CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

This chapter presents to review the related literature and studies of the topic of
this research which is the effects of lack of sleep on students’ mental health and
behavior.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

(J. G. Garey, n.d.) In this article, it is claimed that chronic sleep deprivation is
caused by the interaction of biology, technology, and societal expectations. Along with
the more obvious hormonal changes that cause a child to transition into adolescence,
changes in the production of the sleep hormone melatonin also take place. Teenagers
appear more awake at midnight than they did at dinner because they would likely sleep
until ten or eleven if left alone. The physical light that all of the electronic devices they
are exposed to, especially late at night, is another factor in technology that keeps teens
up later. This is in addition to the distractions that websites like Facebook, Twitter,
Instagram, Tumblr, and YouTube offer. Electronics emit blue light, which has a specific
frequency. Teenagers who stay up late chatting with friends or working on homework on
laptops unintentionally create a stimulating environment that prevents them from falling
asleep when they need to.
(Z.A., C. Adlawan, 2021) in his article, it is stated that to feel refreshed and alert
when you wake up, sleep is a necessary process that allows your body and mind to
recover. Our body needs adequate sleep to remain healthy and free of disease. Without
enough sleep, the brain cannot work efficiently. This may affect your ability to
concentrate, think clearly, and process memories. Adults typically require seven to nine
hours of sleep each night. Children and teenagers need a lot more sleep, especially if
they are under the age of five. We may struggle to obtain enough sleep due to a variety
of reasons, including health problems, work obligations, daily stressors, noisy bedrooms,
and others. Sleep deprivation is characterized by insufficient sleep quantity or quality,
including intentional or unintentional insomnia and circadian rhythm sleep problems.
Personal preference, sleep apnoea, snoring, and sleep disorders are some
common causes of sleep deprivation. Colds and tonsillitis are two conditions that can
result in snoring, gagging, and frequent awakenings. People who work shifts experience
irregular sleeping patterns, which interferes with their sleep-wake cycles. Some
medications used to treat ADHD or epilepsy can make you sleepy. Another issue is
worrying while lying in bed rather than unwinding. When eight hours of sleep are
required each night, only six are obtained. Reduced alertness, a shorter attention span,
and a slower reaction time are just a few of the negative effects that this two-hour sleep
loss may have. increased propensity for mental "stalling" or fixation on one idea. Lack of
sleep contributes to a variety of academic issues, such as misbehavior and lack of focus.
Teenagers who have sleep issues are more likely to develop disorders like depression
and ADHD. School start times that are later lead to better grades, less negative emotion,
and less daytime sleepiness. The average amount of sleep that high school students
who consistently receive grades of C, D, or F get each night is 30 minutes less than that
of students who consistently receive A and B grades.
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/sleep-
deprivation#symptoms-of-sleep-deprivation-in-children)
(Sampson et al., 2021) Poor sleep is linked with a number of health problems,
from weight gain to a weakened immune system. Sleep deprivation can affect your
mental abilities and put your physical health at real risk. Sleep deprivation is caused by
consistent lack of sleep or reduced quality of sleep. Getting less than 7 hours of sleep on
a regular basis can eventually lead to health consequences that affect your entire body.
During sleep, your body heals itself and restores its chemical balance. Your brain forges
new thought connections and helps memory retention. It can also dramatically lower
your quality of life. Chronic insomnia can disrupt how your body usually sends and
processes information. Sleep deprivation also affects your mental abilities and emotional
state. If sleep deprivation continues long enough, you could start having hallucinations.
A lack of sleep can also trigger mania in people who have bipolar mood disorder. You
may also end up experiencing microsleep during the day.
 (Suni, 2009) The Sleep Foundation offers an overview of the reasons why
teenagers have particular difficulties sleeping as well as advice on how to make sleeping
more comfortable. Teenagers require between 8 and 10 hours of sleep each night to
preserve their physical health, mental stability, and academic success, according to both
the National Sleep Foundation and the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.
Recognizing these difficulties enables teenagers and their parents to create a strategy
for getting the sleep they require. For teenagers, deep sleep is necessary for their
significant physical, mental, social, and emotional growth. The brain benefits from sleep
and is encouraged to pay attention, remember things, and think analytically. It sharpens
thinking and identifies the most crucial information to reinforce learning. Teenagers who
don't get enough sleep experience extreme tiredness and concentration deficits. Long-
term sleep deprivation may have a negative impact on emotional growth, raising the
likelihood of interpersonal conflict as well as more severe mental health issues. Teens
who lack sleep at a higher chance of committing suicide. Adolescents' improved sleep
may contribute to the prevention or treatment of mental health concerns.
(Newport Academy, 2018) Sleep deprivation in teens can contribute to irritability,
inability to concentrate and generalized pessimism. Acute sleep deprivation, which
includes the aforementioned symptoms, and chronic sleep deprivation are both stages of
sleep deprivation. It's crucial to comprehend the symptoms, the causes, and the best
ways to help your teen avoid the risks. It's Complicated:. The Social Lives of Networked
Teens was written by Microsoft Research and academic Danah Boyd. Teenagers,
according to her, want to emotionally connect with their peers. They also have the
opportunity to connect with other teenagers on social media during their quiet, alone
time at night. Overuse of social media creates a stimulation pattern similar to the pattern
created by other addictive behaviors. A Facebook addiction scale looked at six of the
core elements of addiction as applied to social networking. The link between sleep
deprivation and technology is partially the result of the addictive nature of the apps
themselves.

