Professional Documents
Culture Documents
7th Sem Report
7th Sem Report
7th Sem Report
SUBMITTED BY
SALMAN ARIF
2017-GCUF-73017
12941
Training Period
24-10-20 to 19-01-21
DEPARTMENT
SAHIWAL CAMPUS
2021
SUPERVISED INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
TECHNO TIME CONSTRUCTION (PVT) LTD
CANAL BANK ROAD, NEW CAMPUS LAHORE
I hereby certify that I have completed the Eleven (11) Weeks Training in partial fulfilment of
the requirement for the award of BSc Civil Engineering Technology. I did my Training in
Techno time construction (Pvt) Ltd. From 24-10-2020 to 19-01-2021
The matter presented in this Report has been submitted by me only for the completion of my
degree.
Signature of Student
Examined by:
INCHARGED/HOD
All praise and glory to Almighty Allah, the most compassionate and merciful, who enabled us
with a power and means to contribute a drop to existing ocean of knowledge. For what I have
received, may the Lord make me truly thankful. And more truly for what I have not received.
All studies, planning, development and execution of the field training report were carried out
under the able supervision and guidance of our honored teacher. We acknowledge this help,
guidance and valuable advice at all stages of study and express our great debt of gratitude to
our most esteemed advisor Engr. Sami Ullah lecturer of Department of Civil Engineering
and Technology without his able guidance, encouragement, interest and generous
contribution from his own experience, this study might not have been accomplished.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to the head of the Department of Civil
Engineering Technology Brigadier (R) Dr. Mehboob Ahmad and Engr. Sami Ullah all
academic staff of the Department of Civil Engineering Technology and Management for their
support throughout our stay in this institution. The authors are also abundantly obliged to staff
of Techno Time Construction (PVT) Ltd for their cooperation during the internship. Last
but not least: we must acknowledge our beloved parents, brother, and sisters whom prayers
have always been a matter of encouragement throughout our lives and especially during our
academic careers.
In the end, we must thank once again all those who helped us in our internship period. We
shall pray and recall with pleasure and gratitude those never fading pleasant memories of
golden years spent.
In the end, we must thank once again to all those who helped us in our internship period. We
shall pray and recall with pleasure and gratitude those never fading pleasant memories of
golden years spent.
Signature of Student
i
Salman Arif (12941)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement ⅰ
List of Tables vi
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................1
iii
2.1 Lean concrete.............................................................................................................................11
2.2 Pile Cap......................................................................................................................................11
2.2.1 Pile cap Necessity................................................................................................................12
2.2.2 Shapes..................................................................................................................................12
2.3 Structural works.........................................................................................................................13
2.4 Steel work...................................................................................................................................13
2.5 Form work..................................................................................................................................14
2.6 Distribution Bars........................................................................................................................14
2.7 Overlap.......................................................................................................................................15
2.8 Chamfer Bar...............................................................................................................................15
2.9 Chairs.........................................................................................................................................16
2.10 Concrete work..........................................................................................................................16
2.11 Shuttering and Scaffolding.......................................................................................................16
2.12 Purpose.....................................................................................................................................17
2.13 Dowels......................................................................................................................................17
2.14 Class-B concrete.......................................................................................................................18
2.15 A-3 concrete.............................................................................................................................18
2.16 Site work..................................................................................................................................19
2.17 Concrete placement.................................................................................................................19
2.19 Curing.......................................................................................................................................19
2.20 Pier...........................................................................................................................................19
2.21 Importance’s of Pier.................................................................................................................20
2.22 Starter concrete........................................................................................................................20
2.23 Precast Structure......................................................................................................................20
2.25 Cement Concrete Mix Design for Pile Cap...............................................................................21
2.26 Concrete Mix Design for Pier...................................................................................................22
2.27 Total Station.............................................................................................................................23
2.28 Tripod.......................................................................................................................................24
2.29 Level staff.................................................................................................................................24
2.30 Excavator..................................................................................................................................25
2.31 Transit Mixer............................................................................................................................25
2.32 Tower Cranes...........................................................................................................................26
2.33 Steel bar cutting machine.........................................................................................................26
2.34 Loader......................................................................................................................................27
2.35 Batching plant...........................................................................................................................28
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2.36 Steel bending/Folding machine................................................................................................28
2.37 Compressive strength test.........................................................................................................28
2.38 Compressive strength of Concrete and its importance..............................................................29
2.39 Factors affecting compressive strength of concrete..................................................................29
2.40 Why do we test concrete for 7 days, 14 days & 28 days?.........................................................30
2.42 Compressive strength of Concrete Formula:............................................................................31
Chapter 3: Skill Attained..........................................................................................................33
4.1 FEEDBACK...............................................................................................................................35
4.2 CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................................35
4.3 RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................................................36
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................36
v
LIST OF TABLES
2.1 Material..........................................................................................................22
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
vii
ABBREVIATIONS
TC tower crane
PM Project manager
CM Construction manager
viii
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
The project is located and name is Flyover at Railway Crossing on Jhall Road Sahiwal.
