 93 1* 649
823b8 824725b2: 26(53)(63) 6* 241 1* 839 751 455 557 911 315
827c1 631c2 827 558 429 240 9* 3* 763 664 16
910 759 314 556 611 15 460 838 237
532r3 240c4

Puzzle 0486 1* 219 39 654 963 45 7* 4* 818

11c4 3728c7 821 746 615 3* 449 2* 544 16 943
612b3 614c8
929 545 447 8* 750 14 37 614 220
6* 448 958 255 1* 311 859 541 736
717b2: 7r4b8
717 8* 256 451 561 653 960 3* 15
818219r1 827c5 310 13 557 728 827 964 452 2* 616
728r6: 7c6b6 430 3* 12 9* 613 735 28 840 542
929c1 432r8
5* 931 822 11 224 432 6* 733 326
223 612 7* 538 325 837 1* 939 434
545746c2

44
PRACTICE SET 69

Puzzle 0487

2* 5*
3* 9*
1*
9* 6* 7*
4* 2*
3*
9* 2* 4*
8* 5*
1*

Puzzle 0488

4* 1*
8* 6*

2* 4* 6*
5* 8* 3*
7*
4* 2*
9* 1*
5* 8*

45
Puzzle 0489

4* 2* 8*
7* 3*
5*
5* 7*
4* 1*
2* 9*
1* 5* 6*
9*
2*
Puzzle 0490
1* 7*
6* 2*
4*
8* 7*
1* 9*
6* 2*
8* 4* 5*
1* 3*
2*
Puzzle 0491

4* 2* 7*
5* 1*

7* 3* 6*
4* 6*
5*
6* 5* 3*
2* 8*
1*
46
Puzzle 0492

2* 6* 8*
8* 4*
3* 5*
1* 3*
6* 3*
2*
1* 7* 8*
5*
6*
Puzzle 0493
4* 5* 6* 3*
8*
1*
2* 6* 7*
5* 4*
2*
6* 4*
7* 1*
7*

Puzzle 0487 837 916 123 2* 636 5* 45 317 738

3* 535 461 122 756 858 9* 663 231
11b9 235445c7 230 742 662 318 457 91 1* 864 534
310911r5 317r1 526 124 325 49 9* 26 6* 7* 813
519120b5 911 4* 2* 754 859 660 54 18 310
743 641 840 519 3* 120 23 47 912
636837r1: 6c1b3
646 332 533 9* 121 752 851 2* 4*
641b2: 6c1b3 445 8* 915 653 228 348 755 5* 12
445c1 1* 229 744 850 527 447 349 914 639

47
Puzzle 0488 4* 921 762 24 848 361 547 1* 626
22b3 432485c4 358 8* 156 6* 949 557 410 216 745
410211112c7 625 26 563 43 154
764 946 340 844
2* 718 4* 950 353
155 6* 834 533
517b2 718r4: 58(48)(49)
923 120 624 5* 214
8* 3* 739 438
319b2 120922c2
517 319 89 7* 628
47 211 930 129
628129r6 931532r7 759 622 360 85 4* 931 112 532 2*
353c5 557r2 88 41 9* 1* 543 215 742 627 341
113 5* 22 351 752 635 8* 437 936
Puzzle 0489
631 153 354 726 922 4* 2* 52 8*
2344c1 410b1
7* 918 29 819 3* 51 621 414 120
411b5 916c8
5* 821 410 127 28 628 338 916 739
918819120r2 830 651 152 27 5* 335 917 7* 413
726r1 127r3: 1c6b5 925 4* 543 637 862 761 1* 26 334
629c9: 6r5b5 333 2* 747 9* 411 148 541 842 629
830631c1: 8r6b8 334b8
1* 356 855 5* 758 923 415 6* 25
23 544 650 412 149 860 759 345 9*
336c4 747b2 650r8
44 757 924 336 663 2* 864 146 540

Puzzle 0490
528 1* 211 429 7* 821 620 915 316
11c1 27b8 313b3
732 957 458 6* 855 350 559 2* 14
714915c8 318b7 335 662 863 13 210 954 860 4* 716
619g 620821r1 627b6 11 349 952 8* 438 551 7* 640 27
528r1: 5c4b6 730b5 437 212 546 334 639 730 1* 847 9*
6* 853 731 2* 956 12 426 348 525
731r6: 7c2b3 732c1
8* 742 16 941 333 4* 28 5* 619
333g(75): (75)→ o c 936 461 664 545 1* 29 3* 714 823
334c4 335936c1 546r5 2* 444 313 743 822 627 917 15 424
48
Puzzle 0491
314 4* 2* 615 116 930 829 56 7*
21b3 52r4 18b1
945 840 644 742 5* 455 256 1* 322
69b6 111r8 314b6
743 18
53 841 321 254 953 452 626
615116317r1 427c5 52 947
7* 3* 261 6* 120 837 460
828b5 829r1 838 324
119 4* 962 54 734 6* 263
931b6 734b8
239 646
448 118 735 828 5* 323 964
736837c8: 7r8b3
6* 5* 833 931 427 732 3* 213 112
449 750 325 2* 8* 111 610 957 57
943244r4 452c8
1* 21 951 55 69 314 458 736 859