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

(Średniawa et al., n.d.) Mini-cope inventory and the Athens Insomnia Scale were
used by researchers in Krakow, Poland. They studied insomnia, stress, stress-coping
strategies, and social and medical factors among students at seven public universities.
Chronic illness patients and cigarette smokers showed statistically greater levels of
stress. A tenth of Krakow students experience significant levels of stress, and a fifth of
respondents experience insomnia. 19.7% of the kids had insomnia. The level of
insomnia was associated with the degree of perceived stress. Levels of stress and
sleeplessness are strongly correlated..
(Zhang et al., 2021) During a lockdown at two public schools in Baishan City, Jilin
Province, China, researchers investigated if screen time affected sleep disturbance
among teenagers. This study also looked into the impact of sleep disruptions at night
and sleep-related impairment (daytime weariness) on adolescents' academic
performance and anxiety levels. According to the study's findings, teenagers who used
screens right before bed were more likely to experience a more severe sleep-
related impair.
The relationship between adolescents' sleep/wake habits and their daytime
functioning was examined in the study "Sleep schedules and daytime functioning in
adolescents" (A.R. Wolfson et al., 1998) 3,120 high school students from 4 public high
schools in 3 Rhode Island school districts were given the A Sleep Habits Survey in
homeroom courses. Study of sleep schedules and daytime functioning in adolescents.
3,120 high school students from 4 public high schools in 3 Rhode Island school districts
were given the A Sleep Habits Survey. C, D, and F grades said that on school evenings,
they get roughly 25 minutes less sleep and go to bed on average 40 minutes later than A
and B students. The majority of students polled do not get enough sleep, which affects
how well they operate during the day, experiences daytime sleepiness, depressive
mood, and sleep/wake behavior issues. Students with lower grades reported more
weekend sleep schedule disruptions than students with higher grades. This study also
contrasted groups with adequate sleep habits and those with less than adequate habits.
Overall, the majority of the adolescents polled did not sleep well.
 (Sadeh et al., 2002) Studied and examined the associations between sleep and
neurobehavioral functioning (NBF) in school-age children. Children from second-,
fourth-, and sixth-grade classes were assessed. Sleep was monitored using actigraphy
for 5 consecutive nights; and NBF measures were assessed using a computerized
neurobehavioral evaluation system. Findings highlight the association between sleep
quality, NBF, and behavior regulation in child development as the parents reported that
their child had higher rates of behavior problem.
Researchers Qiu & Morales–Muñoz in 2022 aimed to further explore the
relationship of sleep on mental health of adolescents. They used data from the
Millennium cohort survey, which included 11,553 13-14-year-olds. Using self-reported
questionnaires, affective symptoms as well as emotional and behavioral issues were
investigated. Path analysis models and regression analyses indicated that frequent night
awakenings were related to all of the outcomes, with hyperactivity/inattention showing
the highest number of connections. Longer sleep start epochs and later bedtimes during
school hours were linked to a higher risk of emotional and behavioral problems. Specific
sleep issues should be taken into account when evaluating adolescent mental health.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This study is anchored to Brain Plasticity Theory, a recent theory about the
origins of sleep that was elaborated by Dr. Robert Stickgold (2007). According to the
brain plasticity theory, sleep is essential for the growth and remodeling of the brain's
structure and function.
A lifetime of brain changes are referred to as brain plasticity. Certain types of
activity may move to another area of the brain. In brain plasticity, synapses can
strengthen or weaken, and individual neurons may change in response to experiences
or age. The 0brain may learn and complete cognitive tasks while sleeping, which may
aid in brain reorganization and restructuration. The strength and speed of synapses
between neurons are both impacted by sleep, according to certain research. By
enhancing long-term memory and other critical cognitive functions, sleep may also aid in
the learning process for organisms. Without enough sleep, cognitive deficiencies quickly
develop in the brain. The effect of sleep on brain plasticity can be demonstrated by sleep
deprivation: reduced performance on memory tests, irritability, reduced ability in problem
solving, and reduce executive functions.

• brain plasticity
• beneficial effects
• sleep

Sleep is critical mediator of memory consolidation

Sleep allows the NREM sleep
synaptic
Reactivation and REM sleep
homeostasis
maintenance of
Implicated in LTP
LTP
processing

Figure 1. Relationship of Sleep and Brain Plasticity

Figure 1 depicts the schematized relationship between sleep and brain plasticity,
which appears to be very strong. With positive impacts on learning processes, sleep
appears to restore synaptic plasticity.
 Insufficient sleep
Mental Health Disorders

Stress Behavioral Issues

Serotonin Vulnerable to the possibility of

Deficiency developing mental health
problems

Figure 2. Theory Model

Figure 2 shows the paradigm that explains how getting insufficient sleep might
hinder the benefits of brain plasticity. Stress brought on by a lack of sleep has the
potential to lower serotonin levels in the body. It will have an effect on how the brain
develops and lead to adverse mental dysfunction that will result to behavioral problems.
Thus, the role of sleep in brain plasticity is indeed crucial for it help in proper regulation
of brain development, and insufficient sleep can be dangerous in our brain.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK