SUPERVISED INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

TETRA TECH ENGINEERING & SERVICES

CONSTRUCTION WORK OF MOSQUE IN UNIVERSITY OF OKARA

BSC CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

Submitted By

Wajid Arshad

2017-GCUF-72650

12964

Training Period

01-04-2021 to 15-06-2021

DEPARTMENT

CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

GOVT. COLLEGE UNIVERSITY FAISALABAD

SAHIWAL CAMPUS

2021
SUPERVISED INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
TETRA TECH ENGINEERING & SERVICES
CONSTRUCTION OF MOSQUE IN UNIVERSITY OF OKARA

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

THE DEGREE OF
BSC CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
SUBMITTED TO
THE FACULTY OF THE CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
GOVT. COLLEGE UNIVERSITY FAISALABAD SAHIWAL CAMPUS
SAHIWAL
SUBMITTED BY
Name of Student Roll No.
Wajid Arshad 12964

Training Period

01-04-2021 to 15-06-2021

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY

FAISALABAD SAHIWAL CAMPUS

 CERTIFICATE
I hereby certified that I have completed the twelve weeks Training in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of B.Sc. Civil Engineering
Technology. I did my training in TETRA TECH ENGINEERING &
SERVICES, Construction of Mosque in university of okara from 01- 04-
2021 to 15-06-2021.

The matter presented in this report has not been submitted by me for
the award of any other degree elsewhere.

Signature of student
Wajid Arshad (12964)

Examined by:
Engineer SamiUllah

INCHARGE/HOD

Engineering Technology Department

 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and foremost, I would like to thank ALLAH Almighty the Most
Gracious, The Most Bountiful the Omnipotent and The Omnipresent, THE MASTER OF
THE WORLD, for giving me the strength ability for successful completion of our project.
Respects are for the beloved Holy Prophet MUHAMMAD (S.A.W) who enable us to
recognize us our creator.

I would like to express my gratitude to all those who give the possibility to
complete this project. I am thankful to the TETRA TECH ENGINEERING & SERVICES
for giving such a golden opportunity to commence this project in the first instance. I have
furthermore too thankful to the all the teachers who taught me, encouraged and guide me for
my project. I am also thankful to the entire Civil Engineering Technology Department at
GCUF Sahiwal Campus for their stimulating support. I am very Thankful to Head of
Department of Civil Engineering Technology in GCUF Sahiwal Campus, for the way he
trained me for future, his constant help. Giddiness and attention though out the project. He
was kind, understanding and sympathetic towards me. Indeed, working with him, he was a
blessing for me.

I wish to express our sincere than to TETRA TECH ENGINEERING &

SERVICES, for providing me with all the necessary facilities for research.

Finally, thanks go to all the people who have support me to complete the
project work directly or indirectly.

At the end acknowledgements will remain incomplete, until the encouraging role
of my Parents; Siblings are not greatly recognized and ultimately appreciated.

Signature of Student

Wajid Arshad (12964)

i
 Content

Sr No. Name Page No.

1 Acknowledgment…..................................................................................i
2 Content......................................................................................................ii
3 Table of Content…....................................................................................iii
4 List of Table..............................................................................................v
5 List of Figure.............................................................................................vi

ii
 Table of Content

Sr No Name Page No
Chapter 1 Introduction...................................................................................................01
1.1 General Introduction........................................................................................01
1.1.1 Location...........................................................................................................01
1.1.2 Design & Scope...............................................................................................01
1.1.3 Carrying Out of Work......................................................................................01
1.1.4 Rates................................................................................................................01
1.1.5 Specifications...................................................................................................02
1.1.6 Cost..................................................................................................................02
1.2 Components of Project....................................................................................02
Chapter 2 Training Work...............................................................................................03
2.1 Introduction to Buildings.................................................................................03
2.2 Classification based on structure.....................................................................03
2.2.1 Load Bearing Structures..................................................................................03
2.2.2 Framed Structures............................................................................................03
2.3 Types of Buildings...........................................................................................03
2.3.1 Residential Building........................................................................................04
2.3.2 Educational Building.......................................................................................04
2.3.3 Industrial Building...........................................................................................04
2.3.4 Assembly Building..........................................................................................04
2.3.5 Business Building............................................................................................04
2.3.6 Mercantile Building.........................................................................................04
2.3.7 Industrial Building...........................................................................................05
2.3.8 Storage Building .............................................................................................05
2.3.9 Hazardous Building.........................................................................................05
2.3.10 Religious Building...........................................................................................05
2.4 Common Building Components......................................................................05
2.4.1 Super Structure................................................................................................05
2.4.2 Substructure.....................................................................................................06
2.5 Foundations.....................................................................................................06
2.5.1 Types of Foundation........................................................................................06
2.6 Construction Work..........................................................................................06
2.6.1 Drawing...........................................................................................................07
2.6.1.1 Elevation Plan..................................................................................................07
2.6.1.2 Section Plan.....................................................................................................07
2.6.1.3 Floor Plan........................................................................................................07
2.6.2 Soil Testing......................................................................................................07
2.6.2.1 Types of Soil Test............................................................................................08
2.6.2.2 Compaction Test..............................................................................................08
2.6.3 Excavation.......................................................................................................10
2.6.3.1 Manual Excavation..........................................................................................10
2.6.3.2 Mechanical Excavation....................................................................................10
2.6.4 Foundation.......................................................................................................11
2.6.5 Damp Proof Course.........................................................................................11