Flyover is ongoing construction on LBDC canal railway line crossing. It has a single road
capacity for 24 hours in all-weather condition. Projects in the city of Sahiwal under PHA.
Implementation of these projects would provide all- weather connectivity from central city to
the view hotel national highway 5. It will also reduce journey time due traffic jam on railway
crossing during train passing. It will provide fast rout of Sahiwal people to reach main highway
road.
The cost is estimated to be Rs. 600 Million including cost of Service Road on both side
from Mazdoor puli to view hotel NH- 5, resettlement and other pre-construction activities. The
total length of flyover is 2079 feet that consist of 28 spans. The total length of the road on both
sides will be approximately 3.9 km.
Projects in the city of Sahiwal under PHA. Implementation of these projects would
provide all- weather connectivity from central city to the view hotel national highway 5. It will
also reduce journey time due traffic jam on railway crossing during train passing. It will
provide fast rout of Sahiwal people to reach main highway road.
This commitment with sustainability underpins the entire project, extending also to the
project design that achieves reduced traffic jam and regulate the traffic flow. With a carefully
crafted massing solution to stand out from the surroundings, the design aims to provide a very
strong image and presence that inspires confidence and innovation, embracing users (both
visitors and staff) at their approach.
The main objective of the project is connected central city to view hotel national
highway Another objective is also a bridge is exiting on LBDC canal Jhall road through
railway crossing but there is high traffic congestion in term train passing by or traffic on the
road that causes of traffic jam and disturbance in traffic flow.
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This project has 28 spans and 27 piers and 2 abutments of bridges are going to be
constructed. There is also two side approach to connect flyover. At the top-level flyover with
the surroundings is creating a distinctive effect, clearly visible desirable bird eye view of
Sahiwal city for approaching visitors which acts also as a way finding method.
Incorporating the latest international requirements and standards, the flyover internal
planning and design ensures clear flow segregation and operational safety standards, be it at
the level of circulations (with staff and visitors’ segregation); at the level of goods logistics, or
at the level of materials storage.
The project was started on mid-September 2019 to June 2021 complete the project.
After the completion of the project the NHA has to maintain and control it after completion.
2
1.2 Company Introduction
i. Techno Time Construction (PVT) LTD stands for a Contracting Company capable of
undertaking mega multi pharaohs Construction Projects especially Residential,
Commercial and Industrial Buildings, HVAC, Elevators, Escalators, Roads and Bridges.
ii. Construction Company established in the year 1987 and is continuously striving for setting
standard pace ahead and is moving ahead in construction industry. It has developed
Qualitative Measurement System for implementation of Projects at all corporate levels as
well as at the field activity.
iii. TTC is rendering high quality & expert engineering services in this field. TTC stands for
performance, integrity and quality services because of total commitment to excellence by
the Staff and the Management.
iv. A large number of sizeable achievements have been made and the company is continuously
maintaining these with the help of its trained & experienced work force. TTC has got very
rich experience in Project Planning Implementation and timely execution. TTC possesses
ample resources and facilities which can enable the Company to complete every project
within the stipulate period and within allocated budget.