Puzzle 0492 535 929 133 2* 34 424 736 6* 8*

12b2 33b7 8* 730 234 132 610 925 537 4* 33
6226c1 212b5
3* 611 426 731 5* 823 238 155 956
759 828 549 460 1* 69 3* 957 215
516317r7 319c4
962 12 6* 863 212 3* 440 552 758
121b6 722c5 461 2* 31 964 722 518 68 853 154
823424b6 427b3 1* 317 944 516 443 7* 8* 214 67
828929c2 139440c7
65 5* 847 319 945 213 139 750 442
26 427 748 6* 846 121 941 320 551

Puzzle 0493 823 254 753 924 4* 5* 6* 3* 13

13r1 455687c4 443 949 646 348 8* 14 528 220 718
54r4 112b8 716r5
1* 350 545 647 717 219 827 421 929
938 115 825 2* 6* 337 48 7* 59
219b4 220b7 222r7
21 5* 4* 87 111 716 933 636 335
823924r1: 27(12)(13) 825r4 644 752 351 45 510 939 2* 112 826
528b7 830331r7 331 6* 114 56 222 830 72 932 4*
337r4 340c5
7* 862 256 1* 941 460 334 563 658
542 461 955 7* 340 659 113 864 257
542443c1

49
PRACTICE SET 70

Puzzle 0494
9* 4*
7* 3*
1*
3* 8* 1*
6* 9*

2* 6* 5*
7* 2*
8* 1*

Puzzle 0495
7* 8* 5*
1*
4*
3* 8*
9* 4*
1*
6* 1* 3*
5* 8* 2*
2*

50
Puzzle 0496
4* 5*
3* 1*

7* 3* 1*
5* 8*
6*
2* 5* 4*
6* 1*
8* 3*
Puzzle 497
9* 3* 4*
7* 2*

3* 2* 9*
1*
6*
8* 2* 5*
7* 3*
4* 9*
Puzzle 0498
3* 6* 7*
1* 5*

3* 2* 7*
4* 5*
1*
1* 2* 4*
7* 6*
8*
51
Puzzle 0499
8* 6*
7* 5*
3*
5* 8*
1* 7*
4* 3*
3* 6* 2*
4* 7*
1*
Puzzle 0500
6* 4*
2* 9*
8*
3* 5*
4* 2*
8* 1*
8* 5*
2* 9*
1* 4*

Puzzle 0494 259 821 363 664 17 713 9* 4* 548

12c7 7889310911r7
7* 547 955 454 3* 817 12 243 650
1* 453 662 261 525 922 815 716 349
713r1 814b9
458 952 260 3* 719 623 531 8* 1*
816b4 623r4
532 6* 820 16 9* 436 730
342 244
624b6 728b2
333 15 728 527 818 234 435
641 940
531c7 333b2 89 2* 14 911 412 3106* 5* 78
234435r6: 69(68)(69) 956 351 457 7* 624 5262* 13 814
342c8 351952c2 646 729 545 8* 21 1* 337 939 438
52
Puzzle 0495

1233r8 311b7
929 7* 17 441 314 638 8* 5* 240
819 310 237 1* 531 946 457 635 758
615b3 815516r7
528 4* 636 818 745 242 311 16 947
820c8
3* 623 451 761 14 8* 243 953 562
623224c2: 6r6b5 727 822 534 233 9* 313 632 4* 15
426727528c1 1* 224 952 560 639 450 759 312 821
632233r5 635c8 426 925 730 6* 816 517 1* 21 3*
240r1 444c5 615 5* 8* 35 2* 12 955 754 456
2* 18 39 948 444 749 563 820 664
Puzzle 0496