iii
2.6.6 Column……………………………………………………........................ 11
2.6.7 Brick Work…………………………………………………….................. 11
2.6.8 Beam……………………………………………………............................ 12
2.6.9 Door / Window Lintel…………………………………………………….. 12
2.6.10 Stairs……………………………………………………............................ 12
2.6.11 Slab…………………………………………………….............................. 13
2.6.12 Plaster……………………………………………………........................... 13
2.6.13 Flooring…………………………………………………………………… 13
2.7 Construction Material…………………………………………………….. 13
2.7.1 Soil………………………………………………………………………... 14
2.7.1.1 Characteristics of soil……………………………………………………... 14
2.7.2 Cement……………………………………………………......................... 14
2.7.2.1 Physical Properties of Cement……………………………………………. 15
2.7.2.2 Port land cement…………………………………………………….......... 15
2.7.3 Sand…………………………………………………….............................. 16
2.7.4 Composition of Sand…………………………………………………….... 16
2.7.5 Aggregate……………………………………………………..................... 17
2.7.6 Course aggregate…………………………………………………….......... 17
2.7.6.1 Fine aggregate…………………………………………………….............. 17
2.7..7 Bricks……………………………………………………........................... 18
2.7.7.1 Brick Components……………………………………………………....... 18
2.7.7.2 Types of Bricks……………………………………………………............ 19
2.7.7.3 Advantages of Bricks……………………………………………………... 19
2.7.7.4 Disadvantages of Bricks………………………………………………….. 19
2.7.8 Steel……………………………………………………............................. 19
2.7.8.1 Types of steel bars: ……………………………………………………..... 20
2.7.8.2 Mild steel bars: ……………………………………………………............ 20
2.7.8.3 Deformed steel bars: ……………………………………………………... 20
2.7.8.4 Physical properties of steel: ……………………………………………… 20
2.7.8.5 Functions of steel bars: …………………………………………………... 21
2.8 Construction Machinery…………………………………………………... 21
2.8.1 Excavator……………………………………………………..................... 21
2.8.2 Concrete Mixer……………………………………………………............ 22
Chapter 3 Skill Attained……………………………………………………............. 23
3.1 Overall Benefits of the internship………………………………………… 23
3.2 Improving practical skill…………………………………………………. 23
3.3 Upgrading the theoretical knowledge…………………………………….. 23
3.4 Upgrading interpersonal communication skill……………………………. 24
3.5 Improving team playing skill…………………………………………….. 24
3.6 Improving leadership skill……………………………………………….. 25
3.7 Work ethics and related issues…………………………………………… 26
3.8 Entrepreneurship skill…………………………………………………….. 26
Chapter 4 Conclusions, Feedback Recommendations…………………..………… 28
4.1. Conclusions…………………………………………………….................. 28
4.2 Feedback……………………………………………………...................... 29
4.3 Recommendations……………………………………………………........ 29
References…………………………………………………….................... 31

iv
 List of Table

Sr No. Name Page No

Table No 2.1 Modified Proctor Test Result...................................................................09

v
 List of Figures

Sr No Name Page No

Figure 2.1 Proctor Test………………………………………………….. 09

Figure 2.2 Excavation…………………………………………………… 10
Figure 2.3 Column………………………………………………………. 11
Figure 2.4 Brick Work…………………………………………………... 12
Figure 2.5 Soil…………………………………………………………... 14
Figure 2.6 Cement………………………………………………………. 15
Figure 2.7 Sand…………………………………………………………. 17
Figure 2.8 Aggregate……………………………………………………. 18
Figure 2.9 Bricks………………………………………………………... 18
Figure 2.10 Steel Bars…………………………………………………….. 20
Figure 2.11 Excavator…………………………………………………….. 21
Figure 2.12 Concrete Mixer………………………………………………. 22

vi
Chapter 1- INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Introduction

The first and foremost role of the mosque is to spread the Islāmic values amongst a
Muslim community. The mosque always remained a significant and powerful source for
enhancing community development, brotherhood, moralities, ethics, and character building
among Muslims. The mosque is not merely a place for worship but it is a sacred place where
Muslims sit together and listen to the sermons of religious scholars in order to gain piousness
and purify their spiritual, religious, moral, and ethical thoughts and beliefs. It is a place where
Muslim leaders, religious scholars, distinguished preachers such as Imāms, Khaṭēbs, and
‘Ulamās promote religious and social beliefs of Muslim Ummah. Adhān (the call for prayer)
five times a day heard from the minarets of mosques reminds the Muslims for offering
prayers and creates the habits of punctuality amongst the Muslims. As regards the objective
of the current study, the past and present role of mosque is discussed in order to highlight
various aspects of a mosque in educating society. Therefore, a documentary analysis is made
in connection with the current issue.

1.1.1 Location

The Project is located in University of Okara.

1.1.2 Design & Scope

The project includes a hall room and ablution area.

The contractor for this project is Tetra Tech Engineering & Services while residential
monitoring services have not been used as the cost of the project is less than the stipulated
limit for hiring a monitoring consultant.

1.1.3 Carrying Out of Work

The work has to be carried out through approved contractors of the Department
offering lowest / competitive tenders as per the usual procedure of the department.

1.1.4 Rates

Rates provided in the estimate are based on Market Rates MRS, 2 nd Bi-Annual-2020
Tehsil & District Okara.

1
1.1.5 Specifications

The work has executed in accordance with the standard specifications of Punjab
Building Department for Religious Building.

1.1.6 Cost

The total cost of estimate out to be 3.2 million.

1.2 Components of Project

The project is consisting of a hall room and ablution area.

Total Area of this project is 5,440 sft

2
CHAPTER 2- TRAINING WORK
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO BUILDINGS

A building is a structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in
one place, such as a house or factory. Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes and
functions, and have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors, from
building materials available, to weather conditions, to land prices, ground conditions, specific
uses and aesthetic reasons.

