1

 Module I
 General Introduction:-

 Specifications- purposes and basic principles-general specifications.

 Analysis of rates- Introduction to the use of data book and schedule of rates-
cost of materials at site- cost of materials at source- conveyance charges.

 Detailed specification, preparation of data and analysis of rates for various

items of work connected with building construction and culverts with reference
to Indian Standard Specification.

 Module II
 Quantity Surveying- Basic principles-Types of Estimate- Detailed estimate
including quantities, abstract and schedule of rates of various items of works-
residential buildings- workshop buildings- office/ school building, sanitary and
water supply works- soak pits, septic tanks, overhead tanks, culverts, Retaining
walls, road construction.

 Bar-bending schedule-preparation of bar-bending schedule for RCC works

connected with building construction, culverts and minor irrigation works.

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 Module III
 Valuation- Principles of valuation of old buildings and apartment structure- Methods
of valuation: Depreciation- current rates of depreciation and net values. Fixation of
rent- Gross and net rent- methods.

 References:
 1.BN Dutta ,Estimating and costing in Civil Engineering, USB publishers and
distributers Ltd. New Delhi

 2.M Chakrabarti, Estimating and costing in Civil Engineering, USB publishers and
distributers Ltd. New Delhi

 3.V N Vazirani & S P Chandola, Civil engineering Estimating and Costing, Khanna
Publishers.

 4.Rangwala S C, Elements of Estimating, Charotar Publishing House

 5.Methods of measurement of Building & Civil Engineering works, IS 1200-1968

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 Question Paper: Duration: 3 hours

 The question paper consists of Part A and Part B.

 Part A is for 20 marks. There will be 4 compulsory short answer questions covering
entire syllabus.

 Part B is for 80 marks. There will be two questions from each module. The candidate
has to answer one question from each module. Questions from module I & module
III are carrying 15 marks each and questions from module II carries 50 marks each.

 Note: For analysis of rate and cost estimation, unit rate and labour requirement
should be given along with the questions by the question paper setter.

 No other charts, tables, codes are permitted in the Examination Hall. If necessary,
relevant data shall be given along with the question paper by the question paper
setter.

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 Building construction estimating - determination
of probable construction costs of any given
project.
 Many items influence and contribute to the cost of a
project; each item must be analyzed, quantified, and
priced.
 Estimate - prepared from the working drawings and the
project manual for a building
 Ability of the estimator to visualize all of the different
phases of the construction project becomes a prime
ingredient.
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 Prepared by computing the quantities required and then
calculating the cost at suitable rates, to get the expenditure
likely to be incurred in the construction of the work or
structure.
 Primary object of an estimate is to know beforehand the cost
of work.
 Actual cost is known only after the completion of the work
from the account of the completed work.
 If the estimate is prepared carefully and correctly there will not
be much difference in between the estimated cost and the actual
cost

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 NEED FOR ESTIMATE
It help to work out the approximate cost of the project in
order to decide its feasibility with respect to the cost and
to ensure the financial resources, it the proposal is
approved.
Requirements of controlled materials, such as cement and
steel can be estimated for making applications to the
controlling authorities.
It is used for framing the tenders for the works and to check
contractor’s work during and after the its execution for the
purpose of making payments to the contractor.
From quantities of different items of work calculated in
detailed estimation, resources are allocated to different
activities of the project and ultimately their durations and
whole planning and scheduling of the project is carried
out.

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 SITE CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE OVERALL
COST
Each type of work requires a different method of
construction. Construction may be of an ordinary house
or office and it may also be of a Dam, Tunnel, Multistory
building, Airport, Bridge, or a Road, already in operation.
Each of these works requires totally different construction
techniques, type of machinery, and formwork.
Quality of labour and labour output varies in different
localities.
Weather conditions greatly affect the output and, hence, the
overall cost.

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 SITE CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE OVERALL
COST…
Ground conditions vary and change the method of
construction. For example, excavation may be dry, wet,
hard, soft, shallow or deep requiring different efforts.
Quality of labour and labour output varies in different
localities.
The work may be in open ground such as fields or it may be
in congested areas such as near or on the public roads,
necessitating extensive watching, lightening, and
controlling efforts, etc.
The source of availability of a sufficient supply of
materials of good quality is also a factor.

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 SITE CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE OVERALL
COST…
The availability of construction machinery also affects the
method of construction.
Access to the site must be reasonable. If the access is poor,
temporary roads may be constructed.

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 ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF A GOOD ESTIMATOR
A good estimator of construction costs should possess the
following capabilities
A knowledge of the details of construction work.
Experience in construction work.
Having information regarding the materials required, machinery needed,
overhead problems, and costs of all kinds.
Good judgment with regard to different localities, different jobs and
different workmen.
Selection of a good method for preparing an estimate.
Ability to be careful, thorough, hard working and accurate.
Ability to collect, classify and evaluate data relating to estimation.
Ability to visualize all the steps during the process of construction.

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 Preliminary Estimate (Rough Cost Estimate.)
 Plinth Area Estimate.
 Cube Rate Estimate or Cubical Content Estimate.
 Approximate Quantity Method Estimate.
 Detailed Estimate
 Revised Estimate.
 Supplementary Estimate.
 Supplementary and Revised Estimate.
 Annual Repair or Maintenance Estimate
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 Data for Estimate
… Drawing (plans, section, etc.), Specifications, and
Rates.
 Drawings—Plan, Sectional elevations, and detailed
drawings to scale, fully dimensioned are required.
 General Specifications or Brief Specifications—Gives the
nature, quality and class and work and materials to be used
in the various parts of the work.
 Detailed Specifications.—Give the detailed description of
the various items of work laying down the quantities and
qualities of materials, their proportions, the method of
preparation, workmanship and execution of work.