12b4 13r7
617 747 826 4* 956 5* 17 257 38
3* 254 1* 824 646 739 962 535 463
15b8 38r1: 3c8b8
516 453 952 12 255 31 825 648 745
39c7 513814615r4
7* 615 513 3* 1* 814 261 460 964
617818c1 720b8 944 16 243 734 432 633 5* 312 8*
821b9 427r9 818 311 438 236 531 937 6* 720 15
528229r8 235c4 243r5 2* 5* 310 940 741 13 4* 821 622
745b7 646r2 460r3 445 950 751 6* 823 229 39 1* 528
14 8* 619 530 3* 427 749 959 258
Puzzle 0497 239 9* 638 827 3* 4* 55 726 125
2213b9 74b4 7* 534 423 921 620 133 2* 830 311
55g&46g: 678c7b9 310 844 145 53274 21 928 629 424
4738c4 915416717r7 637 3* 842 1552* 9* 46 531 741
422c1 423r2 827g
950 762 563 47 846 313 1* 260 640
422 149 259 6* 547 714 312 958 843
928c7 629b7 531g
8* 416 39 2* 915 618 717 13 5*
532c4 637g
148 656 957 7* 419 552 854 3* 22
148c1 950c1 551 261 764 38 136 853 655 4* 9*
53
Puzzle 0498

12b6 4314r4: 4c4b6

3* 6* 7* 931 529 226 835 444 143
953 222 450 1* 852 742 5* 620 321
7627r5 614c1
854 555 11 623 451 324 711 934 228
617818b5 620321222r2
614 958 557 818 3* 43 14 2* 7*
226c6 529r1 930g 4* 76 337 5* 27 15 625
839 938
832r7 934b7 835g 28 1* 840 713 617 919 336
546 445
636g 938r5 1* 832 2* 333 930 5274* 710 616
450(23): (23)→ ( 2) 556 21 959 461 7* 6* 263 142 841
→ ( 1)→ o#( 2) 79 460 615 262 12 8* 964 347 548
Puzzle 0499

42b5 7314r7
122 416 953 8* 252 79 6* 328 529
650 7* 823 5* 338 955 111 418 259
111c7 414b6
3* 523 254 415 651 121 78 846 960
120c4 523b1
258 31 5* 120 956 657 8* 77 417
525c5 327r9 962 1* 42 334 7* 833 530 261 640
530c7 639b9 863 648 76 237 4* 531 3* 964 112
841r8 247c2 73 944 3* 6* 14 2* 419 532 845
4* 841 15 936 525 335 242 639 7*
524 247 649 710 826 414 943 1* 327
Puzzle 0500 949 6* 4* 525 739 160 210 359 818
214263c1 45r4 752 2* 815 9* 48 361 657 558 162
514b9 815b1 551 122 326 211 8* 648 49 950 753
519120r5 326b1 3* 45 121 646 937 747 5* 817 24
328b5 629r6
63 816 519 4* 120 2* 943 754 355
21 735 936 8* 328 524 1* 629 46
930b6 638c5
8* 934 213 345 5* 432 756 163 664
140341r8 648g
42 523 742 140 638 831 341 2* 9*
949g 551r3 1* 327 643 744 212 930 833 4* 514
54
 "EVOLUTIONARY PROGRESS IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, ARTS
AND MATHEMATICS (STEAM)"

1. Dr. Lawrence K. Wang (王抗曝)

Editor Lawrence K. Wang has served the society as a professor, inventor, chief engineer, chief
editor and public servant (UN, USEPA, NY, Albany) for 50+ years, with experience in entire field
of environmental science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics (STEAM). He is a
licensed NY-MA-NJ-PA-OH Professional Engineer, a certified NY-MA-RI Laboratory Director, a
MA-NY Water Operator, and an OSHA Train-the-Trainer Instructor.

He has special passion, and expertise in developing various innovative technologies, educational
programs, licensing courses, international projects, academic publications, and humanitarian
organizations, all for his dream goal of promoting world peace. He is a retired Acting
President/Professor of the Lenox Institute of Water Technology (LIWT), USA, a United Nations
Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Senior Advisor in Vienna, Austria, and a former
professor/visiting professor of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Stevens Institute of Technology,
University of Illinois, National Cheng Kung University, Zhejiang University, and Tongji
University.

Dr. Wang is the author of 750+ papers and 60+ books, and is credited with 29 invention patents.

He holds a BSCE degree from National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, ROC, a MSCE degree
from the University of Missouri, a MS degree from the University of Rhode Island and a PhD
degree from Rutgers University, USA. Currently he is the book series editor of CRC Press, Springer
Nature Switzerland, Lenox Institute Press, World Scientific Singapore, and John Wiley.