Buildings serve several needs of society - primarily as shelter from weather, security,
living space, privacy, to store belongings, and to comfortably live and work. A building as a
shelter represents a physical division of the human habitat (a place of comfort and safety) and
the outside a place that at times may be harsh and harmful).

2.2 Classification of Building based on structure

1. Load bearing Structure

2. Framed structure

2.2.1 Load Bearing Structures

In this type of structures loads from roof slab or trusses and floors are transmitted
through walls to the firm soil below the ground This type of structures are adopted where
hard strata are available at shallow depth. The structural elements like beams, slabs rests
directly on the walls.

2.2.2 Framed Structures

Reinforced cement concrete structures are the most common type of construction
today. They consist of a skeleton of beams & columns. The load is transferred from beams to
the columns and column intern transfer the load directly to the subsoil through footing,
framed structures are suitable for multi-story building subjected to variety of extreme loads
like compressive, tensile torsion, shear along with moment. The open spaces in the skeleton
are to be filled with brick walls or glass panels.

2.3 Types of buildings

Buildings are classified based upon its occupancy and structure

1. Residential Building

3
 2. Educational Building
3. Institutional Building
4. Assembly Building
5. Business Building
6. Mercantile Building
7. Industrial Building
8. Storage Building
9. Hazardous Building
10. Religious Building

2.3.1 Residential Building

Buildings in which sleeping arrangements are provided with or without cooking

arrangement. It includes single or multifamily dwelling apartments, lodgings, restaurants,
hostels. Dormitories and hotels

2.3.2 Educational Building

These include any building used for school, college, education purposes.

2.3.3 Institutional Building

These buildings used for different purposes, such as medical or other treatment. They
include hospitals, sanatorium. Jails and asylum.

2.3.4 Assembly Building

These are the buildings where group of peoples meet or gather for amusement social,
religious, political, civil, travel and similar purposes. E.g. Theatres, Motion Pictures, Houses,
Assembly Halls, Restaurants Assembly Halls.

2.3.5 Business Building

These buildings are used for transactions of business, for keeping accounts and for
similar other purposes.

2.3.6 Mercantile Building

These building are used as shops, stores, market for display and sale of merchandise
either wholesale or retail, office, shops, and storage services.

4
2.3.7 Industrial Building

These are buildings where products or materials of all kinds and properties are
fabricated assembled, manufactured or processed

2.3.8 Storage Building

These buildings are used primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods, wares or
merchandise. Vehicles and animals, grains.

2.3.9 Hazardous Building

These buildings are used for the storage, handling, manufacturing or processing of
highly combustible or explosive materials or products.

2.3.10 Religious Building

A place of worship is a specially designed structure or space where individuals or a

group of people such as a congregation come to perform acts of devotion, veneration, or
religious study. A building constructed or used for this purpose is sometimes called a house
of worship. Mosque, Church & Temples are examples of religious buildings.

2.4 Common Building Components

1. Super Structure
2. Sub Structure

2.4.1 Super Structure

The superstructure is that part of the building which is above the ground and which
serves the purpose of building's intended use.

1. Plinth
2. Wall and columns
3. Beams
4. Arches
5. Roofs and slabs
6. Lintel and arches
7. Chajjas
8. Parapet
9. Steps and stairs

5
2.4.2 Substructure

The substructure is the lower portion of the building, which is located below ground level
which transmits the load of the superstructure to the sub soil.

2.5 Foundation

The foundation of any building serves two main purposes. Distribute the weight from
load bearing walls to the soil or bedrock beneath and keep groundwater or soil moisture out.

2.5.1 Types of Foundation

There are two main types of foundation.

1. Shallow Foundation
2. Deep Foundation

2.6 Construction Work

Construction work on any project goes through the following stages‫۔‬

1. Drawing
2. Soil Test
3. Excavation
4. Foundation
5. D.P.C
6. Column
7. Brick Work
8. Beam
9. Door / Window Lintel
10. Stairs
11. Slab
12. Plaster
13. Flooring

6
2.6.1 Drawing

Construction drawing is the general term used for drawings that form part of the
production information that is incorporated into tender documentation and then the contract
documents for the construction works.

The main purpose of construction drawings is to provide a graphic representation of

what is to be built.

2.6.1.1 Elevation Plan

An elevation drawing is an orthographic projection drawing that shows one side of the
building. The purpose of an elevation drawing is to show the finished appearance of a given
side of the house and furnish vertical height dimensions. Four elevations are customarily
drawn, one for each side of the building.

2.6.1.2 Section Plan

A section plan is a vertical slice drawing showing the internal features of your
property. It is similar to an elevation plan; however, it shows the internal features of the
property. It is quite common to have the section plan drawn in the middle of the staircase of
the property.

2.6.1.3 Floor Plan

A floor plan is a drawing with scale sizes that display the positions of rooms,
equipment, and furniture viewed from above.

A typical floor plan has the following basic elements.

i. Dimension Lines - these are the measurements of showing the length of items in
reality, for example, the length of windows and rooms etc.
Room Types and Items - these may include walls, windows, doors, a single room, closets,
sofa, stairs, appliances, or even outdoor garden layout and so on.

2.6.2 Soil Testing

Types of Soil tests for building construction works depend on properties of soil.
Design of the foundation is based on soil test report of construction site.

7
 Soil tests for construction of buildings or any structure is the first step in construction
planning to understand the suitability of soil for proposed construction work.

Soil which is responsible for allowing the stresses coming from the structure should
be well tested to give excellent performance. If soil shouldn’t tested correctly then the whole
building or structure is damaged or collapsed or leaned like leaning tower of Pisa. So, soil
inspection or testing is the first step to proceed any construction.