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 Rates
 Rates per unit of various items of work, the rates of
various materials to be used in the construction, and the
wages of different categories of labour, skilled or unskilled
as mason, carpenter, mazdoor etc., available for preparing
estimate.
 location of the work and its distance from the source of
materials and the cost of transport should be known.
 rates may be obtained from P.W.D. Schedule of Rate book
or the rates may be worked out by the "Analysis of Rate”
method.
 CPWD Data Book and CPWD SOR

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 Specifies or describes the nature and the class of the work,
materials to be used in the work, workmanship, etc.
 Cost of a work depends on the specifications.
 Drawings and specifications form important parts of
contract document.
 Specifications depend on
… the nature of the work,
… the purpose for which the work is required,
… strength of the materials,
… availability of materials,
… quality of materials, etc.
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 Two types :

 General or brief specification

 gives the nature and class of the work and materials in
general terms, to be used in the various parts of the work,
from the foundation to the superstructure.
 i.e. a short description of different parts of the work
specifying materials, proportions, qualities, etc.
 General specifications give general idea of the whole work
or structure and are useful for preparing the estimate.

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 General Specifications of a First Class Building
 Foundation and plinth—Foundation and plinth shall be of I-
class brickwork/ RR Masonry in 1 : 6 cement mortar over 1 : 4
: 8 cement concrete.
 Damp proof course—D.P.C. shall be 2.5 cm thick cement
concrete 1:1½ : 3, mixed with one kg of Impermo per bag of
cement or other standard water proofing materials as specified
and painted with two coats of bitumen.
 Superstructure—Superstructure shall be of 1-class brickwork
with 1:6 cement mortar. Lintels over doors and windows shall
be of R.C.C.
 Roofing—Roof shall be of R.C.C. slab with an insulation layer,
supported over R.S. Joists or R.C.C. beams as required. Height
of rooms shall not be less than 3.7 m( 12 feet).
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 Flooring—Drawing room and dining room floors shall be of
mosaic (terrazo). Bathroom and W.C. floors and dado shall be
of mosaic (terrazo). Floors of bedrooms shall be coloured and
polished of 2.5 cm cement mortar over 7.5 cm concrete.
 Finishing—Inside and outside walls shall be of 12 mm cement
mortar plastered 1:6. Drawing, dining and bedrooms—inside
shall be distempered, and others—inside white washed 3 coats.
Outside shall be coloured snowcem washed two coats over one
coat of white wash.

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 Doors and windows—Chaukhats shall be seasoned teak wood.
Shutters shall be teak wood 4.3 cm thick panelled glazed or
partly panelled and partly glazed as required, with additional
wire gauge shutters. All fittings shall be of brass. Doors and
windows shall be varnished or painted two coats with high class
enamel paint over one coat of priming. Windows shall be
provided with iron gratings or grills.
 Miscellaneous—Rain water pipes of cast iron or of asbestos
cement/pvc pipes shall be provided and finished painted.
Building shall be provided with 1st class Sanitary and Water
fittings and Electrical installations.

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 General specifications of a second class building

 General specifications of a third class building

 General specifications of a fourth class building

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 DETAILED SPECIFICATIONS

 is a detailed description and expresses the requirements in

detail.
 detailed specification of an item of work specifies the qualities
and quantities of materials, the proportion of mortar,
workmanship, the method of preparation and execution and the
methods of measurement.
 detailed specifications of different items of work are prepared
separately, and describe what the works should be and how they
shall be executed and constructed.
 detailed specifications if prepared properly are very helpful for
the execution of work.
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 DETAILED SPECIFICATIONS of
 IS 1200-1
 Earthwork in excavation in foundation
 Excavation—Foundation trenches shall be dug out to the exact
width of foundation concrete and the sides shall be vertical. If the
soil is not good and does not permit vertical sides, the sides should be
sloped back or protected with timber shoring. Excavated earth shall
not be placed within 1 m of the edge of the trench.
 Finish of trench—The bottom of foundation trenches shall be
perfectly levelled both longitudinally and transversely and the sides of
the trench shall be dressed perfectly vertical from bottom up to the
least thickness of loose concrete so that concrete may be laid to the
exact width as per design. The bed of the trench shall be lightly
watered and well rammed. Foundation concrete shall not be laid
before the inspection and approval of the trench by the engineer-in-
charge.
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 Finds—Any treasure and valuables or materials found during the
excavation, shall be property of the Government.
 Water in foundation—Water, if any accumulates in the trench,
should be baled or pumped out without any extra payment and
necessary precautions shall be taken to prevent surface water to enter
into the trench.
 Trench filling—After the concrete has been laid masonry has been
constructed the remaining portion of the trenches shall be filled up
with earth in layers of 15 cm and watered and well rammed. The
earth filling shall be free from rubbish and refuse matters and all
clods shall be broken before filling. Surplus earth not required, shall
be removed and disposed, and site shall be levelled and dressed.

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 Measurement—The measurement of the excavation shall be taken
in cu m as for rectangular trench bottom width of concrete multiplied
by the vertical depth of foundation from ground level and multiplied
by the length of trenches even though the contractor might have
excavated with sloping side for his convenience.
 Rate shall be for complete work for 30 m (100 ft) lead and 1.50 m
(5') lift, including all tools and plants required for the completion of
the works.
 For every extra lead of 30 m and every extra lift of 1.5 m separate
extra rate is provided.