During last 23 years the company has achieved a high profile and completed most of
the projects ahead of time. TTC is continuously beating the clock.
1.3 Address
3
1.4 Business sectors
i. Construction
ii. Flyover Construction
iii. Building Construction
iv. Road Construction
v. Consultants
vi. Engineering
vii. Travel Agency
viii. Electric Parts
ix. Leather import
x. Garments
1.5 Purpose
To bring prosperity and well-being to our clients and society at large by adding value
through Engineering, Construction, Management and Technology.
1.6 Vision
To become a world class Engineering and construction company operating
internationally.
4
1.11 Major in progress Projects
5
Departments of the Organization
6
overall responsibility for three areas: culture, capabilities and talent. At enterprise-level they
may sit on the board and advise senior leaders on HR developments and the effects of new
policies to the organization people and culture. In smaller firms, the HR director may be called
the Head of HR.
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people. Site engineers mark out the site, make sure designs are applied correctly and liaise with
main and sub-contractors and the site manager.
1.21 Surveyor
Surveyors update boundary lines and prepare sites for construction so that legal
disputes are prevented. Surveyors make precise measurements to determine property
boundaries. They provide data relevant to the shape and contour of the Earth's surface for
engineering, mapmaking, and construction projects.
1.22 QA/QC
QA/QC is the combination of quality assurance, the process or set of processes used to
measure and assure the quality of a product, and quality control, the process of ensuring
products and services meet consumer expectations.
1.24 Accountant
Accountants and auditors ensure that companies or organizations are efficiently
operating. They do this by accessing financial records of their clients. Duties include analyzing
data, finance reports, budgets, tax returns, and accounting records.
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1.25 Cost Estimator
Cost estimators collect and analyze data in order to estimate the time, money, materials,
and labor required to manufacture a product, construct a building, or provide a service. They
generally specialize in a particular product or industry.
1.27 Cashier
i. Receive payment by cash, check, credit cards, vouchers, or automatic debits.
ii. Issue receipts, refunds, credits, or change due to customers.
iii. Count money in cash drawers at the beginning of shifts to ensure that amounts are
correct and that there is adequate change.
1.28 Advertisement
Paid, non-personal, public communication about causes, goods and services, ideas,
organizations, people, and places, through means such as direct mail, telephone, print, radio,
television, and internet.
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Mr. Umair khan was also a nice and jolly guy. I really enjoyed working with him. He teaches
me how to act with labors, how to give them work and their limitations.
i. I joined internship on 22 Feb 2020 and ended on my own on 20 May 2020.
ii. My routine daily timing was from 9 am to 5 pm.
iii. Friday timing was 9 am to 12:30 pm than two hours break for offering Jumma
prayer and lunch and then from 2 pm to 5 pm.
iv. Used to have lunch break daily at 2 pm.
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Chapter 2: Training Work
11
Figure: 2.2 Pile cap
(ii) Pile foundation has the pile-cap and also formed as a pile group, with number of piles
distributing the load from structure to soil with the high bearing-capacity.
2.2.2 Shapes
The shape and plan dimensions of the pile cap depend on two factors.
12
2.3 Structural works
Structural Works means any works required to the property where the Goods are to be
installed, including, without limitation, ‘making good’, the making of any spaces for doors
comprising the Goods and the provision of and/or installation of lintels or similar goods.
“Making good” includes painting, deco- rating, patch plastering, rendering and similar of any
areas around a fitted door (comprising the Goods) except as provided at clause 2.6 below.
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structure by magnetic leakage fields.
2.7 Overlap
steel bars overlapped. Lapping can be defined as the overlapping of two bars side by
side to upto the design length. Usually, the stock length of steel bars is limited to 12m.
15
2.9 Chairs
Chair rods are nothing but just enabling rods that help to maintain the proper space
between the bottom and top reinforcements of a slab, beams and shear wall.
16
It is done by props, jacks, H frames, cup lock system, wooden ballies, etc. (Refer below image
for clear understanding)
Formwork is arranged to support the structural members, whereas scaffolding is provided as a
workers platform around the building to work at heights, Scaffolding is a movable/fixed
platform refer below image for more details.