Dr. Wang has been a Delegate of the People to People International Foundation, an American
Academy of Environmental Engineers (AAEE) Diplomate, a member of WEF, AWWA, ASCE,
AIChE, ASPE, CIE and OCEESA, and a recipient of WEF Kenneth Research Award (NY), Five-
Star Innovative Engineering Award (first DAF drinking water plant in Americas), and Korean
Pollution Control Association Award (Transfer of flotation technology to South Korea).

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2. Dr. Hung-ping Tsao (曹恆平)

Editor Hung-ping Tsao has been a mathematician, a university professor, and an assistant actuary,
serving private firms and universities in the United States and Taiwan for 30+ years. Dr. Tsao has
been an Associate Member of the Society of Actuaries and a Member of the American
Mathematical Society.

His research have been in the areas of college mathematics, actuarial mathematics, management
mathematics, classic number theory and Sudoku puzzle solving. In particular, bikini and open top
problems are presented to share some intuitive insights and some type of optimization problems can
be solved more efficiently and categorically by using the idea of the boundary being the marginal
change of a well-rounded region with respect to its inradius; theory of interest, life contingency
functions and pension funding are presented in more simplified and generalized fashions; the new
way of the simplex method using cross-multiplication substantially simplified the process of finding
the solutions of optimization problems; the generalization of triangular arrays of numbers from the
natural sequence based to arithmetically progressive sequences based opens up the dimension of
explorations; the introduction of an innovative way to solve Sudoku puzzles makes everybody’s life
so much easier and other STEAM project development.

Dr. Tsao is the author of 10+ books and over 40 academic publications. Among all of the above
accomplishments, he is most proud of solving manually in the total of ten hours the hardest
Sudoku posted online by Arto Inkala in early July of 2012 and introducing an easy way to
playSudoku in 2019.

He earned his high school diploma from the High School of National Taiwan Normal University,
his BS and MS degrees from National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, his second MS
degree from the UWM in USA, and a PhD degree from the University of Illinois, USA.

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Editors of the eBOOK Series of the "EVOLUTIONARY PROGRESS IN SCIENCE,

TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, ARTS AND MATHEMATICS (STEAM)"

Dr. Lawrence K. Wang (王抗曝) - - left

Dr. Hung-ping Tsao (曹恆平) – right

APPENDIX D

THE E-BOOK SERIES OF

"EVOLUTIONARY PROGRESS IN SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING,

ARTS AND MATHEMATICS (STEAM)"

The acronym STEM stands for “science, technology, engineering and mathematics”. In accordance
with the ational Science Teachers Association ( STA), “A common definition of STEM
education is an interdisciplinary approach to learning where rigorous academic concepts are
coupled with real-world lessons as students apply science, technology, engineering, and
mathematics in contexts that make connections between school, community, work, and the global
enterprise enabling the development of STEM literacy and with it the ability to compete in the new
economy”.

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The problem of this country has been pointed out by the US Department of Education that “All
young people should be prepared to think deeply and to think well so that they have the chance to
become the innovators, educators, researchers, and leaders who can solve the most pressing
challenges facing our nation and our world, both today and tomorrow. But, right now, not enough
of our youth have access to quality STEM learning opportunities and too few students see these
disciplines as springboards for their careers.” STEM learning and applications are very popular
topics at present, and STEM related careers are in great demand.

According to the US Department of Education reports that the number of STEM jobs in the United
States will grow by 14% from 2010 to 2020, which is much faster than the national average of 5-8
% across all job sectors. Computer programming and IT jobs top the list of the hardest to fill jobs.

Despite this, the most popular college majors are business, law, etc., not STEM related. For this
reason, the US government has just extended a provision allowing foreign students that are earning
degrees in STEM fields a seven month visa extension, now allowing them to stay for up to three
years of “on the job training”. So, at present STEM is a legal term.

The acronym STEAM stands for “science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics”. As one
can see, STEAM (adds “arts”) is simply a variation of STEM. The word of “arts” means
application, creation, ingenuity, and integration, for enhancing STEM inside, or exploring of STEM
outside.

It may also mean that the word of “arts” connects all of the humanities through an idea that a person
is looking for a solution to a very specific problem which comes out of the original inquiry process.
STEAM is an academic term in the field of education. The University of San Diego and Concordia
University offer a college degree with a STEAM focus.

Basically STEAM is a framework for teaching or R&D, which is customizable and functional,
thence the “fun” in functional. As a typical example, if STEM represents a normal cell phone
communication tower looking like a steel truss or concrete column, STEAM will be an artificial
green tree with all devices hided, but still with all cell phone communication functions. This ebook
series presents the recent evolutionary progress in STEAM with many innovative chapters
contributed by academic and professional experts.

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