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 Cement concrete 1:2: 4
 Materials—Aggregate shall be of inert materials and should be
clean, dense, hard, sound, durable, non-absorbent and capable of
developing good bond with mortar.
 Coarse aggregate shall be of hard broken stone of granite or similar
stone, free from dust, dirt and other foreign matters. The stone ballast
shall be of 20 mm size and down and all should be retained in a 5
mm square mesh and well graded such that the voids do not exceed
42 per cent. For building work 20 mm gauge and for road work and
mass work 40 to 60 mm gauge may be used.
 Fine aggregate shall be of coarse sand consisting of hard, sharp and
angular grains and shall pass through screen of 4.75 mm square
mesh. Sand shall be of standard specifications clean and free from
dust, dirt, and organic matters. Sea sand shall not be used. (Fine
aggregate may also be of crushed stone if specified).

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 Cement -Portland cement of standard I.S.I specifications
 Water shall be clean and free from alkaline and acid matters and
suitable for drinking purposes.
 Proportion—Correct proportion 1:2:4
 Stone aggregate and sand shall be measured by volume with boxes.
Cement need not be measured by box, one bag of cement (50 kg)
should be considered as 1/30 cu m (1.2 cu ft). All materials shall be
dry. If damp sand is used compensation shall be made by adding
additional sand to the extent required for the bulking of damp sand.
Mixing shall be of machine mixing. For small work hand mixing by
batches may be allowed.
 Workability test has to be conducted

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 Form work—Formwork centering and shuttering shall be provided
as required, as per standard specifications before laying concrete to
confine to support or to keep the concrete in position. The inner
surface of shuttering shall be oiled to prevent concrete sticking to it.
The base and formwork over which concrete to be laid shall be
watered by sprinkling water before concrete is laid. Follow IS code for
stripping of formwork
 Laying—Concrete shall be laid gently in layers not exceeding 15 cm
and compacted by pinning with rods and tamping with wooden
tampers or with mechanical vibrating machine until a dense
concrete/is obtained. Avoid Honeycombing, Segregation & Bleeding
 If Concrete laying is suspended for rest or for the following day the
end shall be sloped at an angle of 30° and made rough for further
jointing. Avoid cold joint.
 For successive layer the upper layer shall be laid before the lower has
set.
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 Curing—After about two hours laying when concrete has begun to
harden, it shall be kept damp by covering with wet gunny bags or wet
sand for 24 hours, and then cured by flooding with water making
mud walls 7.5 cm high or by covering with wet sand or earth and kept
damp continuously for 15 days.
 Measurement – cub. metre

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 Reinforced cement concrete (R.C.C.)
 Steel—Steel reinforcing bars shall be of mild steel or deformed
steel of standard specifications and shall be free from
corrosion, loose rust scales, oil, grease, paint, etc.
 Bars shall be hooked and bent accurately and placed in position
as per design and drawing and bound together tight with 20
S.W.G. annealed steel wire at their point of intersection. Joints
in the bar should be avoided as far as possible, when joints have
to be made an overlap of 40 times diameter of the bar shall be
given with proper hooks at ends and joints should be staggered.
 While concreting steel bars shall be given side and bottom
covers of concrete by placing precast cover blocks underneath
of 1 : 2 cement mortar 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm in section and
thickness of specified cover
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 Centering and shuttering—Centering and shuttering shall be
made with timber or steel plate close and tight to prevent
leakage or mortar, with necessary props, bracings and wedges,
strong and stable and should not yield on laying concrete and
made in such a way that they can be slackened and removed
gradually without disturbing the concrete. No plastering should
be made on the concrete surface. A coat of oil washing should
be applied over the shuttering or paper should be spread to
have a smooth and finished surface and to prevent adherence
of concrete. For slab and beam small camber should be given in
centering, 1 cm per 2.5 m with a maximum of 4 cm .Centering
and shuttering should not be removed before 14 days in general
(4 days for R.C.C. columns, 10 days for roof slab, and 14 days
for beams). The centering and shuttering shall be removed
slowly and carefully so that no part is disturbed or damaged.

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 Finishing—If specified the exposed surface shall be plastered with
1:3 cement sand mortar not exceeding 6 mm thickness and the
plastering shall be applied immediately after removal of the centering
while the concrete is green. Immediately before applying the plaster
the surface of concrete shall be wetted and neat cement wash shall be
given.
 Measurement—Measurement shall be taken in cu m for the
finished work and no deduction shall be made for the volume of
steel. Steel reinforcement shall be measured under a separate item in
quintal . Plastering, if any, shall not be included in the measurement.
The rate for R.C.C. work shall be for the complete work excluding
steel but including centering and shuttering and all tools and plants.

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 Brickwork I class
 Bricks—All bricks shall be of first class of standard specifications
made of good brick earth thoroughly burnt, and shall be of deep
cherry red or copper colour. Bricks shall be regular in shape and their
edges should be sharp and shall emit clear ringing sound on being
struck and shall be free !rom cracks, chips, flaws and lumps of any
kind. Bricks shall not absorb water more than one-sixth of their
weight after one hour of soaking by immersing in water. Bricks shall
have a minimum crushing strength of 105 kg per sq cm
 Mortar—Mortar shall be specified and materials of mortar shall be
of standard specifications.

32
 Soaking of brick - Bricks shall be fully soaked in clean water by
submerging in a tank for a period of 12 hours before use.
 Laying -Bricks shall be well bonded and laid in English bond unless
otherwise specified. Every course shall be truly horizontal and wall
shall be truly in plumb. Vertical joints of consecutive course shall not
come directly over one another, vertical joints in alternate course shall
come directly over one another. No damaged or broken bricks shall
be used. Closers shall be of clean cut bricks and shall be placed near
the ends of walls but not at the other edge. Selected best shaped
bricks shall be used for face work. Mortar joints shall not exceed 6
mm in thickness and joints shall be fully filled with mortar. Bricks
shall be laid with frogs upward except in the top course where frogs
shall be placed downward. Brickwork shall be carried out net more
than 1 m height at a time. All joints should be raked and faces of wall
cleaned at the end of each day's work.