2.12 Purpose
During construction of reinforced concrete works as well as their maintenance, we need
to support the structure as long as it is in its premature state or plastic state as it could not even
bear its own load. After the suitable duration of time, i.e. when concrete sets enough to take its
own load, these temporary supports are removed systematically.
2.13 Dowels
Dowel bar is a terminology used in concrete pavements in general. Dowel bars are
round steel bars (not torr steel). The bars are placed between two concrete slabs so that loads
are transferred between the two slabs and allowing for any horizontal movement also (due to
expansion).
17
Figure 2.13: Dowels
18
2.16 Site work
Most often earth moving equipment is used to clear the area to speed the process. All
grass, rocks, trees, shrubs, and old concrete needs to be removed, exposing raw earth. A sub
base of a minimum 4 inches of granular fill or road base is recommended, unless the soil is
very compact and stable.
Concrete cover or spacer is concrete made rounded cylinders in small size. Purpose of spacer
is to give effective and clear cover to reinforcement and it helps to save your reinforcement
from corrosion.
2.19 Curing
Curing of concrete is defined as providing adequate moisture, temperature, and time
to allow the concrete to achieve the desired properties for its intended use. This would mean
maintaining a relative humidity in the concrete of greater than 80 percent, a temperature
greater than 50 degrees Fahrenheit, and for a time typically ranging from three to 14 days
depending on the specific application. When these recommendations are properly specified
and performed in the field, the final properties of the concrete mixture will be achieved.
2.20 Pier
A pier is a platform reaching out to sea that can be used as a landing place for ships. If
you enjoy sea fishing and don't have a boat, try casting your line from the end of the pier.
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Pier has two meanings. The most common is for the platform, often wooden, that extends over
water away from shore, so that ships can dock. Many seaside towns have turned their piers into
entertainment districts, with games and places to stroll. A pier can also be a pillar that supports
a bridge.
Historically, buttresses have been used to strengthen large walls or buildings such as a
flyover. Flying buttresses consist of an inclined beam carried on a half arch that projects from
the walls of a structure to a pier which supports the weight and horizontal thrust of a roof,
dome or vault.
20
Overpass: it is the structure that, in routes in project, crosses over another road or
railway which is already built or planned.
Underpass: it is the structure that, in routes in project, crosses under another road or
railway which is already built or planned.
Furthermore, flyovers may be isostatic (most commonly), or statically
indeterminate for specific cases where very long span lengths must be crossed and/or
there are tight restrictions for clearance.
2.24 Material:
Steel 3"' 4"' 8"' 10"'
Cement Best Way 53 MPa
Sand Lawrence purr + Sargodha
Aggregate 10mm + 20mm
21
Quantity of Fine Aggregate (Lawrenceburg) = 591.4Kgs
Water = 239.2Kgs
W/C = 0.57Kgs
Slump = 80mm
Grade M-35/45
Water = 227Kgs
W/C = 0.14Kgs
Slump = 50mm
22
Description of Equipment
Overpass: it is the structure that, in routes in project, crosses over another road or railway
which is already built or planned.
Underpass: it is the structure that, in routes in project, crosses under another road or railway
which is already built or planned.
23
2.28 Tripod
A surveyor's tripod is a device used to support any one of a number of surveying
instruments, such as theodolites, total stations, levels or transits..
24
2.30 Excavator
The excavator also claimed to have found the omphalos itself. by dredging, or some form of
mechanical excavator, until the formation is reached which is to support the pier; the concrete is
then shot into the enclosed space from a height of about io ft., and rammed down in layers about I
ft.
But two difficulties face the would-be excavator in Alexandria.
Though he plays the role of excavator Sallah in Raiders of the Lost Ark, actor John Rhys-Davies is
probably best known currently for his role of Gimli in the Lord of the Rings trilogy.
The world of Sasquatch sightings was silent again until 1958 when excavator Jerry Crew claimed
that he found large footprints at a job site in California.