2.6.2.1 Types of Soil Test

Various tests on soil are conducted to decide the quality of soil for building
construction. Some tests are conducted in laboratory and some are in the field. Here we will
discuss about the importance of various soil tests for building construction. The tests on soil
are as follows.

1. Moisture content test

2. Atterberg limits tests
3. Specific gravity of soil
4. Dry density of soil
5. Compaction test (Proctor’s test)

2.6.2.2 Compaction Test

Proctor’s test is conducted to determine compaction characteristics of soil.
Compaction of soil is nothing but reducing air voids in the soil by densification.
The degree of Compaction is measured in terms of dry density of soil.

In Proctor’s Compaction Test, given soil sample sieved through 20mm and
4.75 mm sieves. Percentage passing 4.75mm and percentage retained on 4.75mm are
mixed with certain proportions.

Add water to it and leave it in air tight container for 20hrs. Mix the soil and
divide it into 6 – 8 parts. Position the mold and pour one part of soil into the mold as
3layers with 25 blows of ramming for each layer.

8
Remove the base plate and Weight the soil along with mold. Remove the soil from
mold and take the small portion of soil sample at different layers and conduct water
content test. from the values find out the dry density of soil and water content and
draw a graph between them and note down the maximum dry density and optimum
water content of the compacted soil sample at highest point on the curve.

Fig No. 2.1 Proctor Test

i. Result
Soil Sample I II III IV
Weight of mold + base plate 4160 4160 4160 4160
Weight of mold + base plate + wet
soil 8692 8638 8630 8540

Weight of wet soil 4232 4478 4470 4430

Wet Density = wet soil/volume of
mold 2.01 (g/cc) 2.13(g/cc) 2.13 (g/cc) 2.11 (g/cc)
Can No. 1 2 3 4
Empty can weight (g) 22 24 24 26
Can + wet soil weight (g) 84 92 92 120
Can + dry soil weight (g) 90 100 102 136
Weight of water (g) 6 8 10 16
Weight of dry soil (g) 62 68 68 96

9
 Moisture content (M.C) 9.6% 11.7% 14.7% 16.6%
Dry Density = wet density/1+m.c 1.83 (g/cc) 1.91(g/cc) 1.85 (g/cc) 1.80 (g/cc)
Table No 2.1 Modified Proctor Test Result
2.6.3 Excavation

Excavation is the process of moving earth, rock or other materials with tools,
equipment or explosives. It includes earthwork, trenching, wall shafts, tunneling and
underground.

roads.

Fig No. 2.2 Excavation

2.6.3.1 Manual Excavation

Where the machinery excavation cannot possible. For manual excavation workers are
used to excavate. A supervisor is also required to instruct the labor that how to work
technically, safely and quickly. At the time of the excavation the presence of surveyor is very
important. Surveyor gives the instruction about the level. It is totally the team work and
Corporation is very important.
2.6.3.2 Mechanical Excavation
In this excavation, all the work is done by the excavator. The excavated material
dumped through the dumper. A surveyor must be present there to give the required level.

10
2.6.4 Foundation

A foundation is a lower portion of building structure that transfers its gravity loads to
the earth. Foundations are generally broken into two categories shallow foundations and deep
foundations. A tall building must have a strong foundation if it is to stand for a long time.
Once the foundation has been packed down tightly, or dried hard, we can begin to build the
building superstructure.

2.6.5 Damp Proof Course

A damp-proof course (DPC) is a barrier through the structure designed to prevent

moisture rising by capillary action such as through a phenomenon known as rising damp.
Rising damp is the effect of water rising from the ground into property.

2.6.6 Column

A column is a vertical structural member intended to transfer a compressive load.

Columns are typically constructed from materials such as stone, brick, block, concrete,
timber, steel, and so on, which have good compressive strength.

Fig No. 2.3 Column

2.6.7 Brick Work
Brick masonry is a highly durable form of construction. It is built by placing bricks in mortar
in a systematic manner to construct solid mass that withstand exerted loads. There are several types of
bricks and number of mortars which can be used to construct brick masonry.

11
 The bond in brick masonry, which adheres bricks together, is produced by filling
joints between bricks with suitable mortar. Special cautions shall be practiced while mortar is
mixed and placed since it greatly affects the performance and durability of masonry structure.

Fig No. 2.4 Brick Work

2.6.8 Beam

A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the
beam's axis. Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam
result in reaction forces at the beam's support points. The total effect of all the forces acting
on the beam is to produce shear forces and bending moments within the beams that in turn
induce internal stresses, strains and deflections of the beam.

2.6.9 Door / Window Lintel

A lintel is a beam placed across the openings like doors, windows etc. in buildings to
support the load from the structure above. The width of lintel beam is equal to the width of
wall, and the ends of it are built into the wall. Lintels are classified based on their material of
construction.

2.6.10 Stairs

Stairs are a series of steps properly arranged to connect different floors of a building.
A continuous series of steps, form a flight and there may be two or more flights between
platforms called landings. The horizontal upper portion of a step called a tread and vertical or
front portion of a step called a Riser.

12
2.6.11 Slab

A molded layer of plain or reinforced concrete, flat, horizontal (or nearly so), usually
of uniform but sometimes of variable thickness, and supported by beams, columns, walls,
other framework

A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings, consisting of a

flat, horizontal surface made of cast concrete. Steel-reinforced slabs, typically between 100
and 500 mm thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings.

2.6.12 Plaster

Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and
ceilings and for molding and casting decorative elements. In English "plaster" usually means
a material used for the interiors of buildings, while "render" commonly refers to external
applications.