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 Curing—The brickwork shall be kept wet for a period of at least 10
days after laying.
 Scaffolding—Necessary and suitable scaffolding shall be provided to
facilitate the construction of brick wall. Scaffolding shall be sound
and strong and supports and members sufficiently strong so as to
withstand all loads likely to come upon them.
 Measurement—Brickwork shall be measured in cu m. Different
kinds of brickwork with different mortar shall be taken under
separate items. The thickness of wall shall be taken as multiple of
half brick as half brick 10 cm, 1 brick 20 cm. The rate shall be for the
complete work including scaffolding and all tools and plants.

34
35
 Schedule of Rates consists of two volumes:
… Volume I
 Section I - - Rates for Labour
 Section II -- Materials
 Section III -- Water Supply and Sanitary items
 Section IV -- Conveyance Statement

… Volume II Rates for Electrical Items.

36
 Rates for Labour

Description Unit Rate

Blacksmith Each Per day 500

Mason Each Per day 471

Mazdoor-Man and woman Each Per day 377

Painter Each Per day 396

37
  Rates for Materials

Description Unit Rate

Wire cut bricks class I, platform or pallet moulded of

1000 Nos 7192
size 22.9cm X 11.2cm X 7cm

Country burnt bricks size 22.9cm x 11.2cm x 7cm 1000 Nos 3800

Hard Granite Broken Stones 20 mm m3 942

40 mm m3 659

River sand clean sharp and dry (for mortar) m3 2777

Tonne
Cement (Portland) in 50 Kg bags/packets 5940

Tonne
TMT Steel 5210
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  Rates for Conveyance of Materials by Lorry
Rate upto
Description Unit
5 km
Ashlar, Split Stones and blasted rubble
m3 365
above 45 dm3 in size.
Split Stones and blasted rubble 45 dm3
and below in size , Laterite stones, Laterite m3 218
chips, Earth gravel, sand and broken stones.

Timber scantlings, brick jelly , surki and lime. m3 174

Bricks,M.P. Roofing tiles including hip and

1000
ridge tiles and flooring tiles 225x225mm 290
Nos
and above in size.
Cement, Iron materials, A.C. Sheets and
Tonne 323
Bitumen.

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 Conveyance of materials as per Trivandrum Thaluk average
conveyance wef 1-4-2009
Average Rate
Materials distance – Unit of Up to Amount
Addl. 1km
km rate 10 km
Rubble 21 m3 468 11 589.00
Broken stones 60 m3 294 11 844.00
River sand 35 m3 294 11 569.00
Bricks 19 1000 Nos 386 14 512.00
Tiles 19 1000 Nos 386 14 512.00
Cement / Steel/
5 Tonne 323 0 323.00
Bitumen, AC sheet
Timber scantlings 6 m3 186 0 186.00
Lime 16 m3 236 9 290.00
Laterite 17 m3 294 11 371.00
Rivetted steel joist 5 Tonne 323 0 323
Brick Jelly 52 m3 236 9 614

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AS PER CPWD NORMS

 Standard Documents
… Using DSR 2014
 BASIC RATES
 0.1 Hire Charges of Plants
 0.2 Labour
 0.3 Materials
 0.4 Carriage Codes

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 AS PER CPWD NORMS 2014
 SUB -HEADS  13. Finishing

 1. Carriage of Materials  14. Repairs to Building

 2. Earth Work  15. Dismantling & Demolishing
 3. Mortars  16. Road Work
 4. Concrete Work  17. Sanitary Installations
 5. Reinforced Cement Concrete
 18. Water Supply
 6. Brick Work
 19. Drainage
 7. Stone Work
 20. Pile Work
 8. Marble & Granite Work
 21. Aluminium Work
 9. Wood and PVC Work
 22. Water Proofing
 10. Steel Work
 11. Flooring  23. Horticulture & Landscaping

 12. Roofing  24. (New) Rain Water Harvesting & Tubewells

 25. (New) Conservation of Heritage Buildings

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 AS PER CPWD NORMS

 Standard Documents
… CPWD ANALYSIS OF RATES 2012Vol -1

… CPWD ANALYSIS OF RATES 2012Vol -2

43
 Task (Out turn work)
 Capacity of doing work by labour in the form of quantity
of work per day
Item Quantity Per Day

Brick work 1.25 cu m Per Mason

Random RR Masonry 1 cu m Per Mason
CC 1:2:4 5 cu m Per Mason
RCC work 3 cu m Per Mason
Painting 35 sq m Per painter
Earthwork Excavation 3 cu m Per Mazdoor

44
 Labour required for different works

Earth work per 28.30 cu m

Excavation in foundation within a lead of 30 m 9 Mazdoors
and lift 1.5 m
Refilling excavated earth 5.5 Mazdoors
Disposal of surplus earth 1 Mazdoor
Cement Concrete Work per 28.3 cu m
Laying cement concrete 6 Mazdoor

45
 Labour required for different works

RCC work
Laying cement concrete 7.5 Mazdoors

Centering & shuttering 4 Mazdoors

4 Carpenters
Reinforcement work 1 Blacksmith
1 Mazdoor

46
 Materials required for different works

Items Quantity
Bricks 500 nos per cu m

Stone for RR M 125 cu m for 100 cu m

Ready mixed paint 10 kg per 100 sq m

47
 Standard Data as per data book
Quantit Rate Amount
Description Unit Unit
y Rs Rs

Clearing grass and other

overgrowths of vegetation and
small trees of girth upto 30cm
including rooting out and 100 m2
removal of rubbish upto a
distance of 150m outside the
periphery of the area cleared.