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Figure: 2.31 Transit Mixer
2.34 Loader
In computer systems a loader is the part of an operating system that is responsible for
loading programs and libraries. It is one of the essential stages in the process of starting a
program, as it places programs into memory and prepares them for execution. Loading a
program involves reading the contents of the executable file containing the program
instructions into memory, and then carrying out other required preparatory tasks to prepare the
executable for running. Once loading is complete, the operating system starts the program by
passing control to the loaded program code.
27
2.35 Batching plant
An operating installation of equipment including batchers and mixers as required for batching
or for batching and mixing concrete materials; also called a mixing
plant when mixing equipment is included.
28
a cube, prism, or cylinder, is compressed between the platens of a compression-testing machine
by a gradually applied load. Compressive strength test.
Coarse aggregates are any particles greater than 0.19 inch, but generally range between 3/8
and 1.5 inches in diameter. Gravels constitute the majority of coarse aggregate used in
concrete with crushed stone making up most of the remainder. Air-entrainment
Air entrainment in concrete was one of the concepts developed by cold countries in
order to prevent damages due to freezing and thawing. Later on, as experimentation’s proved
multidimensional benefits of air entrainment along with improved the workability of concrete
at lower water/cement ratio.
As the achievement of the desired workability at lower water content helped one to
achieve concrete with the greater compressive strength which in turn, leads to light concrete
with greater compressive strength.
The water–cement ratio is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of cement used in
a concrete mix. A lower ratio leads to higher strength and durability, but may make the mix
difficult to work with and form. Workability can be resolved with the use
of plasticizers or super-plasticizers.
Often, the ratio refers to the ratio of water to cementitious materials, w/cm. Cementitious
materials include cement and supplementary cementitious materials such as fly ash, ground
29
granulated blast-furnace slag, silica fume, rice husk ash and natural pozzolans. Supplementary
cementitious materials are added to strengthen concrete.
The notion of water–cement ratio was first developed by Duff A. Abrams and published in
1918. Refer to concrete slump test. The 1997 Uniform Building Code specifies a maximum of
0.5 ratio when concrete is exposed to freezing and thawing in a moist condition or to de-icing
chemicals, and a maximum of 0.45 ratio for concrete in a severe or very severe sulfate
condition.
1- Concrete is poured in the mould and compacted properly to reduce the amount of voids.
2- After 24 hours, moulds are removed and test specimens are then placed in water for curing.
3- After the specified curing period [3, 7, 28, 56, or 91 days], specimens are tested by the
compression testing machine.
5- Divide failure load by cross-sectional area of specimen to get the compressive strength of
concrete.
TOOLS/APPARATUS
Compression test machine, moulds, mixer, trowel, tamping rod (steel bar 16 mm diameter and
60 cm long)
Samples are taken from the concrete patches used in site or prepared with the same mixture as
used in the field.
Specimen size: 3 cylinders [15 cm x 30 cm] or 3 cubes [15 cm x 15cm x 15 cm]
Minimum three specimens should be tested at each selected age. The Average of there
specimens gives the strength of concrete.
30
Concrete Mixing:
31
The surface area of specimen: = 150 x 150 = 22500mm² = 225cm²
32
Chapter 3: Skill Attained
Civil engineers design and supervise large-scale public work construction projects, such as
roads, buildings, tunnels, dams, and bridges. They are responsible for gathering project
requirements, testing and evaluating building sites and materials, and managing the overall
building process from start to finish. That means that civil engineers need to see and
understand the big picture, and also be able to execute the tiniest of details.
33
communication skills is listening. Civil engineers need to listen carefully to the concerns of
their co-workers and the needs of their clients
3.7 Decision-making
While working as a leader and manager of a project, a civil engineer will need to
consider the available information, conflicting goals from different parties involved,
professional ethics, financial responsibilities, and safety concerns when making decisions.
They need to have confidence in themselves and in their team for providing accurate and
useful information in order to make decisions that are clear and effective. Also, when mistakes
are made, they should take responsibility, learn what went wrong, and guide the project on a
new path.
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Chapter 4: Feedback & Recommendations
4.1 FEEDBACK
During my internship period, I have been able to meet and network with so many people that I
am sure will be able to help me with opportunities in the future.