2.6.13 Flooring

Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of a floor, or for the work of
installing such a floor covering. Both terms are used interchangeably but floor covering refers
more to lose-laid materials. Materials almost always classified as flooring include carpet,
laminate, tile, and vinyl.
2.7 Construction Material

Different types of construction materials are used for construction, but the most
commonly used materials are

1. Soil
2. Cement
3. Sand
4. Aggregate
5. Bricks
6. Steel

13
2.7.1 Soil

Soil is directly used to make building materials, such as cement and brick, as well as
indirectly used to grow the plants used to make building materials such as wood boards and
insulation fibers. Historically, many homes and other structures were made
from soil or soil that was caked and dried into blocks.

Fig No. 2.5 Soil

2.7.1.1 Characteristics of soil

Physical properties of soil include color, texture, structure, porosity, density,

consistence, temperature, and air. Colors of soils vary widely and indicate such
important properties as organic matter, water, and redox conditions.

The particles that make up soil are categorized into three groups by size – sand, silt,
and clay. Sand particles are the largest and clay particles the smallest. Most soils are a
combination of the three. The relative percentages of sand, silt, and clay are what give soil
its texture.

2.7.2 Cement

In the most general sense of the word, cement is a binder, a substance that sets
and hardens independently, and can bind other materials together. The word "cement" traces
to the Romans, who used the term opus caementicious to describe masonry resembling
modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. The volcanic
ash and pulverized brick additives that were added to the burnt lime to obtain a hydraulic
binder were later referred to as cementum, cimentum, cäment, and cement.

14
Cements used in construction can be characterized as being either hydraulic or non-hydraulic.
Hydraulic cements (e.g., Portland cement) harden because of hydration, a chemical reaction between
the anhydrous cement powder and water. Thus, they can harden underwater or when constantly
exposed to wet weather. The chemical reaction results in hydrates that are not very water-soluble and
so are quite durable in water.

Fig No. 2.6 Cement

Non-hydraulic cements do not harden underwater; for example, slaked limes harden
by reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide.The most important uses of cement are as an
ingredient in the production of mortar in masonry, and of concrete, a combination of cement
and an aggregate to form a strong building material.

2.7.2.1 Physical Properties of Cement

 Finesse
 Soundness
 Consistency
 Setting time
 Compressive strength
 Heat of hydration
 Specific gravity
 Bulk density
2.7.2.2 Port land cement

Portland cement was developed from natural cements made in Britain in the early part

15
of the nineteenth century, and its name is derived from its similarity to Portland stone, a type
of building stone that was quarried on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England.

Joseph Aspdin, a British bricklayer from Leeds, is considered to be the originator of

Portland cement. A process for the manufacture of Portland cement was patented in 1824.

In order to achieve the desired setting qualities in the finished product, a quantity (2–
8%, but typically 5%) of calcium sulfate (usually gypsum or anhydrite) is added to the clinker
and the mixture is finely ground to form the finished cement powder. This is achieved in a
cement mill.

2.7.3 Sand
Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
Sand has various compositions but is defined by its grain size. Sand grains are smaller than
gravel and coarser than silt.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and
mineral particles. The composition of sand is highly variable, depending on the local rock
sources and conditions, but the most common constituent of sand in inland continental
settings and non- tropical coastal settings is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the
form of quartz.
The second most common form of sand is calcium carbonate, for example aragonite,
which has mostly been created, over the past half billion years, by various forms of life, like
coral and shellfish. It is, for example, the primary form of sand apparent in areas where reefs
have dominated the ecosystem for millions of years like the Caribbean.
2.7.4 Composition of Sand

In terms of particle size as used by geologists, sand particles range in diameter from
0.0625 mm (or 1⁄16 mm) to 2 mm. An individual particle in this range size is termed a sand
grain. Sand grains are between gravel (with particles ranging from 2 mm up to 64 mm) and
silt (particles smaller than 0.0625 mm down to 0.004 mm). The size specification between
sand and gravel has remained constant for more than a century, but particle diameters as
small as 0.02 mm were considered sand under the Albert Atterberg standard in use during the
early 20th century. A 1953 engineering standard published by the American Association of
State Highway and Transportation Officials set the minimum sand size at

0.074 mm. A 1938 specification of the United States Department of Agriculture was 0.05
mm. Sand feels gritty when rubbed between the fingers (silt, by comparison, feels like
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flour).The most common constituent of sand, in inland continental settings and non-tropical
coastal settings, is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz, which,
because of its chemical inertness and considerable hardness, is the most common mineral
resistant to weathering.

Fig No. 2.7 Sand

2.7.5 Aggregate

Construction aggregate, or simply aggregate, is a broad category of coarse- to medium-

grained particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone,
slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates. Aggregates are the most mined
materials in the world.
2.7.6 Course aggregate

Coarse aggregates are particles greater than 4.75mm, but generally range between
9.5mm to 37.5mm in diameter. They can either be from Primary, Secondary or Recycled
sources. Primary, or 'virgin', aggregates are either Land or Marine Won. Gravel is a coarse
marine won aggregate. Land-won coarse aggregates include gravel and crushed rock. Gravels
constitute the majority of coarse aggregate used in concrete with crushed stone making up
most of the remainder. Secondary aggregates are materials which are the by- products of
extractive operations and are derived from a very wide range of materials

2.7.6.1 Fine aggregate

Fine aggregate is the inert or chemically inactive material, most of which passes
through a 4.75 mm IS sieve and contains not more than 5 percent coarser material.

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 Fig No. 2.8 Aggregate
2.7.7 Bricks

A brick is a type of block used to build walls, pavements and other elements in
masonry construction. Properly, the term brick denotes a block composed of dried clay, but is
now also used informally to denote other chemically cured construction blocks, bricks came
in many different shapes and sizes, but today’s modern bricks tend to be a standard size or
around 9'' × 4.5'' ×3''.