Man 0.500 Each 377 188.5

Total 188.5
CP 10% 18.85
Total 207.35 100 m2

48
 Standard Data as per CPWD data book

49
 Rate Amount
Description Quantity Unit Unit
Rs Rs

Earth work excavation in ordinary

soil, depositing on banks with initial
lead upto 50m and lift upto 1.5m
including breaking clods, watering, 10 m3
ramming and sectioning of spoil
bank etc. complete as per directions
of the Engineer.
Labour
Man 1.100 Each 377 414.7
Mazdoor 2.250 Each 377 848.25
Total 1262.95
CP 10% 126.295
Total 1389.25 10 m3

50
51
 Amount
Description Quantity Unit Rate Rs Unit
Rs
Plain cement concrete 1:4:8 using stone
aggregate of required grade and maximum
size not exceeding 40mm, clear sharp river
sand / M-sand and ordinary Portland cement
in required proportion mechanically mixed 3
m
and laid as per directions, mechanically
vibrated including cost of all labour and
materials, formwork, conveyance of materials,
consolidation, watering, curing etc. complete
as per the directions of the Engineer
40mm (nominal size) broken stone 0.950 m3 1503.00 1427.85
Sand 0.480 m3 3346.00 1606.08
Cement 0.171 tonne 6263.00 1070.97
Labour
Mason 0.100 Day 471.00 47.10
Man 1.000 Each 377.00 377.00
Woman 1.400 Each 377.00 527.80
Total 5056.80
CP 10% on Rs 505.68
Total 5562.48 m3

52
53
 Rate Amount Uni
Description Qty Unit
Rs Rs t
Random rubble masonry in cement mortar 1:6 for
foundation, and as retaining wall etc. as per
specification including cost and conveyance of all 3
m
materials, curing charges, hire charges, labour
charges etc. and as per the directions of the
Engineer
Blasted rubble 1.000 m3 1009.00 1009.00
Dry Sand 0.300 m3 3346.00 1003.80
tonn
Cement 0.072 6263.00 450.94
e
Rubble Mason 0.700 Each 471.00 329.70
Man 0.350 Each 377.00 131.95
Women 0.700 Each 377.00 263.90
Total 3189.29
CP 10% 318.93
Total 3508.21 m3

54
55
 Amount Un
Description Qty Unit Rate Rs
Rs it
Brick work in C.M 1:6 with first class country burnt
bricks grade of available and approved size of 22.9cm
x 11.2cm x7 cm & clear sharp river sand / M-sand
and ordinary Portland cement in required proportion
for super structure including cost and conveyance of m3
all materials, hire charges, labour charges, charges for
wetting bricks and curing the brick masonry,
scaffolding etc. complete,. as per standard
specifications and directions given by the Engineer.
1000
Country burnt bricks 0.460 4312.00 1983.52
Nos
Dry Sand 0.240 m3 3346.00 803.04
Cement 0.058 Tonne 6263.00 363.25
Brick Mason 0.700 Each 471.00 329.70
Man 0.350 Each 377.00 131.95
Women 0.700 Each 377.00 263.90
Scaffolding Charges LS 5.00
Total 3880.36
CP 10% 388.04
Total 4268.40 m3
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57
 Amount
Description Quantity Unit Rate Rs Per Unit
Rs

Form work for all kind of concrete

work with wood planks, joists & 3
m
bamboo posts and labour for taking
down after completion of work

Mango wood planks assuming using 4

320 dm3 145.56 10dm3 1164.48
times
4.00
Mango wood scantling assuming using 8
190 dm3 145.56 10dm3 345.71
times
8.00
Bamboo posts using 6 times 9 nos. 105.00 E 157.50
6.00
Spike nails 1 kg 55.00 kg 55.00
Coir LS LS 1.25
Carpenters 4 nos. 325.00 E 1300.00
Man 2.5 nos. 240.00 E 600.00
3623.94
Total Rs. 3623.94 10m2

58
59
 Quantit Amount
Description y
Unit Rate Rs
Rs
Unit

Reinforced cement concrete M20 grade using 20 mm nominal

size stone aggregate, clear sharp river sand / M-sand and
ordinary Portland cement in required proportion mechanically
mixed and laid inside the form work as per directions,
mechanically vibrated including cost of all labour for the m3
required shuttering, de-shuttering, hire charges of shuttering
materials, watering and curing the concrete etc. complete as
per the directions of the Engineer, but excluding the cost and
labour charges for reinforcement
20mm (nominal size) broken stone 0.900 m3
Sand 0.450 m3
tonn
Cement 0.360
e
Mason 0.200 Day
Man 1.000 Each
Woman 3.500 Each
Man for lifting materials 0.200 Each
Form work
Total
CP 10% on Rs
Total 60
 Quantit Amount
Description y
Unit Rate Rs
Rs
Unit

Reinforced cement concrete M20 grade m3

20mm (nominal size) broken stone 0.900 m3 1463.00 1316.70

Sand 0.450 m3 2238.00 1007.10
tonn
Cement 0.360 4934.00 1776.24
e
Mason 0.200 Day 325.00 65.00
Man 1.000 Each 240.00 240.00
Woman 3.500 Each 240.00 840.00
Man for lifting materials 0.200 Each 240.00 48.00
Form work 7 m2 3623.94 2536.75
Total 7829.79
CP 10% on Rs 782.98
Total 8612.77 m3

61
62
63
 Quanti Amount
Description Unit Rate Rs Unit
ty Rs

Reinforcement for R.C.C works, bent, tied and

placed in position (plain grill requiring bending
cold) with tor steel including cost and conveyance
Qtl
of all materials, hire charges, labour charges, etc.
for all floors as per standard specifications and
directions by the Engineer.
TMT steel 1.000 Qtl
Iron wire for tying grills (22 Gauge) 0.450 Kg
Black smith for Bending cold 1.000 Each
Men for tying grills and placing in position 1.480 Each
Total
CP 10% on Rs
Total

64
 Quanti Amount
Description Unit Rate Rs Unit
ty Rs

Reinforcement for R.C.C works, bent, tied and

Qtl
placed in position

TMT steel 1.000 Qtl 4706.00 4706.00

Iron wire for tying grills (22 Gauge) 0.450 Kg 70.00 31.50
Black smith for Bending cold 1.000 Each 325.00 325.00
Men for tying grills and placing in position 1.480 Each 240.00 355.20
Total 5417.70
CP 10% on Rs 541.77
Total 5959.47 Qtl

65
66
 Amount Uni
Description Qty Unit Rate Rs
Rs t
Plastering with C.M 1:4, 12 mm thick, using
clear sharp river sand / M-sand and ordinary
Portland cement in required proportion, one
coat floated hard and trowelled to a rough
finish for external walls and making grooves
10 m2
at the junctions with RCC including cost and
conveyance of all materials, scaffolding, water
curing ,hire charges, labour charges etc. as per
standard specifications and directions by the
Engineer.
Dry Sand 0.150 m3
Cement 0.054 Tonne
Brick Mason 0.900 Each
Man 0.550 Each
Women 1.250 Each
Total
CP 10%
Total

67
 Amount Uni
Description Qty Unit Rate Rs
Rs t
Plastering with C.M 1:4, 12 mm thick, using
clear sharp river sand / M-sand and ordinary
Portland cement in required proportion, one
coat floated hard and trowelled to a rough
finish for external walls and making grooves
10 m2
at the junctions with RCC including cost and
conveyance of all materials, scaffolding, water
curing ,hire charges, labour charges etc. as per
standard specifications and directions by the
Engineer.
Dry Sand 0.150 m3 2238.00 335.70
Cement 0.054 Tonne 4934.00 266.44
Brick Mason 0.900 Each 325.00 292.50
Man 0.550 Each 240.00 132.00
Women 1.250 Each 240.00 300.00
Total 1326.64
CP 10% 132.66
10
Total 1459.30
m2
68
 Rate Amount Un
Description Qty Unit
Rs Rs it
Flooring with Plain cement concrete 1:3:6, 75
mm thick using 40 mm (nominal size) hard
broken stones clear sharp river sand / M-sand
and ordinary Portland cement in required
proportion mechanically mixed and laid as per
directions and Plastering with cement mortar
10 m2
1:3, 12mm thick one coat using clear sharp river
sand / M-sand and ordinary Portland cement in
required proportion as per directions including
cost of materials, formwork, conveyance of
materials, consolidation, watering, curing, etc.
complete as directed by the Engineer.
PCC 1:3:6 0.750 m3 4485.626 3364.22
Plastering 1:3 10.000 10 m2 1460.210 1460.21
Total 4824.43
CP 10% 482.44
10
Total 5306.87
m2

69
 Amount Uni
Description Qty Unit Rate Rs
Rs t

White cement washing Two coat after

cleaning the surface with water and sand
paper including cost and conveyance of all 10 m2
materials, scaffolding, labour charges etc.
complete as per standard specifications.
Materials
Quick lime 0.003 m3 2500 7.50
Glue and sundries LS 2.00
Labour
Special man mazdoor (for white washing) 0.120 Each 255 30.60
Boy 0.090 Each 240 21.60
Total 61.70
CP 10% 6.17
10
Total 67.87
m2

70
 Amoun
Rate U
Description Qty Unit t
Rs nit
Rs
Painting two coats with approved quality
plastic emulsion paint two coats as specified
and including priming coat after rubbing the
surface with sand paper etc., removing dirt and
10 m2
dust, drying, for walls including cost and
conveyance of all materials, scaffolding, labour
charges etc. complete as per standard
specifications and directions of the Engineer.
Materials
Plastic emulsion paint including priming coat 1.150 Litre 180.00 207.00
Sundries for brushes and paper, putty etc LS 3.00
Labour
Painter 1.150 Each 270.00 310.50
Total 520.50
CP 10% 52.05
10
Total 572.55
m2

71
 Rate Amount
Description Qty Unit Unit
Rs Rs
Teakwood planed and framed work for 10cu.dm
frames of doors, windows, ventilators,
gates,etc
Teakwood scantling allowing 5% wastage 10.50 cu.dm 988.87 1038.31
Conveyance 10.50 cu.dm 302.90 3.18
Carpenter 0.22 325.00 71.50
Man 0.10 240.00 24.00
Total 1136.99
CP 10% 113.70
1250.69 10cu.d
Total
m

72
MODULE-2

73
 Preliminary Estimate (Rough Cost Estimate.)
 Plinth Area Estimate.
 Cube Rate Estimate or Cubical Content Estimate.
 Approximate Quantity Method Estimate.
 Detailed Estimate
 Revised Estimate.
 Supplementary Estimate.
 Supplementary and Revised Estimate.
 Annual Repair or Maintenance Estimate
74
 Preliminary or Approximate Estimate or Abstract
Estimate
 is required for preliminary studies of various aspects of a
work or project, to decide the financial position and policy
for administrative sanction by the competent
administrative authority.
 Approximate estimate is prepared from the practical
knowledge and cost of the similar works.
 The estimate is accompanied by a brief report explaining
the necessity and utility of the project and showing how
the cost of separate items have been arrived at.
 Also accompanied with a site plan or layout plan.

75
 Preliminary estimate
 prepared by various ways for different structures and are
based on-
 Per unit basis.—Per student for schools and hostels, per
class room for schools, per bed for hospitals, per seat for
cinema and theatre balls, per bay for factories, barracks and
dormitories
 Plinth area basis
 Cubic content basis
 Approximate quantity method

76
 Plinth Area Estimate for Building (P.A. Estimate)
• Prepared on the basis of plinth area of building, the rate
being deducted from the cost of similar building having
similar specification, heights and construction, in the
locality.
• Plinth area estimate is calculated by finding the plinth area
of the building and multiplying by the Plinth area Rate.
The plinth area should be calculated for the covered area
by taking external dimension of the building at the floor
level.
• Courtyard and other open area should not be included in
the plinth area.

77
 Plinth area Estimate is only approximate, and is a
preliminary estimate, to know the approximate cost before
hand.

 The approximate cost of a building having plinth area of

100 sq m @ Rs. 900/- per sq m works out as Rs. 90,000/-

 For storeyed building, the Plinth Area Estimate is prepared

for each storey separately.

78
 Cube Rate Estimate for Building
 An approximate estimate, and is prepared on the basis of
the cubical contents of the building
 Calculated by finding the cubical content of the building,
(length x breadth x height) and multiplied it by the cube
rate.
 The length and breadth should be -external dimensions of
the buildings at the floor level and the height should be
taken from the floor level to top of roof (or halfway of
the sloped roof)
 For storeyed building the height should be taken between
the floor level of one storey to top of next-higher floor.

79
 Approximate Quantity Method Estimate
 Approximate total length of walls is found in running metre
and this total length multiplied by the rate per running metre of
wall gives a fairly accurate cost.
 For this method the structure may be divided into two parts viz.
(i) foundation including plinth and (ii) superstructure.
 To find the running metre rate for foundation, the approximate
quantities of items such as excavation, foundation, brickwork
upto plinth, and damp proof course are calculated per running
metre and by multiplying by the rates of these items the price or
rate per running metre is determined.
 Similarly for superstructure the price or rate per running metre
is determined from the approximate quantities of brickwork,
wood works, roof, floor finishing, etc.
80
 Detailed Estimate or Item Rate Estimate
 An accurate estimate and consists of working out the quantities
of each item of works, and working the cost. The dimensions,
length, breadth and height of each item are taken out correctly
from drawing and quantities of each item are calculated, and
obstructing and billing are done.
 Detailed estimate is prepared in two stages
 Details of Measurement and Calculation of Quantities
 The details of measurements of each item of work are taken
out correctly from plan and drawings and quantities under each
item are computed or calculated in a tabular form named as
Details of Measurement Form

81
 Abstract of Estimated Cost
o The cost of each item of work is calculated in a tabular form
from the quantities already computed and total cost is worked
out in Abstract of Estimate Form
o The rates of different items of work are taken as per schedule
of rates or current workable rates or analysed rates for finished
items of work.
o A percentage usually 3% of the estimated cost is added to allow
for contingencies for miscelaneous petty items which do not
come under any classified head of items of work
o A percentage of about 2% is provided for work charged
establishment.
o The Grand total thus obtained gives the estimated cost of work.
82
 Detailed estimate is accompanied with
 Report.
 General specifications.
 Detailed specifications.
 Drawings
 Calculation and Designs
 Analysis of rates - if rates are not as per schedule of rates or
for the non-scheduled items.

 Detailed Estimate is prepared for technical sanction of the

competent authority, for arranging contract and for the
execution of work.
83
 Revised Estimate
 Is a detailed estimate and is prepared under the following
circumstances :—
… When the original sanctioned estimate is exceeded or likely to exceed by
more than 5%.
… When the expenditure on a work exceeds or likely to exceed the amount
of administrative sanction by more than 10%.
… When there are material deviation from the original proposal, even
though the cost may be met from the sanctioned amount.

 The revised estimate should be accompanied by a comparative

statement showing the variations of each item of works, its
quantity, rate and cost under original and revised, side by side,
the excess or saving and reason for variation.

84
 Supplementary Estimate

 is a detailed estimate and is prepared when additional works are

required to supplement the original works, or when further
development is required during the progress of work. This is a
fresh detailed estimate of the additional works in addition to the
original estimate.

 The Abstract should show the amount of the original estimate

and the total amount including the Supplementary amount for
which sanction is required.

85
 Supplementary and Revised Estimate

o When a work is partially abandoned and the estimated cost of

the remaining work is less than 95 per cent of the original work,
that is less than 95 per cent of the original sanctioned estimate,
or when there are material deviations and changes in the design
which may cause substantial saving in the estimate, then the
amount of the original estimate is revised by the competent
authority.

o A supplementary and Revised Estimate is then prepared and

fresh Technical sanction of the competent authority is obtained.

86
 Annual Repair or Maintenance Estimate (A.R. or A.M.
Estimate)
o is a detailed estimate and is prepared to maintain the structure
or work in proper order and safe condition.

o For building; this includes white washing, colour washing,

painting, minor repairs etc.

o For road works the A.R. estimate provides for patch repairing,
renewals, repairs of bridges and culverts, etc.

87
 Work-charged Establishment
 is the establishment which is charged to works directly.
 During the construction of a building or a project, a certain
number of work-supervisors, chaukidars, etc., are required to be
employed, and their salaries are paid from the amount of work-
charged establishment provided in the estimate.
 For work-charged establishment a percentage of 1.5% to 2% of
the estimated cost is included in the estimate.
 The work-charged employees are temporary staff and their
appointment shall have to be sanctioned by the competent
authority for a specified period. Their services are terminated at
the expiry of the sanctioned period, if their services are
required fresh sanction shall have to be taken.