I conclude that internship is a bridge between the theoretical knowledge and the practical or the
reality work at the field of construction or civil engineering work.
One main thing that I have learned through this internship is time management skills as well as
self-motivation. When I first started, I did not think that I was going to be able to make myself
to be at site almost. Once I realized what I had to do I organized my day and work so that I
was not wasting my hours. I learned that I needed to be organized and have questions ready
for when it was the correct time to get feedback. From this internship and time management I
had to learn how to motivate myself through being in the site for so many hours. I came up
with various proposals and ideas that the company is still looking into using.
Overall, the internship laid sound foundation for us to start our career. We are proud to be able
to contribute towards nation building the country’s extremely critical period of the history. It
will be definitely sensible to scale this practice up and to replicate in other disciplines as well..
4.2 CONCLUSION
An initial geotechnical assessment of a group of board piles in a chalk has been
presented in this paper discussing the stages implemented to ensure that safe working loads are
applied during the bearing replacement of the bridge pier and no excessive deflection or
rotation will result from the new temporary distribution. To establish the ground condition and
determine the engineering parameters of the strata the existing geotechnical was collected from
as built records and then evaluated against a historical static load test using CBR.
The bearing capacity of single pile was calculated considering two different methods in
obtaining the ultimate skin friction where the larger value based on the effective over burden
pressure has been found to be in agreement with result of pile load test analysis.
The elastic response of the pile group was analyzed using PIGLET software which has
predicated a significant increase in the vertical loads on the edge piles at the North side (where
the bridge maintenance work will occur.) However, this proved to be an over estimation
35
compared with the result obtain from REPUTE software where a prefect plastic behavior of the
chalk was considered.
4.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
When it comes to design and construction projects, the conventional design process is
relatively straightforward: The client hires the firm, the client shares expectations and
requirements for the project, the firm develops and refines the design, and the design is
constructed. Client expectations are confined to satisfaction with the final constructed state as
it relates to functionality and aesthetics.
The rules change when the facility is already built and operating and cannot be shut down for
the sake of the project. While the objective of the project remains the same as in a conventional
construction project—a functional, code-compliant design—the path to achieving a complete
design and getting the project constructed under budget is far more complicated. This is
especially so in large facilities that contain multiple exhaust streams and scores of gas, water,
and chemical distribution systems—particularly when these processes and systems have an
array of “owners.”
From the perspective of designers and engineers, the difference between designing and
constructing a brand-new facility versus designing and constructing for “live factory” projects
is very important and can greatly impact the success of your project.
Successful design and construction firms recognize the unique challenges inherent in taking on
a significant project within an existing space. This article offers insights into these challenges
and provides ten great tips that can serve as a checklist of sorts to evaluate whether you and
your A/E supplier are employing best practices on your new design project.
Site/factory engineer(s) usually interface most frequently with the A/E firm. These engineers
generally identify the need for a project in the first place and provide to the A/E firm a general
concept of what the project design will entail.
i. Always be mindful that the A/E firm is a consultant accountable only to the PM. As the
design is developed and the A/E interacts with stakeholders, new requirements and
scope will be discovered, some more justified than the rest. The PM must decipher
which of these elements should be incorporated into the project and determine the value
of added design and construction costs.
ii. Do not underestimate project impacts to pipelines, electrical panels or equipment.
Necessary work around may require engineered designs, bypass piping, or ductwork.
36
REFERENCES
i. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pile_cap(10:02 am 02:08:20)
ii. https://alliedmaterials.com.pk/transit-concrete-mixer-karachi/
iii. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)
iv. https://www.civilsimplified.com/resources/what-is-total-station
v. http://www.cement.pk/types-of-cement/
vi. https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/sand/233-sand-composition-types
vii. https://www.meadmetals.com/blog/steel-grades
viii. https://www.engineersupply.com/total-stations.aspx
ix. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/steelwork
x. https://www.yourdictionary.com/excavator
xi. http://www.cement.pk/water-cement-ratio
xii. http://www.cement.pk/coarse-aggregate
xiii. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/total_station
xiv. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tripod_stand
xv. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/level_staff
37