2.7.7.1 Brick Components

Modern clay bricks are formed in one of three processes – soft mud, dry press, or
extruded.
Normally, brick contains the following ingredient

 Silica (sand) – 50% to 60% by weight

 Alumina (clay) – 20% to 30% by weight

 Lime – 2 to 5% by weight

 Iron oxide – ≤ 7% by weight

 Magnesia – less than 1% by weight

Fig No.2.9 Bricks

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2.7.7.2 Types of Bricks

1. Sun-Dried or Unburnt Clay Bricks. Sun-dried or unburnt bricks are less durable and
these are used for temporary structures. ...
2. Burnt Clay Bricks. ...
3. Fly Ash Bricks. ...
4. Concrete Bricks. ...
5. Engineering Bricks. ...
6. Sand Lime or Calcium Silicate Bricks.

2.7.7.3 Advantages of Bricks

The use of material such as bricks can increase the thermal mass of a building.

Most types of masonry typically will not require painting and so can provide a
structure with reduced life-cycle costs.
Masonry is very heat resistant and thus provides good fire protection.
Masonry walls are more resistant to projectiles, such as debris from hurricanes or
tornadoes.
2.7.7.4 Disadvantages of Bricks

Extreme weather causes degradation of masonry wall surfaces due to frost damage. This
type of damage is common with certain types of brick, though rare with concrete blocks.
Masonry tends to be heavy and must be built upon a strong foundation, such as
reinforced concrete, to avoid settling and cracking.

Save for concrete, masonry construction does not lend itself well to mechanization,
and requires more skilled labor than stick-framing.

2.7.8 Steel

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon that is widely used in construction and other
applications because of its hardness and tensile strength. Carbon, other elements, and
inclusions within iron act as hardening agents that prevent the movement of dislocations that
naturally exists in the iron atom crystal lattices. The carbon in typical steel alloys may
contribute up to2.1% of its weight

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 Fig No.2.10 Steel Bars

Structural steel is a category of steel used for making construction materials in a variety
of shapes. Many structural steel shapes take the form of an elongated beam having a profile
of a specific cross section.

2.7.8.1 Types of steel bars:

1. Mild steel bars

2. Deformed steel bars

2.7.8.2 Mild steel bars:

Mild steel bars are used for tensile stress of RCC (Reinforced cement concrete) slab
beams etc. in reinforced cement concrete work. These steel bars are plain in surface and are
round sections of diameter from 6 to 50 mm. These rods are manufactured in long lengths
and can be cut quickly and be bent easily without damage.

2.7.8.3 Deformed steel bars:

As deformed bars are rods of steels provided with lugs, ribs or deformation on the
surface of bar, these bars minimize slippage in concrete and increases the bond between the
two materials. Deformed bars have more tensile stresses than that of mild steel plain bars.
These bars can be used without end hooks. The deformation should be spaced along the bar at
substantially uniform distances.

2.7.8.4 Physical properties of steel:

The properties that need to be considered by designers when specifying steel
construction products are:

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  Strength.
 Toughness.
 Ductility.
 Weldability.
 Durability.
2.7.8.5 Functions of steel bars:

Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, steel is used in buildings,
infrastructure, tools, ships, trains, cars, machines, electrical appliances, and weapons.

2.8 Construction Machinery

Here some common Machinery which is used in Construction Side

1. Excavator
2. Concrete Mixer

2.8.1 Excavator

Excavators are popular earthmoving vehicles that feature a bucket, arm, rotating cab,
and movable tracks. These components provide superior digging power and mobility,
allowing this heavy equipment to perform a variety of functions, from digging trenches and
breaking holes to lifting away waste and excavating mines.

Fig No 2.11 Excavator

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2.8.2 Concrete Mixer

A concrete mixer is a device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as

sand or gravel, and water to form concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to
mix the components.

For smaller volume works, portable concrete mixers are often used so that the
concrete can be made at the construction site, giving the workers ample time to use the
concrete before it hardens. An alternative to a machine is mixing concrete by hand. This is
usually done in a wheelbarrow; however, several companies have recently begun to sell
modified tarps for this purpose.

Fig No. 2.12 Concrete Mix

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Chapter 3- Skill Attained

3.1 Overall Benefits of the internship

Internship is a class healed at site to provide an enhanced understanding of the outside

working environment before the student graduate. Student like civil engineering and other
fields also take this practice. The main aim of this practice internship is that to teach students
communication with different workers or employees, to improve practical skill what they
learned at class, up grading the theoretical knowledge in addition to the class, improve their
leadership skill, team playing skill and etc.

In my three month staying at the Building Department Okara expansion project with
Usama Hamza Construction Company. I have acquired much knowledge in different tasks as
explained below in different section. That different knowledge gets me a good performance
in the internship period and I gain an experience that helps me after the graduation in the
upcoming working era of mine.

3.2 Improving practical skill

The aim of the internship is to address more practical knowledge for student. So, I
found a practical knowledge at the site as much possible within the four month. The
knowledge we hav learn in the class is helpful to get those practical or real work in the site
and totally different from the actual knowledge gained from the class. Thus I found some
knowledge in the site which helps me to work with the site environment or site peoples.

3.3 Upgrading the theoretical knowledge

The internship class is not only depending on the practical aspect but it also help students
to upgrade or increase knowledge on already that they have. I try to integrate the practical
knowledge with that of the theory leamed in the class in different place in order to get more
knowledge than the theory we learned on the class. I got the internship class very interesting
in terms of upgrading a theoretical knowledge and I learned from the site some theories that
we haven't leam in the classroom by searching different related literature. Some of this is:

 Quantity surveying
 Structural design
 Construction equipment

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  Report writing

I learned those things in exclusive cause it is hard to read and understand everything from
books and asking some peoples at site to those things ashamed me, Generally I change myself
alit bit after the internship period in my knowledge than before I took it.