88
 Tools and Plants (T. and P.)
 For big work or project a percentage of 1% to 1.5% of the
estimated cost is provided in the estimate for the purchase of
Tools and Plants which will be required for the execution of the
work.
 Normally the contractor has to arrange and use his own tools
and plants.
 Centage Charges or Departmental charges
 When the engineering department takes up the work of other
department a percentage amount of 10% to 15% of the
estimated cost is charged to meet the expences of
establishment, designing, planning, supervision, etc., and this
percentage charge is known as Centage Charge.

89
 Report
 Estimate is usually accompanied with a report which gives all
information in brief the whole work or project.
 Report should consist of -
… Brief history, with reference to the proposal.
… Object, necessity, utility and feasibility of the project with reasons.
… Selection of site or selection of alignment.
… Surveying.
… Accommodation provided or brief description of the works provided
in the estimate.
… Nature of soil, and topography or the land, orientation, etc.
… General specifications and basis of design calculations.

90
… Arrangements for water supply, sanitary works and electrical
installations.
… Roads and drains.
… Miscellaneous items as labour amenities, temporary accommodation for
staff, etc. for big project.
… Manner of execution.
… Total cost and how to be financed.
… Return or revenue income if any.
… Rent statement if any.
… Time of execution.

91
 Electrification, Sanitary and Water Supply Works.

Item Percentage
Sanitary and Water Supply 8% of the estimated cost
Works
For Electrification 8% of the estimated cost

92
 Contingencies
• Contingencies indicates incidental expenses of miscellaneous
character which cannot be classified under any distinct item
sub-head, yet pertain to the work as a whole.
• A percentage of about 5% to 10% is added as contingencies.
 Sub-work
• A large work or project may consist of several buildings or
small works and each of these work is known as sub-work.
Detailed estimate of each sub-work is prepared separately and
accounts of expenditure are kept sub-work wise.
• A hospital project may consist of ---Main hospital building, Out
patient ward, Emergency ward, Resident doctor's quarters, Nurses quarters,
Kitchen blocks, Roads, etc. and each will be a sub-work.

93
 Administrative Approval or Sanction

o For any work or project required by a department, an approval

or sanction of the competent authority of the department, with
respect to the cost and work is necessary at the first instance.
o The approval authorises the engineering department to take up
the work.
o Administrative approval denotes the formal acceptance by the
department concerned of the proposal, and after the
administrative approval is given the engineering department
(P.W.D.) take up the work and prepares detailed designs, plans
and estimates and then executes the work.

94
 Expenditure Sanction

o Expenditure sanction means the concurrence of the

Government of the expenditure proposed and represents
allotment of the money to meet the expenditure.
o No expenditure can be incurred before Expenditure Sanction is
given.

95
 Technical Sanction
 means the sanction of the detailed estimate, design calculations,
quantities of works, rates and cost of the work by the
competent authority of the engineering department.
 In case of original work the counter signature of the local head
of the department should be obtained in the plan and estimate
before technical sanction is accorded by the engineering
department.
 The power for Technical Sanction differs from state to state.
 The Chief Engineer ... ... Full Powers.
 The Superintending Engineer ... ... Up to Rs. 15 lakhs.
 The Exeucutive Engineer ... ... Up to Rs. 5 lakhs

96
 Bill of Quantities.

• It is a statement of the various items of work giving the

description, quantities and unit of rates.
• It is prepared in a tabular form similar to the 'Abstract of
Estimated Cost' of the detailed estimate, but the rate and
amount columns are left blank (unfilled).
• When priced, that is, the rates and the amounts are filled up and
totalled, this gives the estimated cost.
• It is primarily meant for inviting tender, and supplied to the
contractor to fill up the rates and amounts columns. On receipt
of the tenders the rates and amounts are compared and
decision about entrusting the work is finalised.
97
 Day Work

• is used to denote a procedure of costing or valuing an item of

work on the basis of actual labourers and materials required.

• Certain items of work which cannot be measured a design in

the plaster work, front architectural finish of a building, work
under water, etc. are valued and paid by 'day work".

• In such cases the schedule of rates materials and different

classes of labourers likely to be engaged in the work should be
included in the tender and in the contract agreement.

98
• For the purpose of day work payment, the contractor is to
maintain day work sheets where the details of various materials
actually used and the details of hours of working of each type
of labourers should be recorded.
• The day work sheet should be frequently checked and verified
by the engineer.
• The Day work prices usually include material, labour, transport,
contractor's profit and overhead charges, tools and plants etc.
• Day Work method of payment is usually confined to small
items of works and may be on hourly basis so that payment
may be made for the actual period for which the labourers
worked.

99
 Prime Cost

 is the actual cost of articles at shop and refers to the supply of

articles only and not to the carrying out of work.
 It is not always possible at the time of preparing estimate and
even when entering contract, to specify exactly the types of
articles required.
 For exampie water supply fittings, sanitary fittings, door and
window fittings, etc. are to be decided during the supervision
charges etc.

100
 Project

o means a full scheme consisting of detailed technical report,

history design data and calculations, drawings, specifications,
rates, project estimates etc.
o project gives full details of all works involved for both
structural and financial requirements.

101
 The complete estimate include the following :
… Cost of preliminary works as surveying preliminary observations
… Cost of land including its acquisition
… Cost of improvement of land by levelling, digging and filling if required
planning, designing, preparation of estimate etc.
… Cost of building of structure, internal electrification, sanitary and water
supply works,
… Cost for supervision charges execution of works,
… Cost of temporary accommodation or staff labour
… Cost of water supply and electric connection
… Cost of external services as roads, electric service lines, storm water
drains, and sanitary works etc.
… Cost of maintenance and repair works and other expenditures during
the constructions
102