3.4 Upgrading interpersonal communication skill

Communication is sharing or exchanging information or ideas with others in order to

get some messages and knowledge. The communications systems within the building design
and construction enterprise has taken on a large role in the achievement of profitability and
efficiency. A basic understanding of communication systems is beneficial to all building
professionals and trades, as they all play a part in the success of the construction.
Construction is one of the places that ask a good communication skill either managing every
trade of work or asking what is gowning on over there. So, communication is an important
way of learning, which can he defined formally as the act, process, or experience of gaining
knowledge or skills and sharing what we know. Cool communication is important in the real
constructions world and it can appear in different forms as speaking, writing, and listening. In
the site the most things I gain is due to communication with other workers like engineers,
skilled and on-skilled workers. Forman etc. in some place /ease it is very difficult to talk
workers and ask them what we want because of that they underestimate us and sometimes
they are not eager to tell, But I improve and know how to communicate with different classes
of workers in the site.

3.5 Improving team playing skill

Team playing skill for construction work Team works, especially for engineers,
involve in every piece of task and achieving goal team playing skill is essential for Effective
completion of tasks and Increasing productivity. This skill already exists in my personality in
the campus due to different assignment and project works that I work together with student.
But this skill is more than this in the construction site. In the construction site the work is
already a team work and it needs more closeness of workers to solve problems arise in
different aspects, misunderstanding in the drawing or working methodology and consult
every work. We the student at the site also works together as a team to get more
understanding and share ideas. More or less I improve my team work status by working

24
together with different professionals. Student and workers as a whole in the civil engineering
works and consulting.

3.6 Improving leadership skill

Leadership is the process of influencing individuals or groups to accomplish an

organizational goal or mission. I have seen how each worker is controlled and organized to
perform its day to day activities, Among all other management i have seen that human
resource management is the most important one. i have actually observed the method of
controlling the working time and amount of work done by each worker so that the work
proceeds according to the work plan (schedule). Leadership is a skill to guide. control and
monitor peoples. For effective leadership i understood that personal values like confidence.
effective communication and devotion are very important.

In order to be good Leadership the following criteria should be fulfilled.

Those are:

1. Be technically proficient (skilled with different knowledge's).

2. Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your actions.
3. Make sound and timely decisions.
4. Know your people and look out for their well-being.
5. Keep your workers informed.
6. Develop a sense of responsibility in your workers.
7. Ensure that tasks are understood, supervised, and accomplished.
8. Use the full capabilities of your organization,
9. Listening to others.
10. Being organized.
11. Able to communicate clearly and efficiently.

In the site it was impossible to us to lead anything because we go to the site to learn about
the site work and we don't have enough ability to handle such works in such short time but
we have learned how to become a good leader and the main signal of a good leader.

Finally what I take hold of is Becoming a leader isn't easy because it takes a conscious
commitment and consistent effort to develop one's leadership skills, But on the positive side,
anyone who is willing to make the effort can become a good leader.

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3.7 Work ethics and related issues

The concept of work ethics may be summarized as the overall quality in one's
behavior towards appreciating the process of work flow and performing rather well on the job
so that this work flow will not be jeopardized in the long run. During my internship program,
I could say that I have managed to do my side of the job description with a high spirit and
enthusiasm so that there was a smooth flow of activities both in the office and on construction
site work ethics involve such characteristics as honesty. responsibility, reliability,
accountability and etc.

Punctuality is one of the major issues that could be raised when talking about work
ethics and on my side I tried meet this criteria by attending to my working station in time so
that there will not be any delay on the activities planned for that day. The behavior that one
shows towards his peers and colleagues is also one manifestation of the concept of work
ethics. Personally, I always respected and gave priority the employers of the company.
Elements of work ethics that worth mentioning are: -punctuality, honesty. reliability, office
discipline, corporation and responsibility.

We us a student should follow the rules and regulations set by the company and avoid
complaining any work load, activity or assignment that may arise on the site or office. It is a
pleasure of supervisors if we have a good work ethics and we are responsible for any given
tasks. Since the aim of internship is to let students know the outside environment pertinent to
their field, which includes of such the above dealt qualities, I was with the great interest that I
tried to meet my responsibilities and work ethics that I suppose to be fulfill by my side.

Generally, I can say I have gained the potential benefits by taking the Engineering
Internship Program,

3.8 Entrepreneurship skill

Entrepreneurship can be defined as the process of involving the creation of new

enterprises and that the entrepreneur is the founder. He or she is the person who perceives the
market opportunity and then has the motivation, drive and ability to mobilize resources to
meet it. A construction project mainly requires large human, financial, physical (material and
equipment) institutional (management) resources. Entrepreneurship is special human talent
that helps manage those factors of production such as labor machinery and capital and takes
risks of making loses. An entrepreneur is required to establish meaningful relationship

26
between activity and authority which is intimately related to planning function. This type of
skill is a capacity to create your own share company with other. In our site the contractors or
the consultant are a good example or a role model for me to become an entrepreneur and
work my own bossiness rather working in organization as employed. But to become an
entrepreneur especially in our country takes a time to know the business well and a capacity
to work such work need more money that we already have before. Meanwhile I got some
advantages regarding the entrepreneurship skill and I have a dream und motivation to become
one of the greatest entrepreneurs in our country in the upcoming years in the construction
industry or any other working areas as a whole.

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Chapter 4- Conclusions, Feedback Recommendations
4.1. Conclusions

The internship is a bridge between the theoretical knowledge and the practical or the
reality work at the field of construction or civil engineering work. We all who take the
internship class go to companies that already working either as a consultant or a contractor.
The responsibilities of the hosting company are to teach student and shape them in the four
month as a real site workers. My hosting company is a consultant team and they help me and
my friends who took the internship session in this company in acquiring different knowledge
in different positions. They collaborate with the contractors to teach us in that section and
they believe that the civil engineering work is more important for us than the consulting
office.

This program played an important role to break the conventional thought that field
works can be only implemented by students who hold a degree or people who have an
experience in building construction. We were able to acquire a high level of confidence to
deal with problems that arise in a building construction

Since I took my internship session in the Building Department Okara, I get an opportunity to
work in the different party of the construction work which helps me to gain more knowledge
by seeing what they work in their own office and what is their main responsibility to the
client and also each other.

Working with a consultant team gets me more knowledge than that of the contractor
in case that the consultation work includes the duty of the site engineers and in the consultant
office there are different office that are more important for me to upgrade my knowledge in
different aspects of work. The consultant team by its nature includes designer team including
structural engineers, architects, sanitary, electrical and mechanical engineers, the contract
administration and supervision team includes site coordinators, supervisors and quantity
workers and the financial office. This helps me to get more knowledge than the contractors.

From the design team especially from the structural designers I got some clues about
how to design and the phases and different procedure in the designing of any structure
starting from the roof to the footing.

The architects also helps me to know every symbols used in any drawing and room
orientations, how each room of the specified space can be together without being disturbed
by one another, in the sanitary and electrical engineers also help us by teaching us about the
riser diagram and installation of each junction in place for a building.

They help me to understand what is going to be when I work in the consultant office.
The contractors also avail practical knowledge for us to improve our practical knowledge
status in the field. And also the contractors make us more familiar with site works starting
from communication skill, handling of different site works equipment utilization manpower
control to finishing of the work within the time scheduled by the client.

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 However, this internship program was not free from challenges. The most challenge
was the amount of money allocated to the project was insufficient to handle all the expense of
the students during the internship experience and shortage of resource for student like
computer, class rooms for student only and any other problem exist. But they come up with
the challenges and teach us how we must gown to be in the field after the graduation

Overall the internship program laid sound foundation for us to start our career. We are
proud to be able to contribute towards nation building during the country's extremely critical
period of the history. It will be definitely sensible to scale this practice up and to replicate in
other disciplines as well.

4.2 Feedback

It was a wonderful experience of getting training from an amazing organization

Building Department Okara. During my training duration I learned a lot of technical and
management skills. The staff and the engineers of the foundation were very professional and
helped me a lot to improve my professional skills. During early days of my training I was
unaware of the complexity of the project particularly structural drawings reading and bar
bending scheduling. After my continuous struggle and by following the teachings of my
senior engineer soon I was able to have good understanding of drawings reading and bar
bending scheduling.

4.3 Recommendations

Most works in the site needs careful attention and successive supervision of works but
the in some case the site works goes improperly due to different causes. This kind of
carelessness is not good for ether the consultant or the contractor. Therefore I suggest
supervisors and site engineers to take a care full look after the work executed on the site and
the work that will be executed.

In the site there are works which is performed in the way that not to be performed. Such
works lids to safety problem, loose of human power if its degree is high and economy if it is
ordered to demolish it.

Thus I recommend for the company the following:

29
1. Testing of material before it delivered to the site and after it delivered and also when
it is in use for construction
2. It is better to use steel form work than wood (plywood) formwork as it is very
repetitively used, stiff, not flammable easily and removed easily without damaging
the concrete structure.
3. Use thicker eucalyptus false work in order to avoid the bulging of concrete The
mixing is very local and it must be mixed using mixing plant and the proportion must
be redesigned by using laboratory tests since the project is very huge and is
constructed a high raised building.
4. The soil blended at the site must be as it is specified in the laboratory result and the
equipment used for blinding must be effective in the mixing process.
5. Compacting of the soil more than 20 cm in pit and other excavation is improper and it
doesn't full fill the needed density. So, compaction must be in each20cm layer as
specified.
6. A cover material could be used for curing for any casted concrete structure until it
attains its strength.
7. Formwork should remove easily without damaging the concrete surface.
8. Addition of water for concrete casting should be known not by guessing.
9. Exaggerated design of some structural part of the building also uneconomical und
must be studied its requirement before provide it.

30
 References

1. Supervision construction company Tetra Tech Engineering & Services and their
technical staff
2. Technical specifications of Okara University
3. Contract documents and working drawings of Mosque Project
4. https://www.edrawsoft.com/what-is-floor-plan.html (9.00 am – 17/08/2020)
5. http://cncsitedevelopment.com/site-preparation-process (1.16 pm – 25/08/2020)
6. https://basiccivilengineering.com/2018/09/foundations-types-foundations.html
(2.10 pm – 26/08/2020)
7. https://civiljungle.com/methods-of-damp-proofing/ (3.00 pm – 28/08/2020)
8. https://www.home-dzine.co.za/diy/diy-dpc.htm (4.00 pm – 28/08/2020)
9. https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cement (5.00 pm – 29/08/2020)
10. https://civilblog.org/2014/11/13/how-to-store-cement-on-site (8.00 pm – 29/08/2020)
11. https://www.civilengineerspk.com/mortar-types-uses(7.00 am – 31/08/2020)
12. https://www.civilengineerspk.com/bsc-civil-engineering/construction-materials/
(7.00 am – 31/08/2020)
13. https://civilseek.com/mixing-concrete/(7.00 am – 31/08/2020)
14. https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/concrete/215-uses-of-concrete
(8.00 am – 31/08/2020)
15. https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Concrete (8.00 am – 31/08/2020)

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